ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES, THEIR TYPES,
GENERIC NAME, BRAND NAME AND THEIR
USAGES
A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE
CRESCENT CITY SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE
SECONDARY LEVEL EDUCATION, NEB (GRADE XI)
BY
ASHOK NYAUPANE
2082
LETTER OF APPROVAL
Date :
The research report submitted by Ashok Nyaupane, entitled “Analysis of Pesticide, Their
Types, Generic Name, Brand Name and their Usages” is carried out by him. I approved
this report for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for National Education Board
(NEB), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.
.............................
Dipendra Joshi
(Department of Biology)
Crescent City School
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
It has been a great opportunity for me to work under the guidance of Dipendra Joshi,
Department of Biology, Crescent City School Dhangadhi,Nepal. I express my sincere
gratitude for his valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and deep sense of perfection
which enable me to complete this work.
I am highly obliged to Mr. Dipendra Joshi, Department of Biology, for his continuous
cooperation and encouragement, also for providing laboratory facilities.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my friends Mr. Shubham Malashi, Mr. Prabesh
Pujara and Mr. Santosh Upreti who helped me to complete the project work.
Ashok Nyaupane
Baisakh,2082
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Letter of Approval......................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgene……………………………………………………………………………...II .
Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................III
Abstract...................................................................................................................................IV
List of tables and figure............................................................................................................V
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background ........................................................................................ 01 - 02
1.2 Rationale ............................................................................................................. 03
1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 03
CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 Study Area .......................................................................................................... 04
2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................... 04
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................... 05
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 06
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 07 - 08
III
Abstract
This study investigates the usage of pesticides in agriculture, focusing on types, generic and
brand names, and quantities applied. The research aims to provide insights into the patterns
and trends of pesticide usage, examining the impact on crop yield, soil health, and
environmental sustainability. Despite the essential role of pesticides in controlling pests and
improving agricultural productivity, the study identifies significant challenges. These include
excessive reliance on chemical pesticides, limited adoption of eco-friendly alternatives, and a
lack of awareness among farmers regarding proper application techniques. The research also
explores strategies to enhance sustainable pesticide practices, such as promoting integrated
pest management (IPM) systems and increasing accessibility to biopesticides. Ultimately, this
study contributes valuable data and recommendations for improving pesticide management in
agriculture.
IV
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
List of tables
Page No.
Table 1: List of Pesticide, Generic Name, Brand Name, ……………………………….07
Quantity Sold Primary Usages
List of figures
Page No.
Figure 1: Shield ……………………………………………………………………….08
Figure 2: Prevathon ……………………………………………………………………….08
Figure 3: Atrazine …………………………………………………………………………08
Figure 4: Actara …………………………………………………………………….…08
Figure 5: Cotaf ………………………………………………………………….…08
Figure 6: Herbikill ……………………………………………………….…………09
Figure 7: Amistar ……………………………………………………………………..…. 09
Figure 8: Rodex ………………………………………………………………………..….09
V
INTRODUCTION
Pesticides have been at the forefront of the evolution of agricultural practices, playing a vital
role in ensuring food security and addressing persistent pest issues. Their origins trace back to
ancient civilizations, where natural substances like neem extracts and sulfur compounds were
utilized to deter pests. The dawn of the 20th century marked a groundbreaking shift with the
chemical development of synthetic pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT). Initially celebrated as a major advancement in pest control and disease prevention,
the environmental and health consequences of DDT soon spurred a global debate on
responsible pesticide usage. This prompted the development and refinement of diverse
chemical categories, shaping the modern landscape of pest control.
Today, pesticides are classified based on the target organisms they are designed to combat:
Insecticides: Address insect pests, encompassing organophosphates, carbamates,
pyrethroids, and innovative neonicotinoids for systemic protection.
Herbicides: Used for weed management, divided into:
o Selective agents: Target specific plant species.
o Non-selective agents: Broad-spectrum solutions, such as glyphosate.
Fungicides: Mitigate fungal pathogens and are available as either systemic or contact-
based variants.
Nematicides: Manage nematodes that harm soil and crops.
Rodenticides: Focus on controlling rodents to safeguard field crops and stored grains.
Biopesticides: Sourced from natural origins like microorganisms or plant extracts,
gaining traction for their environmentally friendly profiles.
The application of pesticides is influenced by several factors, including the crop type, pest
intensity, environmental conditions, and the development of pest resistance. Farmers must
weigh the effectiveness of pest control against the ecological and economic costs. Over time,
indiscriminate pesticide use has led to resistance in some pests, reducing the efficacy of
certain chemical strategies. This underlines the importance of integrated pest management
(IPM), which employs a combination of chemical, biological, and cultural techniques to
ensure sustainable and effective pest control.
Pesticides also have significant environmental implications. Residual chemicals can alter soil
structure, diminish microbial diversity, and contaminate groundwater. Non-target organisms,
such as pollinators and natural predators, are often negatively affected, disrupting ecological
balance. These concerns highlight the necessity of sustainable practices, such as precision
agriculture, which utilizes technologies like drones and automated sprayers to optimize
application, minimize waste, and reduce environmental impact.
Regulatory frameworks have evolved to mitigate these issues. International bodies like the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidelines for responsible pesticide use,
while governments enforce strict regulations on their production, distribution, and
application. Training programs for farmers emphasize proper dosages, application
frequencies, and protective measures to safeguard human health and the environment.
While synthetic pesticides have significantly boosted agricultural output, the future of pest
control leans toward sustainable alternatives. Biopesticides, including microbial formulations
and plant-derived compounds, offer targeted action with minimal environmental impact.
01
Furthermore, genetically modified pest-resistant crops can reduce reliance on chemical
inputs. Public awareness campaigns and grassroots initiatives are essential to encourage eco-
friendly practices and decrease the use of harmful pesticides.
In conclusion, pesticides have undergone substantial evolution, from natural compounds in
history to advanced synthetic chemicals today. This research aims to explore their types,
usage patterns, and environmental effects, contributing to the broader discourse on
sustainable pesticide management. By addressing current challenges and investigating
innovative alternatives, we can work towards a balanced approach to pest control in modern
agriculture.
02
1.2 Rationale
The deployment of pesticides is intrinsic to contemporary agricultural paradigms, serving as a
pivotal mechanism to mitigate pest-related adversities and bolster global food security.
Nonetheless, the attendant concerns surrounding their deleterious health ramifications,
ecological disruptions, and the emergent phenomenon of pesticide resistance necessitate
intensified scholarly inquiry into their prudent utilization. This research endeavor undertakes
a meticulous classification of pesticides, encompassing insecticides, herbicides, fungicides,
nematicides, and rodenticides, while juxtaposing them with biopesticides, an emergent
paradigm championing sustainability within agronomic frameworks.
By delving into the multifaceted determinants that govern pesticide application, including the
specificity of crop varieties, the prevalence and severity of pest infestations, and the
prevailing climatic milieu, the investigation aspires to elucidate nuanced patterns in pesticide
usage and discern their concomitant implications. The discourse further posits Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) as a cornerstone strategy, promoting the harmonization of chemical,
biological, and cultural modalities to engender environmentally conscientious and enduring
agricultural practices.
1.3 General Objective
The core objectives of this research are summarized as follows:
1. Evaluate pesticide use patterns: Investigate commonly used generic and brand-name
pesticides, including their types and quantities.
2. Measure impacts on productivity: Assess how pesticides contribute to pest
management and yield enhancement, addressing growing food demands.
3. Analyze environmental consequences: Study pesticide effects on soil health, water
quality, biodiversity, and non-target species.
4. Identify sustainable alternatives: Explore eco-friendly options like biopesticides and
natural pest control to reduce chemical dependency.
5. Promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Advocate for IPM practices
combining chemical, biological, and cultural strategies for sustainable pest control.
6. Enhance farmer education: Support training initiatives for safe and effective
pesticide usage to mitigate health and environmental risks.
7. Inform policy development: Provide actionable insights for policymakers to regulate
pesticide application and advance sustainable agricultural practices.
03
MATERIALS AND METHODS (METHODOLOGY)
2.1 Study Area
The research was carried out at Ramit Agrovet in Dhangadhi, Nepal. This agricultural hub
serves as a crucial supplier of essential inputs, including pesticides, to local farmers. Its
strategic positioning makes it an optimal site for observing pesticide usage trends and
fostering the adoption of sustainable practices.
2.2 Methods
The study collected detailed data on pesticide usage from Ramit Agrovet, Dhangadhi, Nepal.
This encompassed information on the types, generic and brand names, and quantities of
pesticides utilized. Field observations in the surrounding areas were conducted to evaluate the
methods of pesticide application and compliance with safety protocols. Surveys and
structured interviews with agrovet personnel and farmers explored challenges, awareness
levels, and perspectives on sustainable alternatives. Quantitative analysis was performed to
investigate correlations between pesticide usage and crop yield improvements. Furthermore,
the environmental repercussions on soil health, water contamination, and biodiversity were
assessed. The research also examined the potential of biopesticides and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) strategies, presenting recommendations for environmentally sustainable
approaches.
04
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of pesticide sales data from Ramit Agrovet, Dhangadhi, Nepal, reveals
significant insights into pesticide usage patterns in the region during March 2025. The study
highlights the reliance of local farmers on specific categories of pesticides to manage pests
and enhance crop productivity.
Here is the revised data with updated names and quantities:
Quantity
Pesticide
Generic Name Brand Name Sold (March Primary Uses
Type
2025)
Effective against pests
Lambda- Shield,
Insecticides 180 liters like aphids, caterpillars,
cyhalothrin Agrothrin
and beetles.
Prevathon, Controls soil and foliage
Chlorantraniliprole 140 liters
Rynaxypyr pests effectively.
Provides protection
against sucking pests
Thiamethoxam Actara, Cruiser 110 liters
such as whiteflies and
aphids.
Prevents weed growth,
Atrazine,
Herbicides Atrazine 220 liters particularly in maize
Zeetaherb
and sugarcane fields.
Herbikill, Rapid removal of
Paraquat 170 liters
QuickGone persistent weeds.
It prevents fungal
Amistar,
Fungicides Azoxystrobin 150 liters infections such as rust
Azonil
and mildew.
Controls fungal diseases
Cotaf,
Hexaconazole 120 liters affecting fruits and
Hexaforce
vegetables.
Eliminates rodents
Rodex,
Rodenticides Brodifacoum 60 kilograms damaging stored grains
VerminGuard
and crops.
The data emphasizes the reliance of farmers on pesticides for efficient pest management and
agricultural productivity. It also highlights the diversity in pesticide types and their
applications, providing valuable insights into farming practices in the Dhangadhi region. Let
me know if you'd like to expand further or analyze trends!
05
CONCLUSION
This study focuses on the crucial role pesticides play in modern farming, especially in
protecting crops from pests, boosting yields, and ensuring food security. Conducted at Ramit
Agrovet in Dhangadhi, Nepal, the research provides insights into pesticide usage patterns,
including commonly sold types, their generic and brand names, and quantities used. It
highlights a significant reliance on insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides to
effectively tackle agricultural challenges.
While pesticides have improved farm productivity and supported farmers' livelihoods, they
also bring risks. Issues like environmental damage, water pollution, health hazards, and
biodiversity loss need urgent attention. Additionally, pests developing resistance to
commonly used chemicals has become a growing problem, requiring more focused efforts on
sustainable pest management strategies.
The study stresses the importance of adopting eco-friendly approaches. Promoting Integrated
Pest Management (IPM), using biopesticides, and exploring organic methods can help
minimize negative effects while ensuring effective pest control. Educating farmers on proper
pesticide use and safety measures is essential for responsible practices. Regular monitoring
and evaluation of pesticides' impacts on health and the environment are also crucial for
creating a sustainable farming system.
This research sheds light on the balance between agricultural productivity and sustainability.
It provides valuable recommendations for farmers, agrovet managers, policymakers, and
other stakeholders to make informed decisions. By embracing innovative and sustainable
practices, the agricultural sector can achieve long-term productivity while protecting the
environment and human well-being, paving the way for a more resilient and eco-friendly
future.
06
Pesticides: APPENDIX
Shield Prevathon
Atrazine Actara
Cotaf
07
Herbikill Amistar Rodex
08
