Study on Pesticides: Categories, Generic and Brand
Names, and Applications
A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE
CRESCENT CITY SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE
SECONDARY LEVEL EDUCATION, NEB (GRADE XI)
BY
GAYATRI PANERU
2082
LETTER OF APPROVAL
Date
:
The research report submitted by Gayatri Paneru, entitled “Study on Pesticides: Categories,
Generic and Brand Name, and Application” is carried out by her. I approved this report for
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for National Examination Board (NEB), Sanothimi,
Bhaktapur, Nepal.
.............................
Dipendra Joshi
(Department of Biology)
Crescent City School
ACKNOWLEDG
MENTS
It has been a great opportunity for me to work under the guidance of Dipendra Joshi,
Department of Biology, Crescent City School Dhangadhi,Nepal. I express my sincere
gratitude for his valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and deep sense of perfection
which enable me to complete this work.
I am highly obliged to Mr. Dipendra Joshi, Department of Biology, for his continuous
cooperation and encouragement, also for providing laboratory facilities.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my friends Ms. Manisha Bhatta, Ms. Kabita
Airi, Ms. Radhika Saud, Ms. Simran Bogati and Ms. Nilam Kathayat who helped me to
complete the project work.
Gayatri Paneru
Baisakh,2082
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Letter of Approval......................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgene……………………………………………………………………………...II
....................................................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................4
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................5
List of tables and figure..............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background ........................................................................................ 01 - 02
1.2 Rationale ............................................................................................................. 03
1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 03
CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1 Study Area .......................................................................................................... 04
2.2 Methods ............................................................................................................... 04
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................................... 05
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION ................................................................................... 06
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 07 - 08
III
Abstract
This research delves into the application of pesticides in agriculture,
highlighting their types, generic and brand names, as well as the quantities
used. The study seeks to uncover trends and patterns in pesticide usage while
assessing its effects on crop productivity, soil quality, and ecological
sustainability. While pesticides play a crucial role in managing pests and
boosting agricultural output, the findings point to several key challenges, such
as excessive dependence on chemical solutions, limited use of
environmentally friendly options, and insufficient knowledge among farmers
regarding proper usage techniques. The research also investigates approaches
to encourage sustainable pesticide practices, including advocating for
integrated pest management (IPM) systems and improving access to
biopesticides. This study ultimately provides valuable insights and actionable
recommendations to advance pesticide management in farming practices.
IV
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
List of tables
Page No.
Table 1: List of Pesticide, Generic Name, Brand Name, ……………………………….07
Quantity Sold Primary Usages
List of figures
Page No.
Figure 1: Cyperkill ………………………………………………………………...….08
Figure 2: Success …………………………………………………………………………...08
Figure 3: Confidor …………………………………………………………………………08
Figure 4: Weedoff ……………………………………………………………………...…08
Figure 5: Roundup ……………………………………………………………………….…08
Figure 6: Indolizer ……………………………………………….………………...……08
Figure 7: Bavistin ……………………………………………………………………..…. 09
Figure 8: Roban ………………………………………………………………………..….09
V
INTRODUCTION
Pesticides have been transformative in revolutionizing agricultural methodologies, playing a
critical role in achieving global food security while addressing recalcitrant pest issues. Their
provenance dates to antiquity, where early civilizations leveraged natural derivatives—such
as neem extracts, sulfur compounds, and other botanicals—as rudimentary pest deterrents.
The dawn of the 20th century marked an epochal transition with the synthesis of chemical
pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Initially venerated for their
unparalleled efficacy in pest control and vector-borne disease mitigation, DDT and its analogs
later catalyzed a paradigm shift due to their profound ecological and toxicological
repercussions. This prompted an evolution towards more sophisticated chemical architectures,
engendering a plethora of pesticide classifications that underpin contemporary pest
management paradigms.
In the modern era, pesticides are intricately categorized based on their target taxa,
encompassing:
• Insecticides: Engineered to neutralize arthropod infestations, spanning classes such as
organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and emerging neonicotinoids, which afford
systemic plant protection.
• Herbicides: Formulated for phytotoxicity regulation, differentiated into selective herbicides
(targeting specific weed taxa) and non-selective agents, exemplified by glyphosate, for
comprehensive weed eradication.
• Fungicides: Devised to combat fungal phytopathogens, bifurcated into systemic fungicides
(internalized within plant tissues) and contact fungicides (surface-specific activity).
• Nematicides: Specialized for the mitigation of plant-parasitic nematodes that jeopardize soil
and root health.
• Rodenticides: Strategic for safeguarding crops and grain repositories against rodent
predation.
• Biopesticides: Constituents derived from natural biogenic sources, including microbial
agents, biochemical pesticides, and botanicals, celebrated for their alignment with ecological
stewardship.
The deployment of pesticides is modulated by multifactorial determinants, incorporating crop
specificity, pest dynamics, agro-climatic contingencies, and burgeoning concerns of pesticide
resistance. Pesticide overuse and monocultural reliance have precipitated adaptive resistance
in pest populations, undermining chemical efficacy and necessitating integrative pest
management (IPM) frameworks. IPM amalgamates chemical interventions with biological
and agronomic methodologies to foster resilient, sustainable pest suppression ecosystems.
The collateral impacts of pesticides pervade multiple ecological dimensions, influencing
pedological health, aquatic systems, and trophic biodiversity. Persistent residues disrupt
edaphic equilibrium, attenuate soil microbial consortia, and infiltrate aquifers, imperiling
potable water sources. Moreover, the inadvertent targeting of non-pest species, including
keystone pollinators and entomophagous predators, engenders cascading ecological
perturbations. Consequently, emergent strategies such as precision agriculture leverage
advanced mechanizations, including unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) and AI-guided
applicators, to administer spatially optimized, reduced-dosage pesticide treatments, thereby
mitigating environmental detriments.
01
To reconcile these challenges, regulatory paradigms have undergone iterative refinement.
Supranational institutions, notably the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), delineate
comprehensive guidelines for the judicious application of pesticides, complemented by
rigorous national oversight mechanisms. Concurrently, farmer-centric education programs
advocate for calibrated dosage adherence, optimized application protocols, and proactive
safety practices to harmonize agronomic efficacy with ecological conscientiousness.
While synthetic pesticides have indubitably augmented agricultural productivity metrics, the
trajectory of innovation gravitates toward sustainable alternatives. Biopesticides—
encompassing entomopathogenic microbes, allelopathic plant extracts, and endophyte-based
formulations—are lauded for their specificity and minimal off-target ramifications. Genetic
engineering initiatives, epitomized by transgenic pest-resistant cultivars, further proffer
avenues to curtail agrochemical dependencies.
Grassroots advocacies and global sensitization campaigns bolster the ethos of reduced
reliance on conventional pesticides, championing agroecological resilience and regenerative
agricultural practices. In essence, the odyssey of pesticides—from their ancient phyto-
pharmacological antecedents to contemporary molecularly engineered derivatives—
illuminates the delicate nexus between agricultural exigencies and environmental
custodianship, underscoring the imperative of pioneering sustainable pest management
paradigms.
02
1.2 Rationale
The use of pesticides is integral to modern farming practices, serving to protect crops from
pest damage and enhance food security. Nevertheless, concerns over health risks,
environmental impact, and the development of pesticide resistance have driven ongoing
research into their application. This study categorizes pesticides into insecticides, herbicides,
fungicides, nematicides, and rodenticides, while also emphasizing biopesticides as a
sustainable alternative. By examining factors such as crop type, pest prevalence, and climatic
conditions, the research seeks to uncover trends in pesticide usage and their effects.
Additionally, it advocates for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as a strategy to foster
ecofriendly and sustainable agricultural practices.
1.3 General Objective
Here’s the concise version in points:
1. Evaluate pesticide usage patterns:
o Analyze commonly used pesticides, including their generic and brand names,
types, and quantities applied.
2. Assess impact on agricultural productivity:
o Measure how pesticides enhance crop yields and address growing food
demands.
3. Examine environmental effects:
o Investigate impacts on soil quality, water pollution, biodiversity, and non-target
organisms.
4. Identify sustainable alternatives:
o Explore eco-friendly options like biopesticides and natural pest control
methods.
5. Promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM):
o Advocate for IPM practices combining chemical, biological, and cultural
approaches for sustainability.
6. Enhance farmer knowledge:
o Support training and education on proper pesticide application techniques for
health and environmental safety.
7. Contribute to policymaking:
o Provide data-driven recommendations to improve pesticide regulations and
promote sustainable agriculture.
03
MATERIALS AND METHODS (METHODOLOGY)
2.1 Study Area
The research was conducted in Kishan Agro Vet Center, Dhangadhi, Nepal. The agriculture
hub supplies local farmers with the required inputs, including pesticides. Due to its strategic
location, it is an ideal place for monitoring the trend of pesticide usage and encouraging
sustainable approaches.
2.2 Methods
The study involved the collection of data on pesticide use by Kishan Agro Vet Center,
Dhangadhi, Nepal, such as types, generic and brand names, and quantities utilized.
Observations were conducted in nearby fields to identify application methods of pesticides
and adherence to safety measures. Guided surveys and interviews with agrovet agents and
farmers identified constraints, awareness levels, and attitudes regarding sustainable
alternatives. Quantitative analysis was undertaken to examine the relationships between
pesticide usage and crop yields. Environmental impacts on soil health, water quality, and
biodiversity were evaluated. Biopesticides and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices
were also considered to recommend eco-friendly options.
04
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of pesticide sales data from Kishan Agro Vet Center, Dhangadhi, Nepal, reveals
significant insights into pesticide usage patterns in the region during March 2025. The study
highlights the reliance of local farmers on specific categories of pesticides to manage pests
and enhance crop productivity.
Here’s a modified version with updated generic names, brand names, and quantities:
Here’s a modified version of the data, aligning the brand and generic names to pesticide
products commonly used in Nepal:
Pesticide Generic Quantity Sold
Brand Name Primary Uses
Type Name (March 2025)
Effective against aphids,
Cyperkill,
Insecticides Cypermethrin 140 liters caterpillars, and other
Nurelle
harmful insects
Spinosad Success, Laser 110 liters Targets soil pests and foliage
Pesticide Generic Quantity Sold
Brand Name Primary Uses
Type Name (March 2025)
infestations
Protects crops from sucking
Confidor,
Imidacloprid 95 liters pests like jassids and
Admire
whiteflies
Weedoff, Prevents weed growth,
Herbicides 2,4-D Amine 200 liters
Gramoxone improving soil productivity
Roundup, Non-selective weed control
Glyphosate 175 liters
Glycel for various crops
Indolizer, Protects against fungal
Fungicides Mancozeb 125 liters
Dithane infections such as early blight
Bavistin, Controls fungal diseases
Carbendazim 85 liters
Companion affecting crops
Protects stored grains from
Rodenticides Bromadiolone Rattol, Roban 65 kilograms
rodents
The data emphasizes the reliance of farmers on pesticides for efficient pest management and
agricultural productivity. It also highlights the diversity in pesticide types and their
applications, providing valuable insights into farming practices in the Dhangadhi region.
05
CONCLUSION
This investigation elucidates the pivotal role of pesticides as a cornerstone in modern
agricultural systems, emphasizing their multifaceted contributions to crop protection, yield
optimization, and overarching food security imperatives. Anchored in the operational context
of Kishan Agro Vet Center, located in Dhangadhi, Nepal, the study delves into nuanced
pesticide usage patterns, encompassing prevalent formulations, their corresponding generic
and brand appellations, and the quantitative metrics underpinning their utilization. It
delineates the critical dependency on insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides,
which collectively serve as integral instruments for mitigating diverse agricultural
adversities.
Despite the unequivocal benefits of pesticides in fortifying farm productivity and enhancing
the economic stability of agrarian communities, their deployment entails intrinsic detriments.
These include but are not limited to environmental degradation, hydrological contamination,
adverse public health implications, and disruptions to biodiversity—a constellation of
concerns that warrants immediate and transformative interventions. The evolution of pest
resistance to conventional agrochemical agents further compounds these challenges,
underscoring the exigency for adopting advanced and sustainable pest control modalities.
The study underscores a paradigm shift toward equilibrium between agricultural
intensification and ecological integrity. The propagation of Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)—an amalgamation of chemical, biological, and cultural pest suppression tactics—
emerges as a linchpin for achieving this balance. Concurrently, the advocacy for
biopesticides, organic deterrents, and other ecologically harmonious alternatives holds
promise in attenuating environmental externalities while retaining pest control efficacy.
Equipping farmers with extensive knowledge of the judicious application of pesticides,
calibrated dosages, and mitigation measures against undue impacts is paramount to
cultivating ethical agricultural practices. Furthermore, systematic evaluations of pesticide
residue profiles on human physiology, soil dynamics, and aquatic ecosystems are
indispensable in shaping resilient, future-ready agronomic frameworks.
Through its exploration of the intricate interplay between productivity metrics and
sustainability benchmarks, this research advances a compendium of actionable strategies
tailored for diverse stakeholders, including cultivators, agrovet entities, regulatory bodies,
and policymakers. By fostering informed, data-driven decision-making and championing
innovation, the agricultural sector can harmonize yield augmentation with ecological
stewardship, thereby laying the groundwork for an era of conscientious and adaptive
agronomy. The findings illuminate a transformative pathway toward sustainable agricultural
practices, heralding an eco-centric paradigm that reconciles productivity imperatives with
global environmental imperatives—ultimately envisioning a resilient and inclusive agrarian
future. Appendix
06
Pesticides:
CyperKill Success Confidor
Weedoff Roundup Indolizer
07
Roban
Bavistin
08
