VAC FILE

NAME - RITU

COURSE - BA (HONS) JOURNALISM

ROLL NO - 23520028

DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT FILE

KALINDI COLLEGE

UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
 INDEX

1.​Digital inclusion and Digital Empowerment

● Needs and challenges
● Vision of Digital India: DigiLocker, E-Hospitals, e-Pathshala,
BHIM, e-Kranti (Electronic Delivery of Services), e-Health
Campaigns
● Public utility portals of Govt. of India such as RTI, Health,
Finance, Income Tax filing, Education

2.​Communication and Collaboration in the Cyberspace

● Electronic Communication: electronic mail, blogs, social
media
● Collaborative Digital platforms
● Tools/platforms for online learning
● Collaboration using file sharing, messaging, video
conferencing

3.​Towards Safe and Secure Cyberspace

● Online security and privacy
● Threats in the digital world: Data breach and Cyber Attacks
● Blockchain Technology
● Security Initiatives by the Govt of India

4.​Ethical Issues in Digital World

● Netiquettes
● Ethics in digital communication
● Ethics in Cyberspace
 UNIT 1
DIGITAL INCLUSION AND DIGITAL
EMPOWERMENT

INTRODUCTION

In today’s fast-moving digital world, access to technology is no longer a

luxury—it’s a necessity. Digital inclusion means ensuring that everyone,
especially those from rural or underdeveloped areas, can access and
use digital tools like the internet, smartphones, and online services. It is
about bridging the gap between those who are digitally connected and
those who are not. On the other hand, digital empowerment is about
giving people the skills, knowledge, and confidence to use these digital
tools effectively for education, healthcare, government services, banking,
and more. The Government of India has launched several important
initiatives like DigiLocker, e-Pathshala, BHIM, e-Hospitals, and others
under the Digital India campaign to make digital services accessible to
every citizen. The aim is to build a digitally strong nation where people
are not left behind just because they don’t have access to or knowledge
of digital resources.

A) Needs and Challenges

Digital inclusion is all about ensuring that every individual, regardless of

their social or economic background, can access and use digital
technologies. However, there are several challenges in achieving this.
Firstly, many rural and remote areas lack proper internet infrastructure
and electricity, which makes it difficult for people to connect online.
Secondly, even if connectivity is available, not everyone can afford
smartphones, laptops, or internet services. Thirdly, a large portion of the
population lacks basic digital skills, making it hard for them to use digital
tools effectively. Also, language barriers and fear of technology are
common issues. Overcoming these challenges requires efforts in
infrastructure development, affordability, digital literacy training, and
awareness programs.

NEEDS

1.​ Bridging the Digital Divide​

Many people, especially in rural and underprivileged areas, lack access
to the internet and digital tools. Inclusion ensures equal opportunities.​

2.​ Access to Education​

Digital platforms provide learning resources, online classes, and skill
development—crucial for students and job-seekers.​

3.​ Employment Opportunities​

Digital literacy improves job prospects and helps people participate in
the digital economy (e.g., online work, freelancing).​

4.​ E-Governance Services​

Citizens can access government schemes, documents, and services
online—making governance more transparent and efficient.​

5.​ Social Inclusion​

Promotes participation in modern communication, banking, healthcare,
and other essential services.​

6.​ Women Empowerment​

Digital access gives women a voice, knowledge, financial
independence, and safety tools through various platforms.

CHALLENGES

1.​ Lack of Infrastructure​

Poor internet connectivity and electricity in remote areas restrict
access to digital services.​

2.​ Digital Illiteracy​

Many people, especially older adults or rural populations, don’t
know how to use smartphones, computers, or the internet.​
 3.​ Affordability​
Cost of devices, internet data, and maintenance remains high for
low-income groups.​

4.​ Language and Content Barrier​

Most digital content is in English or regional languages with
limited availability of localized and user-friendly material.​

5.​ Gender Divide​

In some communities, women and girls have less access to
digital devices due to cultural or financial reasons.​

6.​ Cybersecurity and Privacy Concerns​

Lack of awareness about online safety leads to cybercrimes,
scams, and data misuse.

B) Vision of Digital India

Digital India is a flagship initiative by the Government of India launched

in 2015 with the aim to transform the country into a digitally empowered
society and knowledge economy. It includes various digital services and
platforms to make governance more transparent, services more
accessible, and citizens more informed.

1.​ DigiLocker

DigiLocker is a secure cloud-based platform developed by the Ministry of

Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). It allows users to store,
access, important government-issued documents such as Aadhaar
cards, PAN cards, and driving licenses in digital form. Documents
uploaded or issued through DigiLocker are legally recognized and can
be used in place of physical documents. It reduces paperwork and
ensures data authenticity since many documents are directly linked and
verified by the issuing authority.DigiLocker supports the government’s
goal of “Digital India” by reducing the use of physical documents,
promoting eco-friendly and paperless governance.

DIGILOCKER
 2.​ E-Hospitals

E-Hospitals is an initiative under the e-Hospital project of NIC (National

Informatics Centre), which provides an integrated Hospital Management
Information System. Through this platform, patients can register online,
book OPD appointments, view diagnostic test reports, and access their
medical history from government hospitals. It helps hospitals manage
their data efficiently and enhances transparency in healthcare services.
The system is already implemented in over 300 hospitals across India,
making healthcare more organized and accessible.. It helps save time
and brings transparency in services. e-Hospital is especially useful in
government hospitals and is a part of the Digital India initiative to
improve healthcare delivery using technology.

E- HOSPITAL
 3.​ e-Pathshala

e-Pathshala is an educational app launched by NCERT and the Ministry

of Education to provide students, teachers, and parents with free access
to school textbooks, audio and video materials, and other learning
resources. The platform supports multiple languages including English,
Hindi, and Urdu, and is available on both Android and iOS devices. It
promotes digital learning and helps students from all regions and
economic backgrounds continue their education without depending on
physical books.It is available as a website and mobile app, making
learning easy and accessible anytime, anywhere.

E - PATHSHALA
 4.​ BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money)

BHIM is a mobile application developed by the National Payments

Corporation of India (NPCI) based on the Unified Payments Interface
(UPI). It allows real-time money transfers between bank accounts using
a mobile number, UPI ID, or QR code. The app supports multiple
regional languages and works even on low-end smartphones. It helps
promote digital transactions, especially in rural and semi-urban areas
where people may not use traditional banking methods. BHIM also
supports cashback schemes and incentives for merchants and users to
encourage usage. It supports 24/7 transactions and helps promote
digital payments, especially in small towns and villages, making India
move towards a less-cash economy.

BHIM APP
 5.​ e-Kranti (Electronic Delivery of Services)

e-Kranti is a major pillar of the Digital India program, aiming to transform

e-Governance through the delivery of government services
electronically. It includes more than 40 mission-mode projects across
various sectors like education, health, agriculture, and justice. The goal
is to ensure services reach citizens faster, more transparently, and
without physical barriers. Some key services include digital land records,
online scholarships, telemedicine, and e-Courts. e-Kranti bridges the gap
between government and citizens using ICT (Information and
Communication Technology). For example, people can now apply for
scholarships, check exam results, get health information,or access
farming advice through government websites or apps
 E - KRANTI

6.​ e-Health Campaigns

These campaigns focus on spreading awareness and delivering

healthcare services through digital means. Initiatives like “Ayushman
Bharat Digital Mission” and “National Digital Health Mission” aim to
create digital health IDs for every citizen, enabling better tracking of
medical records and personalized healthcare. Campaigns on issues like
COVID-19 vaccination, nutrition awareness, menstrual hygiene, and
mental health are conducted through SMS alerts, mobile apps, and
social media. These efforts improve health literacy and encourage
people to adopt healthier lifestyles.
AYUSHMAN BHARAT DIGITAL MISSION
C) Public Utility Portals of Government of India

1.​ RTI Portal (Right to Information)

The RTI Online Portal allows citizens to file applications under the
Right to Information Act, 2005, to seek information from
government departments. It promotes accountability by ensuring
that public authorities disclose information proactively. The portal
simplifies the RTI process by letting users file, track, and receive
responses online, avoiding delays and unnecessary paperwork. It
also provides access to previous RTI queries and department-wise
public disclosures.

RTI PORTAL
2.​ Health Portals

National Health Portal (NHP) and other health-related websites

serve as central hubs for accessing reliable health information,
lists of hospitals, health schemes, and emergency numbers.
Citizens can also book appointments under the Ayushman Bharat
scheme, check eligibility for health insurance, and get updates on
disease outbreaks. These platforms empower citizens to make
informed healthcare decisions and encourage preventive care.The
portal connects patients, doctors, hospitals, labs, and pharmacies
across India through a single digital network.Doctors and
hospitals can access a patient's medical history with consent,
making treatment faster, safer, and more accurate.Citizens can
consult doctors online via video or audio calls—especially
beneficial for rural areas with fewer hospitals.

NATIONAL HEALTH PORTAL

3.​ Finance and Banking Services

Through portals like PM Jan Dhan Yojana, Public Financial

Management System (PFMS), and mobile apps like BHIM, the
government has simplified banking and financial services for all,
especially the underprivileged. These platforms allow people to
open zero-balance accounts, receive subsidies directly, and make
digital payments securely. They are crucial in building a cashless
economy and improving financial inclusion.Banks provide safe
places to store money and offer interest on savings, encouraging
people to save and grow wealth.Subsidies, pensions, and welfare
schemes are directly credited to bank accounts, increasing
transparency and efficiency.Banks enable secure online and offline
money transfers, bill payments, and business dealings.
4.​ Income Tax Filing

The official income tax e-filing portal helps individuals and

businesses file their taxes online, view Form 26AS, track refund
status, and correct details in their PAN or Aadhaar. The portal also
offers help through chat bot support, FAQs, and step-by-step
guides. It reduces paperwork, minimizes human errors, and
speeds up processing. Regular updates and improved user
interface have made it more accessible even to first-time users. It
is a legal obligation for individuals whose income exceeds the
basic exemption limit (₹2.5 lakh per year for individuals below 60
years). Filing income tax returns is important not just to comply
with the law, but also to claim refunds, show proof of income, and
avoid penalties. It is also useful when applying for loans, visas, or
government schemes. People with income from salary, business,
freelancing, rent, or capital gains are required to file ITR if their
earnings exceed the specified limit..

5.​Education Platforms

Platforms like SWAYAM, and National Digital Library of India

(NDLI) provide online courses, video lectures, textbooks, and
quizzes for learners of all ages. SWAYAM offers free courses from
top Indian universities along with certification. DIKSHA supports
teachers with lesson plans and training modules. NDLI gives
access to over 4 crore books and resources across disciplines.
These platforms ensure continuous learning, especially in remote
areas or during emergencies like the
pandemic.Government-backed platforms like DIKSHA and
ePathshala are aimed at providing free quality education to
students across India. These platforms support different regional
languages, helping bridge the educational gap in rural areas.
Overall, education platforms play a key role in promoting digital
learning, skill development, and lifelong education.
( SWAYAM , E-PATHSHALA , DIKSHA )
CONCLUSION
Digital inclusion and digital empowerment are no longer just goals—they
are essential for a country's growth in today’s technology-driven world.
Without equal access to digital tools and platforms, a large part of the
population remains disconnected from the opportunities the internet
provides. This digital divide can create deeper social and economic
gaps, leaving rural and underprivileged communities behind. That’s why
initiatives like DigiLocker, e-Hospitals, e-Pathshala, BHIM, RTI, and
other public utility portals have been launched—to make essential
services easy to access and bridge this gap. These platforms allow
people to get education, health services, financial support, and official
documents—all at their fingertips. However, just launching platforms is
not enough. The real change happens when people know how to use
these tools confidently and safely. For that, digital literacy, awareness
campaigns, and affordable internet access are equally important.
Empowering every citizen digitally means giving them the power to grow,
learn, and participate fully in the digital world. With continued efforts from
both the government and society, we can truly become a digitally
inclusive and empowered nation where no one is left behind.
 UNIT 2

COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION IN

IN THE CYBERSPACE
​

INTRODUCTION

In today's digital world, communication and collaboration have become

easier, faster, and more efficient thanks to the internet and various online
tools. Whether it's for education, work, or social life, people are now
using digital platforms to connect, share ideas, learn, and work together
even if they are far apart. These platforms are not just convenient—they
also save time, allow real-time updates, and make teamwork possible
across different places and time zones. From sending emails to
attending online classes or working on shared documents, cyberspace
has changed the way we interact and collaborate in everyday life.

A) Electronic Communication

In today’s digital world, electronic communication is one of the most

common and convenient ways to connect with people. It allows
individuals to share messages, files, opinions, and updates quickly and
from anywhere. Email is one of the most formal ways of communication
and is widely used in schools, colleges, offices, and government
institutions. It helps in sending official messages and documents. Blogs
are personal or professional online platforms where people express their
views, write stories, or share information about specific topics. For
example, a person passionate about food may write a blog sharing
recipes and restaurant reviews. Social media platforms like Facebook,
Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube are widely used for both personal
interaction and public sharing. People use them to post updates, photos,
videos, and engage in public conversations.
1.​ Email (Electronic Mail): A formal way to send messages, files, or
documents. Commonly used in schools and offices.It allows people
to send and receive messages, documents, photos, or files over
the internet. It is widely used in offices, schools, and government
communication for official purposes.​
Example: Teachers send homework and notices via Gmail to
students.​

2.​ Blogs: Blogs are personal or professional websites where

individuals post information, experiences, or ideas on different
topics.They are used for personal expression, educational
purposes, business promotions, or news updates.​
Example: A fashion student may run a blog sharing clothing
styles or DIY tips.​

3.​ Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter

allow people to share content, connect with others, and spread
awareness.They include text, photo, video, and live interactions.
These platforms are used for entertainment, communication,
marketing, awareness campaigns, and more.​
Example: An artist shares sketches on Instagram to get feedback
and connect with other artists.

4.​ Instant Messaging: Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time

communication method where users exchange messages instantly.
Apps like WhatsApp, Telegram, Messenger, and Signal allow
one-on-one or group chats and support media sharing, voice messages,
and video calls. It is commonly used for casual conversations as well as
coordination in study groups or team projects.​
Example: Students use a WhatsApp group to share class notes, links,
and last-minute updates before exams.

​
B) Collaborative Digital Platforms

Collaborative digital platforms are tools that allow people to work

together on projects or tasks, even if they are in different locations.
These platforms support teamwork by offering features like shared
editing, task tracking, and communication. For example, Google Docs
lets multiple users write and edit the same document at the same time,
which is helpful for group assignments or reports. Google Sheets and
Google Slides function similarly for spreadsheets and presentations.
Trello is another platform where users can create boards and cards to
assign and manage tasks for team members. Notion is an all-in-one
workspace where people can write, plan, and organize their work using
pages and databases. These platforms make collaboration faster,
smoother, and more organized.

1.​ Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides): These tools let

multiple users write and edit the same document together.​
Example: A group of students working on a presentation can edit
slides at the same time using Google Slides.​

2.​ Notion / Trello: These are planning tools that help in managing
tasks, organizing ideas, and tracking deadlines.Trello is a project
management and collaboration tool that helps individuals and
teams organize their tasks visually using boards, lists, and cards.
Each board represents a project, and within it, users can create
lists like “To Do,” “In Progress,” and “Completed” to track the
progress of each task.Notion is an all-in-one digital workspace
that combines note-taking, task management, databases,
calendars, and more in a single platform. It’s widely used by
students, educators, and professionals to organize class notes,
build study planners, create reading lists, or even manage entire
projects.​
Example: A college fest team plans its event schedule using Trello
boards.
 3.​ Zoom : Zoom is a video conferencing platform that became extremely
popular during the pandemic for both professional and educational use.
It allows users to host meetings, webinars, and virtual classrooms with
ease. Features like screen sharing, breakout rooms, and recording
options make it an ideal platform for hosting remote meetings and
collaborations. Zoom also allows for direct messaging and file sharing,
enabling seamless communication before, during, and after meetings.

4.​ Google Classroom : Google Classroom is a digital learning platform

primarily used by schools and educational institutions. It allows teachers
to create, distribute, and grade assignments in a paperless format.
Students can submit work, engage in class discussions, and interact
with classmates and instructors through the platform. Google
Classroom integrates with other Google tools, such as Google Drive
and Google Meet, to facilitate a comprehensive online learning
experience.

C) Tools and Platforms for Online Learning

Online learning tools have become essential for education, especially

after the rise of remote learning. These platforms provide opportunities
for students to study from home or anywhere in the world. Google
Classroom is commonly used in schools and colleges for sharing
assignments, notes, and announcements. It allows students to submit
work and receive feedback digitally. Platforms like Coursera, edX, and
Khan Academy offer online courses in various subjects, including
science, languages, business, and technology. These courses are often
taught by top universities and experts. Zoom and Microsoft Teams are
popular for conducting live online classes, webinars, and group
discussions. They allow teachers and students to interact face-to-face
through video conferencing.
1.​ Google Classroom: Teachers upload assignments, study
materials, and grades, and students can submit their work online.​
Example: A student checks her homework on Google Classroom
and uploads her assignment by the due date. Students can join
classes using a code, view classwork, submit assignments, and
get feedback—all in one place. It's widely used in schools and
colleges for easy communication and online teaching.​

2.​ Coursera / edX / Khan Academy: Educational websites that offer

free and paid courses in various subjects.Khan Academy is a free
educational website that offers video lessons and practice
exercises in subjects like math, science, economics, and
more.edX is an online platform that provides university-level
courses in a variety of subjects, created by top universities like
Harvard and MIT.Coursera is another popular online education
platform offering courses from global universities and companies. It
covers topics from arts to technology.​
Example: Learning basics of graphic design from Coursera in your
free time.​

3.​ Zoom / Microsoft Teams: These platforms are used for live video
lectures, meetings, and group discussions.Zoom is a video
conferencing tool used for online meetings, webinars, and virtual
classrooms. It became widely popular during the pandemic for
hosting live classes and sessions.Microsoft Teams is a
collaboration platform that combines video meetings, file sharing,
chatting, and assignment management.​
Example: Attending a live workshop on Microsoft Teams from
home.

4.​ Google Workspace (formerly G Suite) : offers collaborative tools

like Google Docs, Sheets, Slides, and Drive. These tools allow
multiple people to edit a file at the same time, leave comments,
and chat within the document. For example, a group of students
can work together on a Google Slide presentation for class without
needing to be physically together.
D) Collaboration Using File Sharing, Messaging, and Video
Conferencing

Digital tools have made collaboration easier by providing ways to share

files, send messages, and have live conversations. File-sharing
platforms like Google Drive and Dropbox allow users to store files in the
cloud and share them with others using links or email access. This is
useful for group work or sharing study materials. Messaging apps like
WhatsApp, Telegram, and Slack help users communicate instantly
through texts, voice notes, and media. They are widely used in
classroom groups, office teams, and project discussions. Video
conferencing tools like Zoom, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams allow
real-time face-to-face communication, which is essential for virtual
meetings, online classes, and collaborative work. These tools help
people stay connected and work together, no matter where they are.

1.​ File Sharing (Google Drive, Dropbox): Lets users upload and
share files like PDFs, videos, or presentations.It allows users to
send and access documents, images, videos, and other types of
files over the internet. ​
Example: A student sends a project PDF to a teacher using
Google Drive.​

2.​ Messaging Platforms (WhatsApp, Slack, Discord): Used for

quick discussions, reminders, or group chats.These platforms help
students discuss classwork, form study groups, or get updates
from teachers instantly.​
Example: A group of friends discusses an upcoming group
project on WhatsApp.​

3.​ Video Conferencing (Zoom, Google Meet): Helps people see

and talk to each other virtually. Useful for meetings, interviews, or
 online classes.They offer features like screen sharing, recording,
and breakout rooms, which support interactive learning and
collaboration.​
Example: A class holds a doubt-clearing session over Google
Meet.

Conclusion
In today’s digital age, communication and collaboration through
cyberspace have become an essential part of our everyday
lives—whether it's for education, work, or social interactions. Electronic
communication tools like emails, blogs, and social media platforms have
made it possible to share ideas and information instantly across the
world. Collaborative digital platforms and online learning tools like
Google Workspace, Trello, Notion, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams have
transformed the way people work and study together, regardless of
physical distance.

With the rise of file-sharing systems, messaging apps, and video

conferencing tools, teamwork has become more efficient, faster, and
accessible. These tools not only support academic and professional
collaboration but also promote creativity, time management, and
productivity. Students, teachers, and professionals now rely on these
platforms for better organization, knowledge sharing, and smooth
communication.

However, as we benefit from these technologies, it is also important to

use them responsibly, understand digital etiquette, and ensure safe
practices while collaborating online. Overall, digital communication and
collaboration have opened up a world of opportunities, making the
internet a powerful space for connection, learning, and innovation.
 UNIT 3

TOWARDS SAFE AND SECURE CYBERSPACE

INTRODUCTION

In the age of digital growth, where almost everything is connected to the

internet—from personal communication to banking, shopping, and
education—keeping our cyberspace safe and secure has become more
important than ever. With the rise in online activities, threats like
cyber-attacks, data breaches, hacking, and identity theft have also
increased. These not only harm individuals but can also affect
businesses and national security. To protect digital users, tools like
strong privacy settings, antivirus software, and encrypted data sharing
are necessary. The Indian government has also taken various steps
such as creating CERT-In, launching awareness programs, and drafting
data protection laws to ensure that the online environment remains
secure for everyone. Understanding these safety measures and
practicing them regularly is essential for every digital user today.

A) Online Security and Privacy

1.​ Importance of Online Security​

Online security protects your personal information, passwords,
bank details, and files from being stolen or misused by hackers.
Without strong security, people can lose money or become victims
of identity theft. If this information falls into the wrong hands due to
weak security, it can lead to serious problems like identity theft,
hacking, financial fraud, or cyberbullying.

To protect ourselves online, it's important to understand and follow

good digital practices:

2.​ Importance of Online Privacy​

Privacy means keeping your personal information away from
 unknown or untrusted people. If someone gets access to your
private data, they can misuse it to scam or blackmail you.​

3.​ Use of Strong Passwords​

Creating strong passwords with a mix of letters, numbers, and
symbols helps protect your accounts from getting hacked. Avoid
using easy passwords like "123456" or your name.A strong
password should be long (at least 8–12 characters), and include a
mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special
characters (like !, @, #).​

4.​ Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)​

2FA adds an extra layer of security. Even if someone knows your
password, they can’t log in without a code sent to your phone or
email. It’s a smart way to protect important accounts like email,
banking, or social media.Enabling 2FA for apps like Gmail,
Instagram, or banking services helps protect your accounts even
more.​

5.​ Avoiding Public Wi-Fi for Transactions​

Public Wi-Fi in places like cafes or airports is not secure. If you do
online banking or shopping using public Wi-Fi, hackers can easily
steal your data. If you must use public Wi-Fi, avoid logging into
bank accounts, entering passwords, or accessing sensitive
information. Instead, use your mobile data or a Virtual Private
Network (VPN) for added protection.​

6.​ Updating Software Regularly​

Updating apps and devices ensures you get the latest security
patches. Hackers often target old versions of apps that have weak
points.Cybercriminals often target outdated apps or operating
systems to hack into devices. Keeping your phone, laptop, and
apps updated helps protect your device from viruses, malware,
and hacking attempts.
B) Threats in the Digital World: Data Breach and Cyber Attacks

1.​ Data Breach​

This happens when personal or sensitive data is leaked from a
website or company database. For example, if a social media
platform is hacked, your profile info and messages could get
leaked online.In 2021, data of over 100 million MobiKwik users
(a mobile wallet company) was allegedly leaked. This included
names, phone numbers, Aadhaar cards, email addresses, and
even credit card information. ​

2.​ Phishing Attacks​

Phishing is when you receive fake emails or messages that look
real. They may ask for your password or bank details. If you click
and enter them, the attacker can misuse them.In 2019, over 540
million Facebook user records were found exposed on public
servers due to third-party apps being tricked into giving data. Fake
login pages and phishing emails had been used to steal
credentials and access user databases.​

3.​ Ransomware Attacks​

In this, a hacker locks your device or data and demands money
(ransom) to unlock it. People and even hospitals or banks have
faced such attacks, where they couldn’t access their systems until
they paid the hacker.The WannaCry ransomware attack (2017)
affected hospitals, banks, and telecom companies in over 150
countries. Computers displayed a ransom message demanding
payment in Bitcoin to recover their data. In the UK, the NHS
(National Health Service) was seriously impacted.​

4.​ Spyware and Malware​

Malware is harmful software that can damage your system, while
spyware secretly collects your personal information. These can
enter your phone or laptop if you download apps from untrusted
sources. A student downloads a free game from an unknown
 website. It turns out to be a trojan virus that steals their saved
passwords and sends them to hackers.

5.​ Social Engineering​

This is when attackers trick you into giving them information by
pretending to be someone you trust — like a friend, official, or
customer support. Always double-check before sharing personal
info. A scammer calls claiming to be from your bank and says your
account is at risk. They ask for your OTP or account number to
"secure" it. In reality, they’re using that info to steal your money.
This has happened to many people via fake tech support or courier
calls.
​

6.​ Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks​

In this type of cyber attack, a website or app is flooded with too
much traffic, causing it to crash. This is done to damage business
or stop a service from running smoothly.n 2020, the New Zealand
Stock Exchange was hit by a DoS attack for several days, making
trading impossible. It was caused by traffic overloads from
unknown sources.

C) Blockchain Technology

1.​ What is Blockchain?​

Blockchain is a digital method of storing data in a very secure and
transparent way. The information is stored in small blocks that are
linked like a chain, and no one can change a block without
changing all of them.​

2.​ How it Works​

Each time a transaction is made (like sending money), it is
recorded in a block. Once verified, that block becomes part of the
chain. Since all users have access to the chain, it’s hard for
 anyone to cheat.​

3.​ Use in Digital Currency (Cryptocurrency)​

Bitcoin and Ethereum are digital currencies that work using
blockchain. Every transaction is recorded, making it transparent
and reducing fraud.​

4.​ Use in Voting Systems​

Blockchain can be used to create secure online voting
systems where votes cannot be changed or deleted, making
elections more honest and reliable.​

5.​ Supply Chain Tracking​

Companies use blockchain to track goods from the factory to the
customer. This helps check if the product is real and not fake or
expired.​

6.​ Healthcare and Records​

Hospitals and clinics can use blockchain to safely store medical
records, which can be accessed by doctors anywhere without the
risk of tampering or loss.

D) Security Initiatives by the Government of India

1.​ National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre

(NCIIPC)

NCIIPC was established under Section 70A of the Information

Technology Act, 2000. It is based in New Delhi and functions to
protect critical information infrastructure such as systems involved
in national security, economy, energy, public health, and more. It
works to strengthen resilience and protect vital digital assets from
cyber threats.

2.​ Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-IN)

 CERT-IN is the nodal agency under the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology that handles cybersecurity threats like
hacking, phishing, and cyber terrorism. It issues alerts and
guidelines, conducts security audits, and coordinates responses to
cyber incidents across India.

3.​National Cyber Security Policy, 2013

This policy was launched by the Government of India to create a

secure and resilient cyberspace. Its mission is to protect personal
and public information, infrastructure, and systems from
cyberattacks through coordination between institutions, people,
and technology. It also promotes cybersecurity awareness and skill
development.

4.​ Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000

The IT Act governs electronic communication, digital transactions,

and cybersecurity in India. It defines offenses such as hacking,
data theft, tampering with computer source codes, cyber terrorism,
and cheating using digital means. The act is the legal backbone for
handling cybercrime in India.

5.​ Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

The I4C helps in centralized cybercrime investigations and

promotes better coordination among law enforcement agencies. It
also assists in the development of investigation tools and provides
support to tackle online crimes, especially those related to fraud,
abuse, and personal harm.

6.​ Personal Data Protection (PDP) Bill, 2019

The PDP Bill focuses on protecting personal data of Indian citizens

by ensuring data localization — storing and processing critical
personal data within India. It proposes strict rules and heavy
penalties for data misuse or leaks, including fines up to ₹15 crores
and even jail terms for major violations.
7.​ Online Cyber Crime Reporting Portal

Launched in 2019, this portal enables citizens to report

cybercrimes easily from anywhere. It focuses on crimes against
women, children (like cyberbullying, pornography), and financial
fraud. The portal improves coordination among police departments
and enhances investigation efficiency.

8.​ Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative

Started in 2018, this initiative aims to spread awareness about

cybersecurity and train key government IT staff, especially Chief
Information Security Officers (CISOs). It ensures that they are
prepared to protect digital systems from emerging threats.

9.​ National Cyber Security Coordination Centre (NCCC)

Established in 2017, NCCC monitors internet traffic in real-time to

identify and stop cyber threats. It collects and analyzes
communication metadata to detect suspicious activity, making it
crucial for national-level cyber threat prevention.

10.​ Cyber Swachhta Kendra

Launched in 2017 as part of the Digital India initiative, this "Botnet

Cleaning and Malware Analysis Centre" helps users clean their
devices of malware. Managed by CERT-IN, it provides free tools
for users to scan and protect their systems from cyber infections.

11.​ Information Security Education and Awareness (ISEA)

Project

Under this project, over 1.14 lakh people have been trained
through 52 institutions to build awareness and skills in information
security. It focuses on educating students, professionals, and
government employees in handling cybersecurity effectively.

12.​ Website and Application Security Audits

 The government conducts regular security audits of official
websites and applications to identify vulnerabilities. This helps
prevent hacking or data breaches and ensures that public digital
platforms remain secure.

13.​ Cyber Crisis Management Plan

This plan outlines a national strategy to respond quickly to any

large-scale cyber attack or data breach. It involves coordination
between various departments and ensures readiness in case of a
digital emergency.

14.​ International Cybersecurity Cooperation

India has signed cybersecurity cooperation agreements with

countries like the USA, Japan, and Singapore. These partnerships
help share knowledge, strategies, and technologies to handle
sophisticated cyber threats together.

Conclusion

As our dependence on the digital world continues to grow, ensuring a

safe and secure cyberspace has become more important than ever.
From personal data to national infrastructure, everything today is
connected through technology, which makes cybersecurity a vital
concern. Online threats such as data breaches, hacking, phishing, and
cyberattacks pose serious risks not only to individuals but also to
organizations and governments.

To address these challenges, the Government of India has introduced

several initiatives like CERT-In, NCIIPC, the IT Act, the Personal Data
Protection Bill, and platforms like Cyber Swachhta Kendra and I4C.
These measures aim to strengthen digital safety, raise public awareness,
improve incident response, and build a secure ecosystem for digital
growth. The use of technologies like blockchain is also being explored to
make data more secure and tamper-proof.

.
 UNIT 4

Ethical Issues in the Digital World

INTRODUCTION

As we spend more and more time online—for studying, working,

shopping, or socializing—it becomes necessary to understand the
importance of ethics in the digital world. Ethics in cyberspace are about
doing the right thing when using technology and the internet. Just like we
follow rules in our real lives to treat others with respect and fairness, we
must follow similar rules online. This includes using respectful language,
not copying someone else’s work without permission, protecting people’s
privacy, and avoiding harmful or illegal content. Digital ethics also
include understanding how to behave on social media, in emails, and
while using messaging apps. The way we act online leaves a digital
footprint, and being responsible helps build a positive and trustworthy
internet environment for everyone.

A) Netiquettes (Internet Etiquette)

1.​ Be Respectful and Courteous​

While communicating online, it's important to treat others with the
same respect as you would in real life. Being polite in emails,
messages, or comments promotes healthy digital conversations.
For example, disagreeing respectfully by saying “I understand your
view, but I think…” is better than insulting or mocking someone’s
opinion.

2.​ Avoid Using ALL CAPS​

Writing in all capital letters is often interpreted as shouting in
digital communication. It can come across as aggressive or rude.
 For instance, writing “I DON’T AGREE WITH YOU!” can make the
reader uncomfortable, while a calm “I don’t agree with you” keeps
the conversation respectful.

3.​ Don’t Spam or Troll​

Sending repeated, irrelevant messages or purposely annoying
people online is known as spamming or trolling. It disrupts
conversations and can lead to people blocking or reporting you.
For example, posting the same link in every comment section or
group chat is annoying and disrespectful.

4.​ Respect Others’ Privacy​

Never share someone’s private information — like photos,
numbers, or conversations — without their permission. Online
platforms are public, and a small mistake can lead to someone
being harassed or embarrassed. Always think before sharing
anything involving another person.

5.​ Acknowledge Sources to Avoid Plagiarism​

Using someone’s content without crediting them is considered
stealing their intellectual work. Whether it’s a quote, an image, or
an idea, you should always give credit to the original creator. For
instance, if you share an artwork from Pinterest or Instagram, tag
or mention the artist.

B) Ethics in Digital Communication

1.​ Share Truthful and Verified Information​

Spreading false information online can have serious
consequences. Always verify news or facts before posting them.
For example, forwarding a health remedy without scientific proof
 can mislead people and put their lives at risk. Being responsible
with what you share is key to digital ethics.

2.​ Be Transparent in Communication​

If you're promoting a product or collaborating with a brand,
disclose it openly to your audience. This builds trust and avoids
manipulation. For instance, influencers should use tags like #ad or
#sponsored so followers know it's a paid partnership.

3.​ Respect Consent and Boundaries​

Taking screenshots of chats, recording calls, or posting private
messages without the other person’s permission is unethical. Even
if you’re not doing it with bad intentions, it can hurt someone's
privacy and make them uncomfortable or unsafe.

4.​ Avoid Cyberbullying and Harassment​

Sending hurtful messages, making rude comments, or targeting
someone repeatedly online is cyberbullying. It can affect people
mentally and emotionally. A simple “joke” to you may feel like an
attack to someone else — so always think twice before posting
anything negative.

5.​ Use Inclusive and Non-Offensive Language​

The digital world connects people from different cultures, genders,
religions, and identities. It’s important to be sensitive with your
words. Avoid using language that can be racist, sexist, or
disrespectful in any way, and instead promote positivity and
inclusivity.

c) Ethics in Cyberspace
1.​ Respect Digital Privacy​
Websites and apps often collect user data. Ethically, they must
ask for permission before storing or using this data. Similarly, users
should avoid peeking into others' devices or accounts. Just as you
wouldn’t open someone’s personal diary, you shouldn’t invade their
digital space.

2.​ Say No to Hacking and Unauthorized Access​

Trying to access someone’s account or system without permission
is unethical and illegal. Even if it’s just guessing someone’s
password “for fun,” it’s a violation of their digital rights. Ethical
users respect others’ access and security.

3.​ Avoid Digital Piracy​

Downloading or sharing pirated software, games, or movies is a
common but unethical practice. It disrespects the hard work of
creators and causes financial loss to industries. Watching anime
from illegal sites or using cracked apps is not only wrong but risky
too.

4.​ Follow Copyright and Intellectual Property Laws​

Every digital creation — music, video, writing, or design —
belongs to someone. Using it without permission or pretending it’s
yours is unethical. Whether you’re a student or a content creator,
always give proper credit and seek permission when required.

5.​ Be Aware of Your Digital Footprint​

Everything you post, share, or like online contributes to your
digital footprint — a record of your online presence. Inappropriate
or harmful behavior today can affect your future education or
career. Think before you post, as the internet doesn’t forget.
 6.​ Promote Safe and Positive Digital Spaces​
Instead of spreading hate or negativity, use your digital presence
to support, help, and encourage others. If you see bullying, fake
news, or harmful content, report it. You have the power to make
the internet a better place by acting ethically.

Conclusion
In the modern digital era, ethics play a vital role in shaping responsible
behavior online. As more people use the internet for communication,
learning, work, and entertainment, it becomes essential to understand
what is right and wrong in the digital space. Ethical behavior online helps
create a safe, respectful, and inclusive environment for everyone.

Following proper netiquette—like being polite in emails, not spreading

fake news, and respecting others' opinions on social media—is the
foundation of healthy digital communication. Ethics in cyberspace also
include respecting privacy, avoiding plagiarism, reporting cyberbullying,
and not misusing others' digital content. Whether we’re chatting with
friends, sharing opinions, or working online, every action leaves a digital
footprint, and we must act responsibly.

The growing misuse of technology—such as hacking, online

harassment, identity theft, and misinformation—has made it even more
important to spread awareness about ethical conduct. By understanding
and following digital ethics, we can not only protect ourselves but also
contribute to a more positive and trustworthy internet culture.