MIC

Q.1 Explain Pipelining & Explain its advantages

->
1.​ In 8086 pipelining is the technique of overlapping instructions fetch and execution.
2.​ To speed up program execution, the BIU fetches as many as six instruction bytes ahead of time from
memory.
3.​ While executing one instruction, other instructions can be fetched.
4.​ BIU stores the fetched instructions in a 6 level deep fifo, the BIU can be fetching instruction bytes while
the EU is decoding an instruction or executing it.
5.​ When the EU is ready for its next instruction, it simply reads the instruction from the queue in the BIU.
6.​ This is much faster than sending out an address to the system memory and waiting for memory to send
back the next instruction byte or bytes.

Q.2 List any four feature of 8086

->
1.​ It provides 20 address line = 1024 kb = 1 mb
2.​ It has multiplexed 16 bit address and data bus.
3.​ Operating clock frequency is 5 mhz.
4.​ Arithmetic operations can be performed on 8 bit as well as 16 bit signed and unsigned data.
5.​ It operates in maximum and minimum mode to achieve high performance.
6.​ The instruction set is powerful, flexible and can be programmed in high level language like c

Q.3 What is flowchart and its symbols and its uses ?

->

1.​ A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm or process using various symbols. It visually
depicts the sequence of steps required to solve a problem, making it easier to understand and analyze.

Uses of Flowcharts:

1.​ Algorithm Representation – Helps in designing and visualizing the logic of a program.
2.​ Problem Solving – Provides a clear step-by-step approach to solving problems.
3.​ Process Documentation – Used in business and technical documentation to explain workflows.
4.​ Debugging and Analysis – Helps in identifying errors in logic and improving efficiency.
Q.4 List any four assembler directives and explain any 2 of them

-> assembler directives are predefined keywords that have a specific meaning in assembly programming

following are 4 commonly used assembler directives

1. DB (define byte)- this keyword is used to define byte variable, it can be used to define a single or multiple
byte variables, its range is 0 to 255

2. DW(define word) this directive is used to define word type variables, it can be used to define a single or
multiple word variables, its range is 0 to 65535

3. DD (define double word) this directive is used to define a double word type variable, it can be used to define
a single or multiple double word variables, its range is 0 to 2^32-1

4. DQ(define quad word) this directive is used to define a quad word type variable ie a 8byte variable, it can be
used to define a single or multiple quad word variables, its range is 0 to 2^64-1

Q.5 Draw neat labelled diagram of flag resistor and name the flag.

1.​ Carry flag: It is set when carry/borrow is generated out of the MSB
2.​ P- parity flag: this flag is set to 1 if the lower byte of the result contains even number of 1’s other wise it
is reset
3.​ AC - auxiliary flag: this flag is set to 1 is a carry is generated out of the lower nibble
4.​ Z - zero flag: this flag is set if the result is zero
5.​ SF - Sign flag: this flag is set if the MSB of the result is equal to 1
6.​ Overflow flag: this flag is set if overflow condition occurs

Control flags

1.​ T - trap flag: this flag is set if the processor enters the single step execution mode
2.​ I - interrupt flag: this flag is used to mask or unmask interrupt signal
3.​ D - Direction flag: this flag selects either increment or decrement mode
Q.7 Draw neat label diagram of 8086 architecture and explain the function of BIU and EU

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q.8 State the function of linker.

A linker is a program which combines, if requested, more than one separately assembled module into one
executable program such as two or more programs and also generates an exe module.

1.​ It also initialise the executable code with special instructions to facilitate subsequent loading of the
execution
2.​ Eg. TLINK, microsoft linker.

Q.9 STATE THE FUNCTION OF ASSEMBLER

1.​ An assembler is a program which translate the assembly code into the correct binary code for each
instruction
2.​ that is the machine code and generates the file called as an object whose extension is .obj, some
examples are TASM MASM