MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF

INTEGRATED ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

Under the Supervision of Presented by

Dr. Anil Kumar Rai Pankaj Madheshiya

(Professor) (Enrollment No. 210027021052757)
Mr. Arun Kumar Maurya Electrical and Electronics Engineering
(Asst. Professor) Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College Ghaziabad
AKGEC Ghaziabad (Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow Uttar Pradesh)
 Objective

To enhance the overall performance and efficiency of energy storage

system by merging the strengths of super-capacitors and batteries to
overcome the limitations and shortcomings inherent to each individual
technology. Also to investigate a linear relationships between different
parameters of electric vehicle using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
method to analyse the overall performance of system.

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 Outline of Presentation

 Introduction
 Current Status of Technology
 Challenges for Researchers
 Adverse Effect of IC Engine
 Adverse Effect of EV Technology
 Mathematical Tools
 Element of Electric Vehicle
 Used Tools for Research
 Results
 Conclusion
 References

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 Introduction

Energy Storage System(ESS) meaning that it can actually store energy and use the stored energy whenever
the need arises.
Energy storage provides stored electricity to the grid and stable power output from renewable energy source.

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 Current Status of EV Technology
.
 Automotive lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery demand increased by about 65% to 550 GWh
in 2022, from about 330 GWh in 2021, primarily as a result of growth in electric
passenger car sales, with new registrations increasing by 55% in 2022 relative to 2021.
 Around 95% of the LFP batteries for electric LDVs went into vehicles produced in
China.
 Tesla accounted for 15%, and the share of LFP batteries used by Tesla increased from
20% in 2021 to 30% in 2022.
 Around 85% of the cars with LFP batteries manufactured by Tesla were manufactured
in China.
 In total, only around 3% of electric cars with LFP batteries were manufactured in the
United States in 2022.
 The Na-ion battery developed by China’s CATL is estimated to cost 30% less than an
LFP battery. Conversely, Na-ion batteries do not have the same energy density as their
Li-ion counterpart (respectively 75 to 160 Wh/kg compared to 120 to 260 Wh/kg).

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 Challenges for Researchers
.
 Integration Complexity

 Optimal Configuration and Sizing

 Strategies for management and control

 Cost and Scalability

 Consistency and Security

 Thermal management

 Energy Efficiency

 Environmental Impact

 Durability and Cycle Life

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 Adverse Effect of Internal Combustion Engine
. The combustion process results in a number of extra pollutants, some of which contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions and others which cause ground-level pollution.

 Particulate matter (PM): As a by-product of combustion, PM is a complicated assemblage of microscopic

particles. Since the particles are tiny that could be passed through a human throat, they can injure the lungs,
brain and heart. They are also thought to be human carcinogenic, or cancer-causing. Compared to a gasoline
engine, a diesel engine may release much more PM.

 Carbon monoxide (CO): A gas with no colour or smell, is produced during combustion. Humans who are
exposed to the gas risk poisoning and possibly death. Compared to gasoline engines with spark ignition,
diesel engines emit less CO.

 Greenhouse gas (GHG): The atmospheric gas responsible for the greenhouse effect by increasing its
penetration of infrared energy. CO2 is GHG because it encourages the greenhouse effect by raising the
global level of CO2 that is already present naturally. According to research, human activities that include
the combustion of fossil fuels result in an annual emission into the atmosphere of around 37 billion metric
tons of CO2. Another by-product of combustion that contributes to the greenhouse effect is CH4 and N2O.
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 Adverse Effect of Electric Vehicles Technology
. Despite the fact that electric vehicle (EV) technology has many advantages and is a viable choice for
sustainable transportation, it is important to recognize and deal with any potential negative impacts
that might result from its broad use. The following are some unfavourable implications of electric car
technology:
 Battery Production's Effect on the Environment
 Resource Exhaustion
 Battery Disposal and Recovering
 Power Grid Stress
 Carbon Emissions from the Production of Electricity
 Charging Infrastructure
 Utilizing Resources and Land to Produce:
 Noise pollution
 Technical limitations
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 Mathematical Tools

 Vehicle Load Forces

To create the electric powertrain, it is necessary to understand the vehicle driving needs and
performance parameters. The primary load forces of aerodynamic drag FD, rolling resistance FR, and
climbing resistance acting on the vehicle FC, as shown in above figure.
 Basic Power
Work performed per second is referred to as power. The watt (W) is the symbol for power. The
device. Power needed to move a vehicle forward at a constant speed v is equal to the product of F
and v.

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. 𝑠
𝑃 =𝐹×𝑣 =𝐹×
𝑡
Where s is distance travelled and t is amount of time needed.

 Energy
When anything can do tasks, it is considered to have energy. Joule (sign J) is unit of energy and
work. It is just necessary to multiply power by time to get energy E needed to move the object at a
constant velocity.

Energy = Power × Time

𝑠
𝐸 =𝑃×𝑡 = 𝑃
𝑣
The aforementioned equation may be revised to read as follows in order to express distance in terms
of energy, velocity, and power:
𝑣
𝑠=𝐸×
𝑃

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.  Aerodynamic Drag

Aerodynamic drag is term for air's opposition to a moving object. Definitions of FD and PD aerodynamic
forces operating on the vehicle are;
1
𝐹 = 𝜌𝐶 𝐴 𝑣 + 𝑣
2
And
𝑃 =𝐹 ×𝑣
Where v is vehicle's speed in m/s, v is wind speed in m/s, ρ is air denseness,C is aerodynamic drag
coefficient, A is vehicle's cross sectional area.

 Rolling Resistance

Combined forces from all frictional loads brought on by the drivetrain's friction tire's deflection on the
road surface is known as rolling resistance. The equation describes the rolling resistance F

𝐹 = 𝐶 × 𝑚𝑔
Where m is the mass of the vehicle, g is the acceleration caused by gravity, which is typically 9.81 m/s2,
and C is the rolling resistance coefficient.
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. Grad ability:
Grad ability is the steepest slope that a car can travel at a particular speed. Depending on whether
the automobile is going up or down an incline, the load power may rise or decrease. The upward
force or downward force is provided by:

F = mg sin

Where g is acceleration imposed on by gravity angle of slope

 Vehicle Acceleration
The time it takes to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph (Mile/Hour) is commonly used to calculate
nominal vehicle power requirements. Under these circumstances, Propulsion system's full torque
and power are definitely needed. Force needed to accelerate or stop a vehicle, F is determined
by Newton's second law of motion for linear system.

𝐹 =𝑚×𝑎=𝑚
Where a is the linear acceleration.

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 Element of Electric Vehicle
. Battery
1. Lead-Acid Battery 2. Nickel-Metal-Hydride Battery 3. Lithium-Ion Battery

4. Solid-State Battery 5. Lithium Sulfur

 Cont..

Super-Capacitor
Construction of Super-Capacitor
An Super-capacitor is constructed with symmetric
carbon positive and negative electrodes separated by
an insulating ion-permeable separator and packaged
into a container filled with organic electrolyte
(salt/solvent) designed to provide maximum ionic
conductivity and electrode wetting. It is the
combination of high surface-area activated carbon
electrodes (typically > 1500m2 /g) with extremely
small charge separation (Angstroms) that results in
high capacitance.

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 Cont..

Characteristics of Super-Capacitor
Charge time
 Super-capacitors have charge and
discharge times comparable to those of
ordinary capacitors. It is possible to
achieve high charge and discharge
currents due to their low internal
resistance.
 Batteries usually take up to several hours
to reach a fully charged state – a good
example is a cell phone battery, while
super-capacitors can be brought to the
same charge state in less than two
minutes.
Specific power
 Super-capacitors have a specific power 5
to 10 times greater than that of batteries.

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 Cont..
.
Advantages of Super-Capacitor
 Increase system efficiency
 Fast charging and discharging speed
 Long cycle life
 High efficiency
 Storage unit is improved
 Lower cost of entire unit
Disadvantages of Super-Capacitor
 Low specific energy
 linear discharge voltage
 high cost

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 Cont..
.
Bi-Directional Converter
DC-DC converters which play an important role in hybrid energy storage system and it has been
developed rapidly over the years. In these DC-to-DC converters, energy is periodically stored within and
released from a magnetic field in an inductor or a linear transformer. By adjusting the duty cycle of the
charging voltage (that is, the ratio of the on/off times), the amount of power transferred to a load can be
more easily controlled, though this control can also be applied to the input current, the output current, or
to maintain constant power. Transformer-based converters is used to provide isolation between input and
output.

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 Used Tools for Research

1. Pearson Correlation Coefficient

The Pearson Correlation Coefficient is a statistical method that is used as a part of the
methodology for the performance analysis of electric vehicles (EVs). It helps in understanding
the relationships between different variables and can be particularly useful when assessing
the factors that affect the performance of EVs.

Table 1 Various Vehicle’s Specification

Model Battery Range(mile) Power Pick-up
Capacity(kW (HP) 0-60
h)
Audi e-tron 95 204 402 5.5
BMW i3 42.2 153 170 7.2
BMW I 3s 42.2 153 181 6.8
Chevrolet Bolt EV 60 238 200 6.5
Fiat 500e 24 84 111 9
Honda Clarity Electric 25.5 89 161 8
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 .
Range v/s Battery Capacity Range v/s Power
300 450
y = 1.0131x + 48.654
y = 1.8595x + 63.967 400 r² = 0.373
250
r² = 0.6482 350 r = 0.61
r = 0.8051
200 300

Power (HP)
Range (Mile)

250
150
200

100 150
100
50 50
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 50 100 150 200 250
Range (Mile)
Battery Capacity (KWh)

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2. MATLAB Simulation
 Results

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Cont..

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 Conclusions

. By combining parameters, we establish a correlation between two variables, to understand the

overall behaviour of various Electric Vehicles.

 Studying the Pearson correlation method in Electric Vehicles helps us understand how different
things affect EV performance and how they are related.

 This knowledge plays a crucial role in improving EVs, developing intelligent policies
supported by evidence, and promoting the adoption of eco-friendly transportation among more
people.

 Simulation model combine battery and super-capacitor for energy storage to leverage their
individual strengths and mitigate their weaknesses.

 By combining the benefits of batteries and super capacitors, hybrid energy storage technology
have the potential to transform the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles.
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