EFFECT OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONG POPULATION IN ZURMI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, ZAMFARA

STATE BY
HAFSAT MAINASARA
REG NO: LSCHE W/18/035
INDEX NO: B/080/043/21F
SUPERVISED BY
DR. MUHAMMAD JELANI YANKUZO
(MBBS, MSC MED PHYSIOLOGY)
SEPTEMBER 2021

EFFECT OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONG POPULATION IN ZURMI LOCAL GOVERNMENT, ZAMFARA

STATE
BY
HAFSAT MAINASARA
REG NO: LSCHEW/18/035
INDEX NO: B/080/043/21F
SUPERVISED BY
DR. MUHAMMAD JELANI YANKUZO
(MBBS, MSC MED PHYSIOLOGY)
SEPTEMBER 2021

DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my beloved parent Alhaji Mainasara Ambaya Zurmi, My mother Hajiya Umaima
Shehu Daba Maradun, and my Steps Mothers; Hajiya Juwaira Muhammad Zurmi, Hajiya Safiya Yaro and Hajiya
Jamila Muhammad Dan ajo Kauran Namoda thank you all, May Allah (S.W.A) reward them with Jannatul
Firdausi (Ameen).

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
Among the ten largest countries in the world, one is in Africa ( Nigeria), five are in Asia (Bangaledash, China,
India, Indonesia, and Pakistan), two are in Latin America ( Brazil and Mexico), one is in northern America (United
State of America) and one is in Europe (Russian federation). Among these, Nigerian's population, currently the
seven largest in the world with over 180 million people (world lometers, 2016) is growing the most rapidly.
Consequently, the population of Nigeria is projected to surpass that of the United State by about 2050, at which
point it would become third largest countries in the world (UN, 2015)
The pattern of population explosion in Nigeria is due it's fertility rate . The annual population growth standard at
3.5 % and the total fertility rate is 6.0 % life time births per woman (Ottong, 2010 ). This has a major health and
economic challenges to the nation. Household with many children are more likely, over time, to become poor and
less likely to recover from poverty than families with only a few children (Orbeta,2005). Further more children
from large families are usually less well nourished and less well educated than those from smaller families. It was
in view of this that Nigeria adopted its first population policy in 1988, titled " national policy on population for
development, unity, progress, and self-Reliance". Compatible with the Nation's economic and social goals, an
important goal of this policy is to make family planning information (FPI) accessible to every household in the
nation as a way of controlling population explosion and fostering equitable distribution of resources (Goldber et
al.,2009; Chinweike,2010).

However, every little progress has been achieved ever since. The reasons, why the policy target is not being met
include poor diffusion of information in terms of sex education, weak programming, inadequate resources, weak
institutional framework and a lack of strategic planning.
Family Planning is the planning of when to have and use birth techniques to implement such plans. Other
techniques commonly used include sexual education, prevention and management of sexual transmitted
diseases, pre-conception counseling management and infertility management (Olaitan, 2009). However, family
Planning is usually use as a synonym for the use of birth control. It is most adopted by couples who wish to limit
the number of children they want to have an control the timing of pregnancy, also known as spacing of children
(Olaitan, 2009).
Family Planning may encompass sterilization, as well as pregnancy termination. It also includes raising a child
with method that require significant amount of resources namely: time, social, financial and environmental.
Family Planning measures are designed to regulate the number and spacing of children within a family, largely to
curb population growth and ensure each family has access to limited resources.
Access to family Planning services increase the chance of having healthy children and saves mother's time for
engaging in economic activities. Increase female involvement in these activities may enhance their output and
income which improves economic growth, additional income is often invested in business activities or spent for
household consumption. This leads to increased per capita consumption and reduce poverty (Adeoti et al.,
2009). Having fewer children might therefore mean more resources for each child, increased educational
participation and reduction in child labor ( Huisman & Smits, 2009; webbink,

Smints & De jong, 2012). Low levels of investment by families and society in education and development of
children may translate into poorer outcomes when those children grow up: - reduced employment and Lower
wages, higher rates of early and non -marital childbearing and lower outcomes, with all the concomitant risks to
family health and well-being. This indicates that improvements in family may be linked to economic and social
development and must be achieved to reach sustainable reduction in poverty (Blakeslee, 1997). However, about
the pathways through which family Planning investment may eventually lead to societal progress, not yet much
knowledgeable is available
Family Planning according to United Nations population funds activities (UNPFA
2001) is a recognized basic human right and enables individual and couples to determine the number and
spacing of the children. The world health organization (WHO, 2013) stated that family Planning allows individual
and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and spacing and timing of their births this is
achieved through use of contraceptive methods. The woman's ability to space and limit her pregnancies has a
direct impact on her health and well-being as well as on the outcome of each pregnancy. In effect, family
Planning is the regulation and control of the rate of the childbirth by individuals, both married and unmarried.
Therefore, there's a need to provide couple's with information so as to enable them to cope Better with these
changes. Thought there's a need to educate them on sex education, couples oppose such educational programs
due to fear that imparting sex education would lead to experimentation with sex. Many research studies have and
reveled that adolescent girls generally lack adequate knowledge about sexual matters and contraception which
result in early pregnancy, increased pre-marital

sexual activity, Increased risk of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) infection including HIV/AIDS, maternal
morbidity and mortality and unsafe abortions.
They are growing up in the word in which they experiment more, make choices and take risks and learn by their
own experiences than by those of others. The rapid population growth made Nigerian former president
Babangida ruled that each family should have only four children. Consequently, the mass media started
awareness campaign on the consequences of having many children. Family planning clinics ware also
established in government owned hospitals especially in the urban areas of the country. However, this did not
achieve much result due to cultural and religious inclination of the multifarious ethnic groups that make up Nigeria
(Okediji., 2013). However, reports showed that women want to have fewer children than their male counterparts
since they bear the burden of childbearing and rearing with the attendant house chores and probable breakdown
in health (Okediji et al., 2013).
1.1 Statement of the problem.
The population of any society depends primarily on its territory or physical environment for sustainace. Most of its
food and other needs largely derive directly or indirectly from the environment, which consists essentially of land
and its derivatives. Unfortunately, while population of Nations increase overtime, the various land masses on
which these population depend for sustainace are relatively fixed. Herein lays the general concern about
population size and growth rate.
However, the key to understanding over population is not population density, but the number of people in an area
relative to its resources and the capacity of the environment to sustain human activities. The end result of this
food shortage is associated with social problems ranging from poverty, scarcity of land, hunger and

environmental degradation, to political and social instability. It's therefore worthwhile to carry out this study to
examine the effectiveness of family Planning among the population in zurmi local government, zamfara State.
1.2 objective of the research
The primary objective of the study is to find out the effectiveness of family planning on the population.
Specifically, the study is also:.
 To investigate on couple knowledge and the awareness about family planning and sex education.
 To identify the major factors influencing the choice of family planning among couples.
 To ascertain the method of family planning programme.
 To examine the effectiveness of family planning on the population
1.3 research questions
 What is the level of couple's knowledge and awareness about family planning and sex education
between the families in semi-urban and those in the rural areas?
 What are the methods of family planning available in Nigeria?
 Does the major factors such as (economic status, religion of the couple, cultural norms, educational
status and involvement of the partners)has a significant influence on the choice of family planning
among couples?
 What benefits does family Planning and sex education has on population?

1.4 Research Hypothesis

This study sought to following hypothesis:
HO1: There was no significant difference in the mean scores of the level of awareness on family Planning
methods and sex education between the families in semi-urban and those in the rural areas.
HO2: There was no significant difference in the mean scores ot the level of acceptance of new modern method of
family planning between families on rural areas and those in semi-urban areas.
1.5 significance of the study
The study will add to the couple's knowledge about family planning and sex education. This study will be useful to
the general population who may want to know the implications of high fertility rate on their well being. Therefore,
the study is significant in the following regards:
 It will provide empirical evidence to school, parent, and students about the nature of sex education and
family Planning and how it affects the population growth.
 It will offer a reference for future research that might investigate the same variables.
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the study
The study will be restricted to the nine communities in zurmi local government, zamfara State.

This research work focuses on the effectiveness of family planning on population.

•This research work covers all families in zurmi local government, zamfara State.
This study was limited by a convenience sample of approximately forty couples from the study location due to
time factor and limited resources.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Couples: two people or things of the same sort considered together.
Family Planning: Family Planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other
techniques to implement such plans.
Sex Education: Sex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional relations
and responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, reproductive health,
reproductive Rights, safe sex, birth control and sexual abstinence.
Population: The rapid increase in numbers of a particular species, especially in the world's human population.

CHAPTER TWO
o 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
o 2.1 INTRODUCTION
Population growth has been a problematic issue all over the world consequently, many developed countries have
approved and resorted to birth control or family planning. Family Planning according to United Nations population
Funds Activities (UNPFA, 2001) is recognized basic human rights and enables individuals and couples to
determine the number and spacing of their
children.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
There is virtually not universally accepted theory on which a family planning research could be hinged.
Nevertheless, people have approached the problem using Health belief model by Rosen Stock et al. And theory
of Reasoned Action by Fish being and Ajzen.
The Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempt
to explain and predict health behaviour. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.
The Health Belief Model was first developed in the 1950s by social
psychologist Hochbaum, Rosen stock and kegels working in U.S. public Health services. The model was
developed in response to the failure of a free tuberculosis (TB) health screening program. Since then, the Health
Belief Model has been

adapted to explore a variety of long-term and short-term behaviours, including sexual risk behaviours and
reproductive health behaviour.
The Health Belief Model on the understanding that a person will take a health related Action ( i.e use
contraceptive) if that person: 1 feel that a negative health condition (i.e maternal mortality and other reproductive
related problem) can be avoided.2 Has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended health action couple
will avoid negative health condition (i.e using contraceptive and other family planning method that will prevent
unwanted pregnancy and risk associated with child bearing. Believe that couples can successfully take a
recommended health action (i.e any recommended family method comfortably and with confidence).
The Health Belief Model was spelled out in term of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net
benefits: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers. These concepts
were proposed as accounting for people's "readiness to act". An added concept, cues to action, which activate
that readiness and stimulate overt behaviour.
A recent addition to the Health Belief Model is the concept of self-
efficiency, or one's confidence in the ability to successfully perform an action. This concept was added by Rosen
stock and others in 1998 to help the Health Belief Model better fit the challenges of changing habitual unhealthy
behaviours, such as reproductive health behaviour that involves risk. The prediction of the model is the likelihood
of the Individual concerned to undertake recommended health action, such as preventive and curative health
action.
Theory of Reasoned Action
The theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) is a model that finds its origins in the field of social psychology. This model
developed by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) define the links between belief, attitudes, norms, intension, and
behaviours of individual.
According to this model, a person's attitudes are determined by his behavioral intention to perform it. This
intention is itself determined by the person's attitudes and his subjective norms towards the behaviour.
Fish being and Ajzen define the subjective norms as "the person's
perception that most people who are important to him think he should or shouldn't perform the behaviour in
question".
According to theory of Reasoned Action, the attitudes of a person towards behaviour is determined by his beliefs
on the consequences of these beliefs on the consequences of this behaviour, multiplied his evaluation of these
consequences beliefs are defined by the person's subjective probability that performing a particular behaviour will
produce specific result. This model therefore suggests that external stimuli influence attitude by modifying the
structure of the person's beliefs. Moreover, behaviour intention is also determined by the subjective norms that
are themselves determined by the normative beliefs of as individual and by his motivation to comply to the
norms.
In relating this theory to family planning decision, social and cultural norms gender roles, social networks, religion
and local beliefs influence people's choice. To a large extent these community norms determine individual child
bearing preferences and sexual and relative. Community and culture affect a person's attitudes toward family
planning desired sex of children, preferences about family

sex, family pressure's to heave children, and whether family planning accord with customs and religion belief.
Community norms also prescribed how much autonomy individuals have in making family planning decisions.
The larger the differences in reproductive intention within a community, the more likely that community norms
support individual decision. A person's social environment has more influence on family planning decision that
those the attribute of specific contraceptive. In many countries family planning programs are part of national
economic and social development effort. Effort to poster equity in decision making and raise awareness about
the reproductive Rights in the family, community and society also promote choice of family planning. As women
gain more autonomy, they are better able to claim their right as individuals, including the right to act to protect
their own reproductive health.
Everybody belongs to informed social networks that influence their behaviour to some degree. Some Network
includes the extended family, friend, neighbors, political group and other formal and informal association. During
the course of the day people often speak to other people about family planning and experience with
contraceptive use.
For many people, informed communications is a primary source of family planning information, the influence of
social networks is crucial to educate others. Most people seek the approval to modify their own behaviour to
please others or to meet others expectations. Individual health behaviour is influence by how a person thinks that
others view their behaviour. People choose contraceptive methods that are commonly used in their community
because they know that it's socially acceptable to do so and they tend to know more than these methods. Many
women
used the same family planning method that others in their community uses.
(McCauley, 1995)
Household influence a person's marital status, the stability of the marriage, communication with person's partner
and status within the family influence family decisions. Some women say that contraceptive use is not an
individual decision but one made by the couple or the family. For some, decisions about family planning may
reflect pressures from family members to use a particular method, or not to use any method, where women have
little autonomy, their husband, mother in-law, or other family members often make family planning decision for
them . From above discussion, it implies that if people are well informed about family planning and probably see
other family who are doing well due to their involvement in family planning. They will imitate and embrace the
idea. Because behaviour is shaped by group an individual norm and attitude, it's helpful for people to identify
social pressure and then to develop individual and group values that support health and appropriate behaviour.
2.3 Concept of Family
There is one universally accepted definition of family, and it is no likely that we will progress towards one soon.
Any of the many definitions has its district advantages, disadvantages and implications. We have the structural
definition which defines family by form, that is who is in the family and by what objective means they are
connected (e.g marriage, blood, adoption). The second is the task orientation that defines family by function.
According to popeno's definition, family is relatively small domestic group of kin (or in kin like relationship-
consisting of at least one adult and one dependent
person (Popenoe., 1993). This definition implies that family shares a household and that a dependent
who is related by blood or a blood-like relationship, as in the case of adoption must be present. The
implication of these definitions that a sexual bond is not necessary or sufficient to form a family and
it does bit consider a married or cohabitating couple a family.
However, a single parent who lives with one or more dependent is considered a family. The U.S
census Bureau (2002) or segrin and Flora (2005) also define family generally. But takes more broad
approach and disregards the necessity of a dependent. According to the U.S census Bureau, family is
a group of two or more people related by birth marriage, or adoption and residing together (in a
household). The implication is that as long as the individuals are related by blood or law and live
together, they were considered family. This further implied that, two brothers, two cousins or an
adult mother with daughter who live together fit this definition of family.
Pope John Paul 11 defined family as community of person's and the smallest social unit John Paul 11
(1994).He went further to say that family, as a community of person is thus first human society. It
arise wherever there comes in to being the conjugation of marriage which opens the spouses to
lasting communion of love and of life and it is brought to completion in full and specific way with the
procreation of children. Communion of the spouses gives rise to community of the family. On the
origin human family his Holiness said that its through the communion of person's which occurs in
marriage, a man and woman being a family. Bound up with the family is the genealogy of every
individual, Gbuji(1998) accepted that family originated from the marriage of a man and a

woman and Stated that marriage forms the basis of the family which itself is properly regarded as the foundation
of all ordered society.
2.4 Concept of Family planning
Family planning has attracted attentions all over the world due to its relevance in decision making, population
growth and development. Samuel (2010), defined family planning as the practice that helps individuals or couples
to attain certain objectives such as avoiding unwanted pregnancies, bringing about wanted babies at the right
time, regulating, the interval between pregnancies, controlling the time at which birth occurs in relation to the
ages of parents and determining the number of children in the family. Family planning is a means of reproductive
health. Inspite of the hue and cry in and outside Nigeria about family planning or birth control, many people are
still confused about its meaning, the method involved, the advantage and disadvantage and the factors hindering
it's wide application in Nigeria (lffih and EZeah, 2004). According to free Encyclopedia (2013) family planning is of
birth control and other techniques to implement such plans which included sexuality education, prevention and
management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management of infertility. It
further conceptualize that family planning is education, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable
individuals to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this
may be achieved.
Family planning is the planning of when to have and use birth techniques to implement such plans. Other
techniques commonly used included sexual education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted
diseases, preconception counseling, management and infertility management (Olaitan, 2011).
However, family planning is usually used as a synonym for the use of birth control.

It is most adopted by couples who wish to limit the number of children they want to have and control the timing of
pregnancy, also known as spacing of children of children (Olaitan, 2011). Family planning may encompass
sterilization, as well as pregnancy termination. It also, includes raising a child with methods that requires
significant amount of resources namely: time, social, financial, and environmental.
Family planning measures are designed to regulate the number and spacing is children within a family, largely to
curb population growth and ensure each family has access to limited resources. The first attempt to offer family
planning services began with private group and often aroused strong opposition. Activists, such as Margaret
Sanger in the U.S., Marie stops in England and Dhanvanthis Rama Rou in India, eventually succeeded in
establishing clinics for family planning and health care. Today, many countries have established national policies
and encouraged the use of public family services ( The United Nations and World Health Organisation offer
technical assistance, 2006).
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), family planning allows people to attain their desired number
of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies; It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and
the treatment of infertility World Health Organisation. According to WHO the advantage of family planning
include(but not limited to): preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women, reducing infant mortality, helping
to prevent HIV/AIDS, empowering people and enhancing, reducing adolescent pregnancies, slowing population
growth, etc (World Health Organisation).
Family planning is an organized effort to assist people to have the number of children they want and to space
them as they choose or want to.
According to WHO (2015), family planning allows people to attain their desired
number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is the key to showing unsustainable population
growth and the resulting negative impacts on the economy, environment and national and regional development
efforts.
Page(2013) also sees family planning as the means of controlling if, when and how many children to have. As
observe by him, through family planning, couples and individuals may make decisions based on health and the
economy that are best for them and their families.
Osakinle (2010) in her own opinion believes that family planning helps
women to prevent unwanted pregnancies, limit the number of children which will bring healthy reproductive living
and healthy sexual relationship among them without fear of unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted
infections. Alade
(2004), in her own submission agrees that if couples must enjoy sexual satisfaction, family planning most be put
in place to avoid unwanted pregnancies that could lead to abortion and over population. Ikulayo (2003), remarks
that if children are spaced between two and two years, the health and welfare of each child as that of the mother
could be catered for and managed effectively.
Smith, Ashford, Gribble and Clifton (2009) affirm that family planning increases survival, improves the health of
millions of people and helps to achieve national goals According to them, governments around the world are
focused on combating poverty and achieving a range of health and development goals, such as those outlined in
the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In the same vain," Return of the population Growth
factor" (2007) affirms that family planning can contribute to nearly all of those goals, including reducing poverty
and hunger, promoting gander equity and empowering women, reducing child motality, improving maternal
health, combating HIV/AIDS, and ensuring environmental

sustainability. Family is the basic unit of the community and of reproduction. In other words, child spacing and
family size could contribute significantly to population growth. If married people do not space the children they
give birth to, the implication is positive population growth and increase in the size of the family which invariably
could take a toll on the health of the mothers and children. The level of fertility according to Aina (2008) is a
universally accepted demographic indicator of development because a high level of fertility is a manifestation of
poverty and under development in population growth. Therefore, fertility exerts its effect on development
indirectly through its tremendous impact on population dynamics.
Family planning is the process of controlling the number of children among couples, therefore the national
population could be influenced largely by the individual family's reproductive behaviour.
2.4 Method of family planning
There are two well - known of family planning. These include:
1. The Traditional Methods
2. The New Modern Methods
Traditional Methods of family planning
According to Ayeni (1999), the traditional methods of controlling family size were practiced as far back as history
could tell. This has been confirmed by the display of these methods side by side with newly introduced modern
methods.
These traditional methods include prolonged breast feeding, post partum abstinence, the use of ring, waist band,
"blue" (a chemical substance dissolved in
water for drinking immediately after sex to prevent pregnancy and for abortion), hair pin ( for women) feather
(attached to hair during sex), salt (to be dissolved and taken immediately after sex), padlock (which is opened
and attached to the body during sex), broom (a small gourd with medicine inside to be take after sex) and the use
of black soap. The uses of various objects are sometimes accompanied by incantation and divination. These
methods are also associated with some taboos.
Any violation of the taboo associated to these methods will render them ineffective.
Civilization and modernization have however, helped in putting behind many of the traditional methods replace
with modern methods particularly in Africa cities.
New Modern Methods
According to National Research council (2000) and Mandani
1999),they highlighted that the new Modern Methods of family planning is categories into three types. these
include:
 Temporary family planning methods
 permanent family planning methods
 Natural family planning methods
Temporary family planning methods: these are methods that couples can use to delay pregnancy and space their
children as they wish. They can stop using them when they want to have a child. Examples:
- Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD): This device is chosen by some women who want to avoid pregnancy.
It is placed inside the
uterus.
 Pills: These are oral contraceptive which helps to reduce the fertility rate in women with ease and little
upset. A women taking oral contraceptive is unlikely to have dysmenorrhea, her menstrual flow will
reduce (which in turn help to prevent anemia) and she is likely to have a reduce amount of premenstrual
tension.
 The injectable: The injectable is an injection of a hormone give to a women to prevent her ovaries from
releasing an egg for some mouth.
This prevent pregnancy. There are two commonly used injectable:
Depo-provera (DEPO) given every three months and Noristerart (NE-EN) given every two months.
 Implant: implant system is a set of 6 small, plastic capsules. Each capsule is about the size of a small
match stick. The capsules are placed under the skin of a woman's upper arm. A set of implant capsules
can prevent pregnancy for at least 5 years.It may prove to be effective longer.
  The condom: A condom is close-fitting thin rubber that a man wears over his erect penis during sexual
intercourse to hold sperm. Condom help prevent both pregnancy and sexual transmitted diseases
(STD'S) used correctly, they keep sperm and any disease organisms in semen out of the vagina.
Condom also stops any disease organisms in the vagina from entering the penis.
Permanent Family Planning Methods: These are methods that are used by men and women who do not want to
have any more children but want to enjoy sex without fear of pregnancy. Examples vasectomy and tubectomy.
 Vasectomy: It is a permanent birth control method for men who do not want to have any more children.
Its a simple operation in which the doctor cut and seals the vas deferens(a tube)in the scrotum. This
prevent the sperm from traveling from testis to the penis when a man ejaculates (releases).
 Tubal lagation: it's a permanent birth control method for women who do not want to have more it's a
simply operation consists of cutting out a portion of the oviduct. These are the tubes which stretch from
the upper corner of the uterus towards the ovaries.
Natural methods of family planning: These are methods that do not really on any medication or device. Natural
family planning requires that a woman should be aware of her fertile days so that she and her partner can plan
sex to avoid or achieved pregnancy. Examples of such are withdrawal and Rhythm methods.
 Withdrawal methods: This is the methods that a man withdrawal his penis from the vagina a ejaculates
out. This requires great self control, as the man will often want to keep his penis in the women vagina
for as long as possible to obtain the greatest amount of pleasure.
 Rhythm: Contraceptive is based on the menstrual cycle of woman; Intercourse is avoided during period
when fertilization might easily take place. No effect on sexual pleasure and no need for intervention by
health personnel.
2.6 Factors influencing the choices of Family Planning Among couples
The principal of informed choices focuses on the individual; however, it also influences a range of outside factors
such as: social economic and cultural norms, gender roles, social networks, religious and local beliefs, (Bosveld,
1998). To a large
extent, these community norms determine individual childbearing preference and sexual and reproductive
behaviour. It is usually thought that community and culture affect a person's attitudes toward family planning,
desire for sex of children, preferences about family size, family pressures to have children and whether or not
family planning accord with customs and religious beliefs (Dixon Meuller, 1999;
Greenwell, 1999; Vickers, 1994).
Community norms also reflect how much autonomy individuals have in
making family decisions. The larger the differences in reproductive intention within a community, that more likely
that community norms support individual choices (Bosveld, 1998; Dixon Mueller, 1999).
Household and community influence can be so powerful that they can
obscure the line between the individual desires and community norms. For instance, in some culture many
women reject contraception because bearing and raising children is the path to respect and dignity in the society
(international planned Parenthood federation, 1996; Cherkaoui, 2000; Barrett and stein,2001). In either country,
most women use contraception because having small families in the norm (Mkangi, 2001; Lutz, 2003). People
that often unaware that such norms influence their choices. In other cases they are particularly aware. For
example, young people often decide not to seek family planning because they don't want their parents or other
adults to know that they are sexually active, while many fear ridicule, disapproval and hostile attitudes from
service providers and other (Jejebhoy, 2004).
A person's social environment usually has more influence on family
planning decisions that influence the attribute of specific contraceptive. In kenya, for example, when new client
were asked to give a single reason for their choice of
a specific family planning method, most cited the attitude of their spouse or their peers, or their religion value
(Kim et Al, 1998).in many countries, Family Planning programmes are part of the national economic and social
development effort.
Efforts to foster equity in decision making and raise awareness about reproductive Rights of the family, (Jacoson,
2000).As a woman gain more autonomy, they are better able to claim their right as individuals including the right
to act and protect their own reproductive health (Heise et Al., 1999).
People chose contraceptive methods that are commonly used in their
community because they know that it's socially acceptable to do so, and they tend to know more about family
planning methods (Rogers and Kincaid, 2004;
Valente, 1995). Many women use the same family planning methods that others in their social networks use
(Godley, 2001). A 1998 study in urban Nigeria found that the more widely used method was the one that may be
encouraged to one type of contraceptive based on the choices of early contraceptive users, rather than individual
need (Potter, 1999).
A myriad of different factors affect a person's personal decisions
about what types of family planning method he should use:
Effectiveness: people who are not in the financial or emotional situation to have children might opt for the most
effective type of family planning in order to avoid pregnancy. A couples or woman with a casual approach
towards Parenthood, such as not actively pursuing it, but not unwilling to take it on, might choose a less certain
form of Contraception, such as natural family planning.
Religion: some religions, such as Catholicism, have restrictions on contraception based on the beliefs that it's
Good will to bring children in to the world. According
to Dixon-Muller (1999), religion believers or observers might choose to a avoid certain methods of family
Planning, such as birth control pills, in an effort to live their lives according to the teachings of their religion.
Cost: some forms of Contraception, such as minor surgery (like vasectomy), carry a fairly significant amount of
one's time and is very cost as compared to other options, such as condom or the calendar cycle methods which
are less expensive, hence, couples engage in them.
Health risk: For people with multiple sexual partners, the choice to use family planning devices helps them to
keep healthy. For example, using condoms can reduce the chance of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
Permanence: Some contraception choices, such as vasectomy, are usually permanent. so couples who do not
want to have children at present, but would like to have one in the future, might want to choose a less-
permanent option such as condom or birth control pills.
Partner involvement: One has to consider the preferences of his or her partner when choosing a birth control
option. For example, some men do not like to have sex using a condom. In that case, birth control pills might be a
better choice for preventing and unwanted pregnancy, according to the National Institute of Health (Olaitan
2009).
Socio-economic Factors: There are some contraceptive methods of family planning that are expensive, and
some couples can't afford to use or purchase them due to their financial situation in the society. For instance,
people in rural areas cannot afford to use the expensive contraceptive methods of family planning such
asvasectomy, Intrauterine devices (IUD)which are small, Rexible, plastic frame inserted in the vagina of women
and female sterilization method.
Cultural norms factors: This is the most important factor influencing the choice of family plaing among couples:
This includes: community norms, religious belief and gender role.
Community norms: community norms also prescribed how much autonomy an individual has in making family
planning decisions. The larger the differences in reproductive intention within a community, the more likely the
community norms support individual choices. Household and community influence can be so powerful that they
can obscure the line between individual desires and community norms. For instance, in some culture, many
women reject contraception because bearing and raising children is the path to respect and dignity in the society.
People are often unaware that such community norms influence their choice. In other cases, they are particularly
aware. For example: young people often decide not to seek for family planning because they don't want their
parents or other adults to know that they are sexually active. Some couples in the community feel that bearing
children is the major aim of their marriage, as tradition, customs and beliefs. In some northern part of Nigeria,
especially the Islamic religion, they believe that bearing more children will indicate how wealthy they are, in which
they tend to withdraw themselves from the use of family planning.
Religious factors: Family Planning choice depends on the religion of the couple. It may be Islam or Christianity
that calls for raising and bearing of more children in the society. Some religion, such as Catholicism, have
restrictions on contraception based on the belief that it is "God's will to bring children" into the world.
Gender role: Some couples want to have a male child; and in cases when the child born to them is female, the
family is unhappy. Therefore, the couple may wish to have another child in order to have a male child.
2.7 Benefits and effectiveness of family planning among the population Upadhyay and Robey (2009) highlighted
the following as some of the benefit
derived from family planning:
- Saving women's Lives and Avoiding Unsafe Abortion: Family planning could avoid most of the estimated 78,000
maternal death that result from unsafe abortion, about 13% of the 588,000 maternal deaths each year.
Worldwide, if all couples who do not currently want to have a child used effective contraception, most of the
estimated 46 million induced abortions each year would not occur. As many as 20 million of the 46 million
abortions annually, over 40% are unsafe they take place outside health care system, often because abortion is
limited by law ,and are performed by unskilled providers and under unsanitary condition. Most, but not all, unsafe
abortions take place in developing countries where abortion is limited by law. Expanding and improving family
planning programs can increase use of effective contraceptive and this helps to reduce the number of unintended
pregnancies and abortion. As studies have shown in many countries and at different times, abortion rate have
fallen, often substantially, as use of modern contraceptive has become more widespread. For national health
systems, providing family planning widely is a sound investment. Preventing unintended pregnancies save health
care
resources that would be required for treating complication of unsafe abortion.
- Limiting Risks of Pregnancy and Child Birth: Every pregnancy poses risks. When a woman wants to avoid
pregnancy, using contraceptive consisting correctly helps to protect her from exposure to risk of pregnancy and
childbirth. In developing countries complication of pregnancy and childbirth cause at least 25% of death among
women of reproductive age compared with less than 1% in developed countries. In some developing regions, a
woman's life time risk dying due to maternal cause is 150 time greater than in developed regions.
For some women, pre existing medical conditions make pregnancy especially risky. Such condition include High
Blood pressure, valvular heart disease; heart disease with blocked arteries, diabetes with vascular disease, a
history of or current breast cancer, malaria, sickle cell disease, anemia, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and sexually
transmitted infections law (1982). Among women who do not want to have children, Contraception can save lives
by avoiding the possible complications of childbirth, which can be especially risky where access to emergency
obstetric care is limited. An estimated 67% of maternal deaths are due to complications of childbirth. About of
pregnancy women have some complications of childbirth many of reasons that are not predicable or preventable.
Almost all maternal death occurs in developing countries where many women lack access to emergency obstetric
care. Until all women have access to adequate obstetric care, family planning remains essential to saving
women's Lives. Recognizing its importance, countries at the 1994 International
conference of population and development (ICPD) organized by 32
United Nations Organization (UNO) agreed that family planning should be a component of maternal health and
safe motherhood
programmes.
- Saving Children's Lives: Spacing birth helps protect children's health.
A baby conceived more than two years after on older sibling is born is
more
likely to survive than a baby conceived sooner. Spacing pregnancies at least two years apart is particularly
important in developing countries, where infant mortality rate over 10 times higher than in developing countries
65 infant deaths per 1,000 live birth compared with 6per 1,000.it helps ensure her infant's health when a woman
avoid pregnancy for 24months after previous birth. A baby born too soon is vulnerable because the mother has
not yet recovery from vitamin depletion, blood loss, and reproductive system damage from the previous birth. The
fetus may not get the nourishment it needs, and the baby's birth weight may be low, and the immune system,
underdeveloped. (Winikoff,2003) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) suggested that if women used family
planning to space all pregnancies at least two years apart, one of every four infant death would be avoided.
Family planning saves children's lives, by
enabling women to space pregnancies at least two years and to limited birth to the healthiest reproductive years,
contraceptive use has important benefits for children as well as for women themselves.
- Limiting Childbearing to the Healthiest ages: Practicing family planning can help ensure healthy children by
enabling women to give birth only during their Healthiest reproductive system, ages 20 to
40.children born to teenagers are more likely than those born to mother in their 20s to die before their first
birthday. Younger women are less likely to receive prenatal care and more likely to have premature babies and to
suffer from obstetric complication. Children born to mothers over age 40 are more likely to die before age 5.older
women and women-with many previous births are more likely to have still births or to have children congenital
abnormalities and who may not survive childhood. Pregnancies that occur before age 20 or after 40 increase the
risk of a wide variety of health problems for the child.
When woman limit birth to their Healthiest reproductive year, they have Healthiest babies.
 Having Fewer Birth: Family planning help women avoid giving birth more time than is good for their
health. The risk of maternal complications rises dramatically after a woman's third or fourth birth.
Regardless of a woman's age, her risk of dying when giving birth the fourth time or more is an estimated
1.5 to 3 times higher than when
having a second or third birth. Women who have had at least four birth often develop complication
during delivery (presser 1998).
Offering women choice: In a social environment that allows women to take roles other than motherhood, family
planning empowers women by enabling them choose the 34 numbers and timing of their births.
For some women control over their own child bearing can open the door to more education, employment, and
community involvement. At the ICPD in Cairo, countries agreed that assuring a woman's right to control her own
fertility is important to resolving the gender inequality that exists at almost every level of society. In virtually every
society women derive status from their role as mothers. Much needs to be done, however, to ensure that women
get an equal share to other life choice and opportunities. Family planning can help, for instance with effective
contraceptive women choose to be employed without the interruption of unintended Childbearing inhibit women's
educational and occupational decisions. Other things be equal, women facing such uncertainty tend to invest less
in education and to have lower paying jobs than women who cannot control their fertility. Obviously,
contraceptive choice itself seldom is enough to change a woman's situation in life. Nevertheless, it is a powerful
influence. Women who use contraceptive report that they make more decision for themselves and that their
quality of life has improved. Merki and Merki (1987) reported that the benefits of contraceptive use included less
stress, fewer worries over family matters husbands, and more time for work and community activities.
- Delaying Motherhood Enables Women to obtain schooling: Family planning helps many young women remain
in school, thus improving their futures each year, 14 million children are born to women ages 15 35 to 19.
Women who begin child bearing before age 20 complete less schools than women who delay having children
until they are in their 20s.the two most common reasons that young women do not complete secondary
education are marriage and pregnancy. In some countries pregnancies is the main reason that the school
dropout rate is higher for boys. Although school policies are changing in some places, others female students
who became pregnant are routinely expelled from school, while such action is rarely taken against male students
who cause pregnancy. Most women do not return to school after they became mother. Women who do not finish
school have fewer job opportunities and less income than others and more likely to live in poverty. Helping
women remain in school by avoiding unintended pregnancies could substantially improve child survival health.
Family planning helps women delay motherhood in order to complete school.
Unless sexually active Young Women use contraceptive, they face a risk that young men do not face: that they
will became pregnant and have to leave or forego school.
- Family with fewer children is more likely to Educate their Daughters as well as their sons: Family planning
benefits for girl children, long before they reach reproductive age. Families with fewer children are more likely to
send their daughters to school. Small families have more resources per person and thus have more money to
spend on school fees, books, transportation and other education cost. In contrasts, as family size grows,
especially over five children, the 36 likelihood of the children in school drops dramatically for girls,
coming from large family typically means even less schooling than their brother receive. When there are many
children in a family, girls may complete with boys for the chance to attend and remain in school.
When parent must make a choice, they often think that it is better to educate sons rather than their daughters.
While girl's school
enrollment has been rising, it still lags behind than of boys. A disproportionate two- thirds of the 300 million
children in the world who do not attend school are girls. when families are smaller, their resources tend to be
distributed more equally among sons and daughters.
 Helping People Avoid STDs: Family planning programmes, along with other reproductive health
programmes, can play an important role in preventing STDs, including the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), which cause Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).As HIV/AIDS spreads with
devastating consequences, family planning programmes and STDs prevention programmes need more
support for condom supplies and promotion, health education and community outreach. (UNAIDS,
1999). Family planning programmes encourages young people to delay sexual initiation, advice couples
to remain monogamous and promote condom more among unmarried men. At same time, condoms are
also a method that an estimated 44 million married couples rely on for family planning.37 today family
planning communication and social marketing campaigns often promote the dual role of condom in
pregnancy and Avoiding STDs.
Encouraging Healthiest Sexual Behaviour: Most men, and particularly sexual active unmarried men, have a lot to
learn to become responsible sex partners. Most need to know more about preventing pregnancy and about
avoiding and preventing HIV/AIDS and other STDs. Other unmarried men are less able than married men to
obtain information about safer sexual behaviour. Embarrassment and reluctant providers may stand in the way of
obtaining condoms.
Family planning programmes can address many of the obstacles that men face when learning about and
adopting safer sexual behaviour.
For example, programmes have organized community activity and meeting where men can discuss their
concerns about sexual behaviour comfortably and openly. Family planning can help young people make
responsible sexual decisions. For youths, these programmes also can provide better access top reproductive
health services, including contraception. Slowing population Growth in any country population size helps
determine demand for resources and level of pollution.
Rapid increases in population, along with rising per capital demand for natural resources, can put tremendous
pressure's on the environment. Family planning programmes have played important role in slowing population
growth. Without access to modern contraception, most people are unable to space 38 or limit their birth
effectively. By providing good quality family planning information and services, programmes have helped people
have the smaller Families they prefer, Fertility has fallen and population growth has slowed (Ernest, 1990).
2.8 Summary of Literature Review
The awareness of family planning among the people in the community has offered couples the encouragement to
have only children they can properly and adequately cater for. It equally has created child-spacing and child
bearing practice which helps women to maintain good health in them and in the children.
The overall essence of family planning there for seems to be the control of family population and in variable too,
the population of the nation soas to avoid unwanted children. In the other hand, the level accepting family
planning among the people in the community is on the decrease since to some greater number of children
determined the greater output of food production. To them, if numbers of children are small, means of livelihood
of the citizens continue to dwindle on daily basis. It is therefore no gain.
There are two well-known methods of family planning which includes:
traditional methods and news modern methods. The traditional methods of controlling family size were practiced
as far back as history could tell. These traditional methods include prolonged breast feeding, post partum,
abstinence etc. while the modern methods are categorized into three types. These include: temporary family
planning methods, permanent family planning methods and natural family planning methods.
The impact of family planning on reproductive behaviour of parents in
The community include saving women's lives and avoiding unsafe abortion, limiting risk of pregnancy and child
birth, saving children's lives, limiting childbearing to the Healthiest ages etc.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the method employed by the researcher in carrying out this study. It specifically described
the design of the study, area of study, population of the study, sample and sampling the technique, instrument for
data collection, validation of instrument, reliability of instrument, and procedure for data collection and method of
data analysis.
3.1 The design of study
The study is a descriptive survey. Descriptive survey studies are aimed at collecting data and describing in a
systematic manner the characteristic feature or fact about a giving population (Ali, 1996). This study is concerned
with the effectiveness of family planning on the population in Zurmi local government.
3.2 Area of study
This study will be conducted in Zurmi local government area of Zamfara state Nigeria with estimated population
of 293, 837 as of 2006 Nigerian census. Its Headquarters are in town of Zurmi at 12 Degree 4600N 6 degree
4710E. It has an area of 2,834KM Square. The postal code of the area is 882 ISO 3166 CDE :NG.
ZA. ZU. 3 digit postal code prefix 882. The city is directly north of katsina in the center of the densely populated
Hausa land in north east Nigeria. Zurmi local government area is made up of 11 wards which include:
1. Zurmi
2. Rukudawa
3. Dauran
4. Galadiman Yan ruwa
5. Kanwa
6. Boko
7. Dole
8. Kwashabawa
9. Mayasa
10. Yan buku/dutsi
11. Mashema

3.3 Population of study

The population of this study comprised the entire family in Zurmi local government area of Zamfara state. The
total population of the families in Zurmi local government area of Zamfara state is two hundred and ninety three
thousand eight hundred and thirty seven. (293,837). 2006 census figure from national population commission
office Zurmi local government council Zamfara state.
3.4 Sample and sampling technique
Sample sizes of 240 families will be used for this study. 30 families will be randomly drawn from each community
using the simple random sampling techniques. This implies that every family stands the chance of been selected
or not.
3.5 Instrument for data collection
The instrument to be used for data collection in this study will be a structured questionnaire. The instrument will
consist of two sections; A and B. section A was designed to elicit personal data, bearing in mind the
characteristics of the respondents, while section B comprised of twenty items, grouped into clusters. It consists of
five items to elicit information on the level of awareness on family planning method among the people in the
communities. Cluster B consist of five items to elicit information on the level of acceptance of the people towards
family planning. Cluster C consist of six items to elicit information on family planning method that is mostly
embraced by the people and cluster D consist of four items to elicit information on the impact of family planning
on the reproductive behavior.
It has a four point response options as shown below:
1. Strongly agreed
2. Agreed
3. Disagreed
4. Strongly disagreed
3.6 Validation of instrument
This has to do with the extent to which the instrument serves the purpose for which it has been designed, to
ascertain the validity of the research instrument used. The questionnaire to be use for this study was thoroughly
scrutinized by the supervisor for clarity, precision and comprehension, to obtain an independent judgment and to
indicate the degree to which the instrument serves the purpose for which it has been designed for, and the
content of the instrument was adjusted to be valid.
3.7 Reliability of instrument
The reliability has to do with the extent to which the questionnaire yields the same result on repeated trials. To
ascertain the reliability of the research instrument to be used. A trial testing was carried out in Kaura Namoda
local government area which is outside the area of study but has the same characteristics with the study area.
Copies of the instrument were administered on 40 respondents.
3.8 Method for data collection
Copies of the questions were administered by the researcher to the respondents in the various communities
selected for study in Zurmi local government area. The researcher waited to the collect the questionnaire after
they have been filled by the respondents
For the illiterate respondents; the researchers read items on the questionnaire for them and tick the responses.
The researcher is personally trained two persons to serve as research assistance during the study.
3.9 Method of data analysis
The data will be analyzed using mean in order to determine the degree of agreement to each questionnaire item.
Means score will be use to answer questions.
In taking a decision in each research question, mean score of 2.50 and above on the four points rating will be
chosen as acceptable, while those below 2.50 will be regarded as negative and not accepted. The t-test statistics
will employed to test the hypotheses formulated for the study.

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
This chapter shows the result of the study. The data was organized and presented in tables in direct introspection
with research questions and hypothesis and posed to guide the study.
Research Questions 1
Tablel. Mean responses on level of awareness on the family planning among the people in the community.
S/N Items Description Mean Remarks
1. Are you aware that there are different family planning methods 3.81 Accepted
your
community?
New modern method is one of family planning method that exist in my community 3.57 Accepted
I know that there is a traditional method of family planning 3.53 Accepted
I have attended a seminar on family planning in my 4.42 Accepted
community
5My doctor gave me instruction on the use of implantation as a medical device for family 3.3 Accepted
planning 2

Table 1 indicates that all the items in the table have been rated positive and the ratings are above the criterion
mean 2.50. The mean score 3.81 and 3.57 items 1 and 2 which are the highest rated in the table show that
people are aware that there are different family planning method that exist in my community. Also people in my
community known that there are a traditional method of family planning and equally attend seminar on family
planning. This is because of the mean scores of 3.53 and 3.42 which is higher than the criterion mean of 2.50
item 5 with mean score of 3.32 also indicates acceptance since the score is above the criterion mean.
Based on the above fact, it was established that level of awareness on the family planning among people in the
community is high.
Research Question 2

Table 2. Mean responses on which of these family planning methods do people embraced mostly.
S/N Items Description Mean Remarks
I am presently using condom 2.05 Rejected
as my preferred family planning method
2.I and my spouse agree on the use of injectable based on my doctor's advice 3.25Accepted
Any time I have sex, I do take pills to prevent pregnancy 3.33Accepted
4.I have always indulged in the use of implant ever since 2.24Rejected
I stoppage giving birth
5 The traditional 3.28Accepted
family
planning method is cheaper and safer than new modern method that is why I
prefer
6 Ever since I started the use of contraceptives, I have not 3.44Accepted
experience any side effect in my reproductive system

Table 2 indicates that items, 2, 3,5 and 6 has high scores of 3.25, 3.33, 3.28 and 3.44 respectively which shows
that there is a positive responses to the use of

injectable based on doctor's advice, any time people have sex, they take pills to prevent pregnancy and that the
use of contraceptives has no side effect to people that make use of it. However, items 1 and 4 with mean scores
2.05 and 2.24 disagreed 5that using condom and use of implant is not effective family planning method. This
because their mean scores is not up to the criterion mean of 2.50.
Research Question 3
Table 3. Mean Responses on the factors that influence the choice of family planning among couples.
S/NItems Description MeanRemarks
I prefer the natural family planning to all other methods because of our 3.21 Accepted
income
2. Religious has a major influence on our decision on the choice of family 3.14 Accepted
planning
The environment I live also determine the number of children I will 3.27 Accepted
have
I have the best knowledge of 3.23 Accepted

family planning because of my educational status

5.Involvement of partners on the choice of family planning is major factor on the choice of 2.9 Accepted
Family 8
planning
Table 3 indicates that all the items in the table have been rated positive and the ratings are above the criterion
mean of 2.50. The mean scores for the items in table 2 revealed that there is high level of factors that influence
the choice of family planning among the people.
Research Question 4
Table 4. Mean Responses on what benefits does family and planning and sex education has on population.
S/NItems Description MeanRemarks
Constant practice of family and planning does not have adverse effect on 2.05 Rejected
my Accepted
 reproductive system
Family planning helps to encourage child spacing 3.20

among couples during their reproductive years

Some religious upholds family planning because it serves as a means of disciplining 3.18Accepted
some
promiscuous individual
Family planning helps couples to enjoy their sexual life after giving birth to the number of children 2.95Accepted
they
want
The table indicates that item 1, with a mean score of 2.15 have been rated negative.
This is based on the fact that mean score is less than the criterion mean of 2.50 this then, established that
constant practice of family planning have adverse effect on reproductive system. However, items 2, 3 and 4 have
been rated positive and the rating are the above criterion mean of 2.50. Therefore, it was established that family
planning helps to encourage child spacing among couples during their reproductive years. Promiscuous
individuals and that family planning help couples to enjoy their sexual life after giving birth to the number of
children they want.

Testing of Hypotheses
HYPOTHESIS 1
There is no significant different (PS0.05) in the mean Ratings with regards to the level of awareness on family
planning method between families in rural and those in semi urban areas.
TABLE 5
Summary of T- test for HO,

Table 5 displayed the independent sample of T-test for hypothesis 1.

The mean scores of item in cluster A were used for the test. Literarily the test proved whether there is significant
difference in the average mean score of families in rural and semi-urban with regard to their responses to
questionnaires items in cluster A.
In the analysisequal variance assumption was made column 3 and 4 showed the Leven's test for equality of
variance. The result has F=0.173 is less than the significant value (0.681) at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore
the variance of the two group's parents in rural areas and parents in semi-urban areas are equal.
Having proved the assumption, one could reliable make a decision based on the analysis on independent sample
T-test for the hypothesis 1. From column 5, 6 and 7, one can see that the T-calculated (-0.343) at 26 degrees of
freedom is less than the significant value (0.735) at 0.05 level of significance.
Hence, the null hypothesis 1 is accepted with a decision that there is no significant difference between the
opinions of families in rural areas and semi-urban areas with regard to the level of awareness on family planning
method.
Hypothesis 2
There is no significant difference (P<0.05) in the mean rating on the level of acceptance of family planning
method between families in rural and semi-urban areas.
TABLE 6
Summary of T-test HO

Table 6 upheld the assumption of equal variance since variance f-0.000 is less than significant value (0.997) at
0.05 levels of significances. In column 5, 6 and 7 of table 6. We see that the T-calculated (-0.001) at 12 degree of
freedom is less than the significant value (0.999) at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore the null hypothesis with
the decision that there is no significance difference
SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDING
The major findings or the research are summarized in accordance with the research question and hypothesis.

1. There is an agreement among the respondents that there is very high level of awareness on the
existence of family planning among the people in the community.
2. As regards the levels of acceptance, the findings of this study revealed that most people in the
communities accepted family planning.
3. Based on the method of family planning mostly embraced, the findings from this study revealed that
most people do not embrace the use of condom, implantation and traditional family planning methods as
found in responses in items 11, 14 and 15 while items 12 and 13 indicated that there is an agreement by
some people that the use of pills and injectable is embrace as a method of family planning. However,
the responses to this research question revealed that most people frown at some of the method of
family planning.
4. With regard to reproductive behavior among the people. The findings from this study revealed that
family planning have a positive impact on reproductive behavior among the people in the community.
These are shown in the responses to items 17, 18, 19 and 20 in which the people agreed that constant
 practice of family planning does not have any adverse effect on the reproductive system of individuals
family planning helps to encourage child spacing among couples during their reproductive years that
some religion upholds. Family planning because it serves as a means of disciplining some individual
who are promiscuous and that family planning helps couples to enjoy their sexual life after given birth to
the number of children they want; on the other hand, only item 16 disagreed with the notion that family
planning has a positive impact on the reproductive system behavior of an individual. For the two null
hypothesis used for the study.

HYPOTHESIS I: Showed that there is no significant different in the level of awareness on family planning method
between families in rural and semi-urban
areas.
HYPOTHESIS II: Also indicated that there is no significant difference on the level of acceptance of family
planning method between families in rural and semi-urban with regard to the effectiveness of family planning on
families in Zurmi Local Government Area of Zamfara State.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMAR Y
The study investigated the effectiveness of family planning among the population, using Zurmi Local government,
Zamfara state as a case study.
From analysis of data in table 1, the research shows that families among Zurmi Local government, Zamfara
state, unanimously agreed that they are aware of family planning in their various communities. The agreement on
the level of awareness of the people of family planning methods which include new modern methods, traditional
method, have attended seminars and have received instructions on how to use impantation.
Therefore, it is evidently clear that the people have a very high level of awareness on the existence of family
planning. Knowledge of family planning method has been found to be highest among women age 20-39 years.
This is probably due to the fact that this is the most reproductive years of women (Agbola,
2001). One will however expect a higher knowledge of information about family planning now efforts have been
put on the importance of family planning by both the government and other agencies through advertisement on
TV and radio (Piotrow,2000)
Responses obtained from the research question unanimously agreed that there was a high level of acceptance of
family planning among the people. Their agreement was based on the fact that the people agreed that they
preferred natural family planning, couples decided to use condom, they prefer the use of pills, implantation as the
most convenient family planning method and injectable is one of the family

planning methods the people cherished. This is in line with Jayasuriya and Owen(2015), finding from a study they
carried out in rural Vietnam, Which revealed that there is strong support among household for the acceptance
and utilization of contraceptive, which of these family planning methods do people embrace mostly? From the
analysis of data in table 3, the result showed that majority of the family planning method ware not embraced by
the people. This negative response was based on the fact that most people disagree with the use of condom,
and implantation method. However, the respondent agreed on the use of injectable based on their doctor's
advice, use of pills to prevent pregnancy; that the traditional family planning methods is cheaper and safer than
the new modern method and the use of contraceptive have no side effects in reproductive system.
This finding is in line with Ayeni (1999) who state that there are different family planning methods ranging from
traditional to new modern method.
The data obtain from cluster D of the instrument provided that family planning has a positive impact on people
reproductive behaviour. This is in line with the people's agreement that family planning helps to encourage child
spacing among couples during their reproductive years, some religious doctrine uphold family planning because
it serves as a means of disciplining some promiscuous individual and family planning helps couples to enjoy their
sexual life after giving birth to the number of the children they want. Their response also indicated that there is a
disagreement on the fact that constant practice of family planning does not have any adverse effects on
reproductive system. Agreeing on this, is the fact that Ladipo (2000),in a lecture titled injectable contraceptive
organized by the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu
State that the advantage of Family planning, far outweigh their side effects on families and therefore should be
encouraged.

5.2 CONCLUSION
Rapid population growth is one of the serious problems the world is facing now. In Nigeria also, increasing
population has been a challenge in population need fulfilment programs of the Government of Nigeria. So,
containment of population growth because urgent and contraceptive use can prevent the current problems. As it
can be seen that women play an important role in the decision making. Women should be included in all aspects
of reproductive health and family planning programs.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
The following recommendations have been in light of the findings. The discussion that followed and the various
implications that have been highlighted.
 1. Seminars and workshop concerning reproductive issue should be regularly conducted for parents. This
will enable them effectively put into practice various family planning that are within their reach.
2. The community approach should be used integrating family planning education in various communities.
The aim is not only to motivate the people as well as to generate social support for family planning. To
do this effectively in our rural environment there is need to Know something about the community such
as its structure, it's channel of communication, it's attitudes to government agencies as well as it's
attitudes to health and family planning.
3. Family planning education can form part of health education. This could be given to pregnant mothers
attending the antenatal clinics. All health officers should actively participate in family planning education
in their communities.
4. Every person whether married or single should be made aware of the need for family planning. This
awareness could be created through massive population and medical education. People should be
made aware of the individual benefits that could emanate from family planning and how this may be
realized. To this effect mass media should be intensively used.
5. Direct Family planning services clinics and multipurpose community centers should be opened by the
government in rural and semi-urban areas. These should also be methods of reaching coupled at their
door steps.

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