JCET HUBLI

CONTENTS (ACTIVITY III)

CHAPTER 1
1.1.SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.

1.2. TYPES OF COTTON

CHAPTER 2

2.1. INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO MARKET THE PRODUCE

2.2.GIVING INFORMATION ABOUT RATES OF PRODUCE

AT VARIOUS PLACES.

CHAPTER 3

3.1. HOW TO PRESERVE THE FOOD GRAINS.

3.2. INFORMATION ABOUT AGRICULTURAL TOOLS.

CHAPTER 4
DOCUMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES (VISIT IMAGES)

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

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TO ASSIST THE MARKETING OF RURAL PRODUCE

CHAPTER 1
1.1.SURVEY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.

We had been to a agricultural land in JOGYALLAPURA

o REQUIREMENT:

 Climate

Cotton is a tropical and subtropical crop. For the successful germination of its seeds, a
minimum temperature of 15 C is required. The optimum temperature range for vegetative
growth is 21 - 27 C. It can tolerate temperatures as high as 43 C, but does not do well if the
temperature falls below 21 C. During the period of fruiting, warm days and cool nights with
large diurnal variations are conducive to good boll and fibre development.

 Soil

In cotton selection on of soil is very important. Cotton is grown on a variety of soils. Soil
should be black medium to deep (90cm) having good drainage availability. Cotton does not
tolerate water-logging condition. It is grown mainlyas a dry crop in the black cotton and
medium black soil. Irrigated cotton is taken in the alluvial soils.

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 Irrigation

In case of cotton germination, square initiation, flowering and boll formation and boll
development are the critical stages for irrigation. The irrigated cotton crop is mostly sown
after a preliminary irrigation and second the light watering is given in three or four days after
germination. Subsequent watering depend upon the nature of the soil and the weather
conditions. Flowering and boll formation are the critical stages from the point of view of
irrigation. The summer sown crop gets frequent irrigations at intervals of 8-12 days.

1.2. TYPES OF COTTON:

Three broad types of cotton are generally recognized on the basis of the length, strength and
structure of its fibre.
1. Long staple cotton: It has the longest fibre whose length varies from 24 to 27 mm.
The fibre is long, fine and shining. It is used for making fine and superior quality cloth.
Obviously, it fetches the best price. There has been rapid progress in the production of long
staple cotton since Independence. About half of the total cotton produced in India is a long
staple. It is largely grown in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
2. Medium staple cotton: The length of its fiber is between 20 mm and 24 mm. About
44 per cent of the total cotton production in India is of medium staple. Rajasthan, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra are its main
producers.
3. Short staple cotton: This is inferior cotton with fibre less than 20 mm long. It is used
for manufacturing inferior cloth and fetches less price. About 6 per cent of the total
production is of short staple cotton. U.P., Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab
are its main producers.

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CHAPTER 2

2.1. INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO MARKET THE PRODUCE.

An Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) is a marketing board established by

state governments in India to ensure farmers are safeguarded from exploitation by large
retailers, as well as ensuring the farm to retail price spread does not reach excessively high
levels. APMCs are regulated by states through their adoption of a Agriculture Produce
Marketing Regulation (APMR) Act.
the Indian Government introduced several mandatory regulations in hopes of establishing a
mechanism to monitor the market conduct. Regulation and development of primary
agricultural produce markets was taken up as an institutional innovation, and construction of
well laid out market yards was considered as an essential requirement for regulating the
practices in primary wholesale markets.

History

The concept of an agriculture produce market regulation programme in India dates back to
the British Raj: raw cotton was the first farm produce to attract the attention of the
Government due to the anxiety of British rulers to make available the supplies of pure cotton
at reasonable prices to the textile mills of Manchester (UK). Consequently, India's first
regulated market (Karanja) was established in 1886 under the Hyderabad Residency Order,
with the first legislation being the Berar Cotton and Grain Market Act of 1887, which
empowered British residents to declare any place in the assigned district a market for sale and
purchase of agricultural produce and constitute a committee to supervise the regulated
markets. This Act became the model for enactment in other parts of the country.
Reforms have been passed by the Government of India in the form of three acts in 2020:

 The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act

 The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm
Services Act; and
 The Essential Commodities Amendment Act the monopoly of middlemen in APMCs
and create a free market.While cartelization has been a big problem in APMCs, these bills
have been criticized by the farmers themselves because of the fear that these laws will lead to
degradation of APMCs and eventually Minimum Support Price will be diluted. This has led
to protests by farmers in India specially Punjab, Haryana and west parts of Uttar Pradesh.
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2.2.GIVING INFORMATION ABOUT RATES OF PRODUCE AT VARIOUS

PLACES.

1. Karnataka

Karnataka Top Agriculture States in India for Rabi Crops

In Karnataka, agriculture is the most important part of the overall economy. Most of the
population of the state is engaged in farming. The weather climate of Karnataka greatly supports
agriculture. Karnataka’s Kharif crops are rice, maize, moong dal, red chili, sugarcane, groundnut,
soybean, turmeric, and cotton. Karnataka’s rabi crops are mustard, sesame, barley, wheat, and
peas. Karnataka comes under the top Agriculture States in India.
The state is popular for its coffee production, and it contributed 70% of the total production in
India. Karnataka grew222300 metric tons of coffee.

2. Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is Top Agriculture State in India for Rice

In Andhra Pradesh, 62% of the population engaged in agriculture. There is more focus paid on
rice production. Andhra Pradesh contributes 77% of crop production in India. And more crops are
jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, tobacco, pulses, sugarcane, and others. In Andhra Pradesh, from 1.5
million hectares of land used for horticulture. And from this allotted land nearly 720 thousand
hectares used for fruit production.

3. Punjab

Punjab is best to produce wheat - Top Agriculture State in India

Punjab is the most fertile state on earth. It is best to produce wheat, sugarcane, rice, vegetables,
and fruits in Punjab. Punjab’s other name is the Granary of India and India’s breadbasket. Around
93% of the total productive land used to produce food grain. In Punjab, most of the area covered
by wheat and paddy cultivation. And this area increases over the year. Punjab is the 3rd largest
farming crop producing state in India. It is known for its irrigation system and these are
appropriate for farming. Punjab is the 3rd largest producer of food grains too.

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4. Gujarat

Gujarat is Top Agriculture State in India for Cotton

Gujarat is the fastest growing state in India. this state adopted a wise development pattern. They
invested in agriculture, energy, and industry, for that they achieved a double digit growth. Gujarat’s

weather climate is variable, producing crops there is difficult. One strategy farmers can adopt
there is to manipulate crop environments by advanced management for high yield. Gujarat
produced cotton, groundnut, castor, bajra, tur, green gram, sesamum, paddy, maize, and
sugarcane. And Gujarat produced cotton in a large scale, followed by Karnataka, Maharashtra,
and Telangana. Here groundnut grew too.

5. Haryana

Haryana is Top Agriculture State in India for sugarcane

And the next farming state is Haryana. Haryana is one of the biggest contributors to agriculture.
About 70% of the locals engaged in agriculture. Haryana plays an important role in the Green
Revolution in India. With all these, Haryana has a massive irrigation system.
Some top crops produced in Haryana are sugarcane, paddy, wheat, and sunflower. And in India, it
is the 2nd largest producer of sunflower. Haryana involved in livestock farming too. There are
99.97 lakh livestock populations in India. India consumes milk products on a daily basis. It is a
necessary diet. This comes under one of the top Agriculture States in India.

6. Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is Top Agriculture State in India for Wheat and maize

Madhya Pradesh is known for its pulses production, followed by Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and
Uttar Pradesh. It is popular for soybean and garlic production too. Madhya Pradesh earned
significant fame in pulse farming. Wheat andmaize are the main sources of the earning of farmers
in Madhya Pradesh. And other pulses are urad, soybean, and turdal.
Madhya Pradesh has the largest area, for that they have different climate and soil conditions best
for a wide range ofagriculture products. The agriculture sector of Madhya Pradesh is the backbone
of the Indian economy. Madhya Pradesh Agriculture sector produced 65% of the employment,
and it is ¼ of the GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product).

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CHAPTER 3

3.1. HOW TO PRESERVE THE FOOD GRAINS.

1. Cleaning and storing in closed containers:

Food grains like rice, wheat and pulses should be cleaned first and then stored in closed
containers. Keeping the foodgrains in closed containers protects them from micro-organisms, rats,
cockroaches and other insects.

2. Sun drying and dehydration:

Microorganisms require water for their growth. Drying and dehydration mean removal of water
from foodstuff. Sun drying involves removal of water by keeping the food articles in the sun.
Vegetables like spinach, fenugreek (methi), cauliflower, etc., are sun-dried and stored. Potatoes,
bananas, tapioca and cooked rice or dal are sun-dried to wafers or papads and stored for long
periods.

3. Heating:

Heating kills microorganisms. You boil milk at home to kill bacteria. Boiling water kills all germs
and makes it safe for drinking.

4. Deep freezing:

Bacteria and fungi cannot grow at low temperatures. Refrigerators are used to keep fruits,
vegetables, milk, butter, meat and fish fresh for a longer time. In huge freezers, food can be frozen
and kept fresh for months together.

5. Using salt, sugar and vinegar for preservation:

Preservation of food by using salt is called salting. Salt can be used in the dry form or in the form
of solution. It drawsout water from food and prevents growth of microorganisms. Salt is used to
preserve tamarind, beans, raw mango, amla, fish and meat. Fruits and vegetables like raw mango,
amla, lemon, cauliflower, carrots, etc., can be made into pickles by adding salt, vinegar and oil.
These substances prevent the growth of microorganisms.

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6. Chemical preservation:

Certain chemicals preservatives are added to jams, jellies, juices and squashes to prevent the
growth of microorganisms. Sodium benzoate and acetic acid are commonly used as preservatives.

3.2. INFORMATION ABOUT AGRICULTURAL TOOLS.

 Tractor

It is the most important farm machinery. A tractor is a high power, low-speed traction vehicle. It is
nearly similar to the truck but designed to be used off-road, i.e., on farms for different purposes.
There are 39 models of tractors produced in India with different power ranges. A tractor is
basically used to attach other tools that can’t power themselves. Tractor pulls those farm tools on
the farm and we get desired work done. Modern tractors are powered by an IC engine and run
through kerosene, gasoline, LPG, diesel fuel.

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 Sprayer

As clear by the name, it is used to spray insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers on the
farm, some sprayers are also used to spray water. Today, the sprayer has become one of the most
important equipment in farming. The sprayer can be an agricultural-aircraft sprayer or blower

sprayer. Sprayers also need time to time maintenance including necessary greasing of
components, fluid level check-up, and sprayer monitor calibration. For effective spraying, droplet
size also plays an important role, and droplet size depends on pressure.
 Cutters and Shredders

These machines are used for shredding and cutting unwanted plants grown on the farm. Shredder
involves three functions, shearing, tearing, and breaking in general, and in agricultural purposes,
the shredder is used to cut or remove extra small plants. And shredder can shred all waste like
coconut farm waste, banana farm waste, etc. This machine’s frame is made up of mild steel or
tungsten carbide and more than one cutter is attached to it.
 Field Cultivator

As it is clear by the name, field cultivators are used to cultivating the farm, it makes the proper
seedbed for crops to be planted and also eradicates weeds and makes hardened soil softer so that it
can be watered easily and also nutrients can reach the crop easily. It also stimulates
microorganisms in the soil to become more active. And field cultivator saves time over plow.
Plough needs more work and time in comparison to field cultivator, which is why, now a day’s
field cultivator, is used more than the plough.
 Seeders and Planters

After the cultivation is done, Seeders and planters are used for the sowing of seeds. In comparison
to manual sowing, this works much faster, in old times, farmers need to sow every single seed
with hands, but with this, a grouping of seeds and crops can be planted within an hour or so.
 Soil cultivation machinery

Including field cultivators, many other types of machinery are used for soil cultivation purposes.
These are the machines used for pulverizing the soil and eliminate weeds and loosen the soil for
better absorption of water and nutrients can reach the crop easily. These equipment are powered
by tractor. Some of them are cultipacker, rotary-tiller, plough, strip-till, harrow.
 Harvesting equipment

These are the machines used for harvesting the crop. Some of this equipment do more than one
task, like harvesting and cleaning grain crops, both tasks together. Just like this, here given

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example harvesting equipment do more than one task and the operating mechanism of all these
equipment is different from one another. Some of them are, Combine-harvester, mower, sickle,
reaper, crop harvesting machine, grain harvesting machine, conveyer belt, reaper.

 Future Trend of Agri-Machinery

With the improvements in technology and digitalization, the future of agri-machinery seems
to be promising. In the present condition, there are many limiting factors in mechanization,
such as
 Farmers with small landholdings can’t switch to mechanization due to large machines and
their costs.
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 For different farm operations, machines are not available,

 There is not enough coordination between research centers and agri-machinery manufacturers.

 The proper servicing facility also isn’t available.

 Farm machinery training and testing

The three major farm machinery training and testing institutes in India are:

 Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Hissar(Haryana)

 Central Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Budni(M.P.)

 Southern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Ananatpur(A.P.)

 Subsidies on Agri- machinery

As the Indian Economy is mainly dependent on the farming sector, so agricultural subsidies
are necessary. To ease the work of farmers, farming machines are necessary, but due to the
high cost, they are not affordable for every farmer. Therefore, Government has implemented
subsidies on some Agri-machinery.
i. Variety selection – Base your variety selection on proven ability for fiber quality and yield
potential. Manage risk and yield potential by selecting three or more cotton varieties. Consult
your local seed dealer and review performance ratings of various varieties from seed
companies and university Extension trials. Match that information with your individual
farming goals and field conditions.
ii. Seed genetics – Choose cotton seed genetics wisely. Plant newer varieties, plus your tried-
and- true varieties. Diverse cotton varieties with different traits, maturities, disease and insect
susceptibility, and herbicide tolerance for control of tough-to-manage weeds will help spread
risk and enhance your chances for achieving high yields.
iii. Seed treatments – Protect your seed investment, establish a good stand and enhance yields
with a professionally applied seed treatment containing a fungicide, insecticide and
nematicide.
iv. Fertility and soil testing – Test the fertility levels in the soils of individual fields at least every
other year. Use recommended soil sampling techniques from your Extension experts to
establish your soil pH and residual nutrient levels. Fertilize according to the potential cotton.

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CHAPTER 4
DOCUMENTATION OF ACTIVITIES (VISIT IMAGES)

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
Giving information and teaching how to use websites related to Govt schemes. Mainly we gave
information about fraud calls and messages and how to authenticate messages and videos. We
told them that any calls from strangers asking for any bank details should not be entertained.
We have also given information about RTI Right to Information and SAKAL a Marathi
newspaper. We also told the importance of these RTI and SAKAL. Mainly we have introduced
our college and given information that how the JCET is socially responsible to students. We
also encouraged the children and students to do higher education and if they are interested in
engineering, they can approach our college.
We sincerely thank our Principal, HOD, and Teachers for giving us the opportunity to
work on such innovative project.

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