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cvVvb myjZvb evsjv‡KB ¯^‡`k K‡i Zvi wPË Rq Ki‡Z Db¥yL, Ab¨w`‡K
†mw`bKvi wn›`y wPšÍvbvqK Bmjv‡gi wecyj msnwZ kw³i AvNv‡Zi m¤§y‡L
wn›`y mgvR‡K evuwP‡q ivLvi Rb¨ e¨¯Í| ZvB gymjgvb ivRv †mw`b †P‡q‡Qb
†h evsjvi wn›`yi cwiPq PvB, Ab¨w`‡K wn›`y mgvRcwZ †Póv K‡i‡Qb †h
RbmvaviY †hb AvZ¥we¯§„wZi `iæb A_ev AvZ¥cwiP‡qi Afv‡e Bmjv‡gi
weRq cøve‡Y †f‡m bv hvq|Ó GB msNv‡Z wn›`y gvb‡m gbmvg½‡ji m„wó|
Avi Gi ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© ûgvqyb Kwei AviI e‡jb, Ò†jŠwKK Kvwnwb
wn‡m‡eB Zv‡`i mv_©KZv| c~e© evsjvi b`b`xeûj wbmM©, ewYK I e¨emvqx
m¤úª`vq¸‡jvi cÖvavb¨ A_ev †eûjvi AwfhvbÑ G mg¯Í cÖm‡½i Avwa‡fŠwZK
Zvrch© †KejgvÎ KóKíbv, wKš‘ b`xgvZ…K evwYR¨wbf©i mg„× bibvixi
wnsmv I †cÖg, †ZR I mvnm Ges wecyj Aa¨emv‡qi Kvwnwb wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i
g~j¨ Acwi‡gq|Ó Ab¨vb¨ g½jKv‡e¨i †P‡q gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨ AvaywbK
g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq mv_©Kfv‡e cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| G Kv‡e¨ ˆ`‡ei m‡½ gvby‡li
†h KwVb msMÖv‡gi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv Ewbk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ gvbweK †cÖiYvi Drm wQj| †`eZvi Ic‡i gvby‡li gnË¡ cÖwZôvq
G Kv‡e¨i ˆewkó¨ Ges Zv AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨i gvbweKZv †ev‡ai †cÖiYv
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|

gbmvg½‡ji Kvwnwb

Ñ7Ñ
 Pvu` m`vMi Pv¤úvB bM‡ii ewYK| exicyiæl, AvZ¥kw³‡Z AwePj
wek^vmx Pvu` m`vMi gnvÁvbx †`eZv wk‡ei f³| Pvu` m`vMi c~Rv bv Ki‡j
c„w_ex‡Z gbmvi c~Rv cÖPvi nq bv| ¯¿x mbKv †Mvc‡b gbmv †`exi c~Rv
K‡ib| Pvu` m`vMi Zv Rvb‡Z †c‡i jvw_ †g‡i gbmvi NU †f‡O w`‡jb|
gbmv †µvavwš^Z n‡j Pvu‡`i Qq cyÎ mv‡ci Kvg‡o gviv †Mj| Pvu` m`vMi
gbmvi c~Rv Ki‡j g„Z cy‡Îiv cÖvY wd‡i cv‡e e‡j cÖ‡jvfb †`Lv‡j Pvu`
jvwVi AvNv‡Z gbmvi cvuRi †f‡O †d‡jb| mbKv †Mvc‡b gbmvi Kv‡Q
¯^vgxi g½j cÖv_©bv Ki‡j gbmv Zvu‡K cyÎei w`‡jb| wKš‘ we‡qi iv‡Z cyÎ
mv‡ci Kvg‡o gviv hv‡e ejv nj| mbKv fwel¨‡Zi K_v bv †f‡e cyÎgyL
†`Lvi Avb‡›` gMœ iB‡jb| Gw`‡K AwePj, `„p cÖwZÁ Pvu` m`vMi †PŠÏ
wWOv mvwR‡q evwY‡R¨ hv‡”Qb| gbmv Avevi Pvu`‡K c~Rv Ki‡Z wb‡`©k
w`‡jb! Pvu` GeviI Zvu‡K Acgvb K‡i Zvov‡jb| Pvu` m`vMi evwYR¨ eni
wb‡q cvU‡b †cŠuQ‡jb Ges wb‡Ri Zz”Q `ªe¨mvgMÖxi wewbg‡q eû g~j¨evb
m¤ú` jvf Ki‡jb| †divi c‡_ gbmv Avevi c~Rv Ki‡Z Pvu`‡K wb‡`©k
w`‡jb| wKš‘ wkef³ Pvu` GeviI A¯^xK…wZ Rvbv‡jb| gbmv iv‡M mgy‡`ª
Amg‡q SoZzdvb Zz‡j Pvu` m`vM‡ii mgy`q evwYR¨eni Wzwe‡q w`‡jb|
Pvu` eû K‡ó Zx‡i DV‡jb| evi ermi bvbv `ytL Kó mn¨ K‡i Pvu` wfÿz‡Ki
†e‡k wbR‡`‡k wd‡i G‡jb|
Gw`‡K gbmvi e‡i mbKvi cyÎjvf n‡q‡Q| cy‡Îi bvg jwL›`i ev
jLvB| Pvu` m`vMi wbt¯^ n‡q wdi‡jI cy‡Îi gyL †`‡L mKj `ytL fz‡j
†M‡jb| mbKvi Am¤§wZ D‡c¶v K‡i Pvu` m`vMi cy‡Îi we‡qi D‡`¨vM
wb‡jb| DRvbx bM‡ii mvq‡e‡bi Kb¨v cigvmy›`ix †eûjvi m‡½ jwL›`‡ii
we‡q| gbmvi †Kvc †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ †jvnvi evmi Ni ˆZwi Kiv‡bv
nj, wKš‘ ˆ`evr Pz‡ji g‡Zv miæ GKwU wQ`ª i‡q †Mj| †m wQ`ª w`‡q GK
mvc G‡m jwL›`i‡K `skb Ki‡j †m gviv hvq| mc©`sk‡b g„Z jwL›`‡ii
†`n †fjvq fvwm‡q †`Iqv nj; †eûjv g„Z¯^vgxi AbyMvwgbx n‡q g„Z‡`‡ni
m‡½ †fjvq †f‡m Pjj| ¯^M©‡jv‡K †`eZv‡`i KvQ †_‡K †m ¯^vgxi cÖvY
wdwi‡q Avb‡e| b`xc‡_ eû evavi m¤§yLxb n‡qI †eûjv wbivk nqwb| mg¯Í
evavwecwË Rq K‡i †m GwM‡q Pjj| †fjv ¯^‡M©i †avcvbx †bZvi Nv‡U
†cŠuQj| †bZv GKwU †Q‡j‡K wb‡q Kvco KvP‡Z wQj| †Q‡jwUi `yišÍcbvq

Ñ8Ñ
wei³ n‡q †bZv Zv‡K AvNvZ w`‡q †g‡i †d‡j iv‡L; hvevi mgq Zv‡K gš¿
c‡o RxweZ K‡i m‡½ wb‡q †Mj| †eûjv G `„k¨ †`‡L Zvi ¯^vgxi cÖvY`v‡bi
Rb¨ †bZv‡K Aby‡iva Kij| †bZv wb‡Ri A¶gZvi K_v e‡j †eûjv‡K
¯^M©‡jv‡K wb‡q †Mj| †mLv‡b b„Z¨Mx‡Z †`eZv‡`i Zzó K‡i †eûjv Zvu‡`i
Kv‡Q ¯^vgxi cÖvYwf¶v PvBj| wk‡ei wb‡`©‡k Awb”Qvm‡Ë¡I gbmv jwL›`‡ii
cÖvY wdwi‡q w`‡jb| Z‡e †eûjv‡K w`‡q cÖwZÁv Kiv‡jb †h Pvu` m`vMi‡K
gbmvi c~Rv Ki‡Z n‡e| †eûjv m¤§Z n‡q gbmvi `qvq Qq fvmyi, k^ï‡ii
†PŠÏ wWOv evwYR¨ eni meB wd‡i †cj| †eûjv abiZœc~Y© †PŠÏ wWOv wb‡q
Pvu‡`i mvZ cyÎmn Nv‡U G‡m wfoj| Pvu` m`vMi Qz‡U G‡jb; wKš‘ gbmvi
c~Rv Ki‡Z n‡e ï‡b wd‡i Pj‡jb| cyÎea~ †eûjvi KvZi Av‡e`‡b
Ae‡k‡l Pvu` m`vMi gbmvi c~Rv Ki‡Z m¤§Z n‡jb Ges gyL wdwi‡q evg
nv‡Z GKwU dzj gbmvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Qzu‡o w`‡jb| gbmv Zv‡ZB Lywk| c„w_ex‡Z
gbmvi c~Rv cÖPvwiZ nj|
gbmvg½‡ji Kvwnwb ivgvqY-gnvfviZ-cyivY wbi‡c¶ GKwU ¯^Zš¿
†jŠwKK Kvwnwb| g‡b Kiv nq, cjøxMxwZKv ev Qovi AvKv‡i msw¶ßZg
g~jKvwnwb †jvKgy‡L cÖPwjZ wQj, †Zi-†PŠÏ kZ‡K †Kv‡bv cÖwZfvai Kwei
nv‡Z Kve¨Kvwnwbe× n‡q‡Q| c‡i nqZ Ab¨ DcKvwnwb hy³ n‡q Kve¨wU
wecyjvqZb jvf K‡i‡Q| KvwnwbwU †m hy‡MB evsjv wenvi I Avmv‡gi me©Î
cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj| PÐxg½‡ji Kwe gyKz›`iv‡gi g‡Zv A_ev Abœ`vg½‡ji
Kwe fviZP‡›`ªi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv cÖ_g †kÖwYi Kwekw³ gbmvg½j iPbvq
AvZ¥wb‡qvM bv Ki‡jI Kve¨wU `ªæZ I e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQj|
gbmvg½‡ji Kvwnwb‡K AvMv‡Mvov Kíbvg~jK e‡j `vwe Kiv hvq bv| Gi
ev¯Íe wfwË Aek¨¯^xKvh©|
gbmvg½‡ji Kvwnwbi gva¨‡g Pvu` m`vM‡ii PwiÎwU MZvbyMwZK
a¨vbaviYvi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvnx wn‡m‡e wewkó n‡q D‡V‡Q| wbM„nxZ gvbeZvi
RxebevYx iƒ‡c g½jKv‡e¨i †h ˆewkó¨ Zv GB Pwi‡Î h_v_©B cÖwZdwjZ
n‡q‡Q| gvbweKZvi civfe I AvZ¥Møvwb‡Z c~Y© †m hy‡M Pvu` m`vMi kw³gvb
we‡`ªvnx wn‡m‡e Abb¨ cwiPq `vb K‡i‡Qb| wbM„nxZ RvwZi gg©©MZ eÂbv,
AvZ©bv` I we‡¶vf Pvu` m`vM‡ii we‡`ªvnx ¯^fv‡ei gva¨‡g iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q|
†eûjv Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ evOvwj bvix‡Z¡i †h cÖwZ”Qwe AvuKv n‡q‡Q, Zv †Kej

Ñ9Ñ
Z¨vM-wZwZ¶vq mgy¾¡jB bq, AZš¿ AvZ¥wek^vm I AwgZ ex‡h© fv¯^i|
†eûjvi bvixkw³ Pvu` m`vM‡ii †cŠiæ‡li mg‡MvÎxq| †h AvZ¥kw³i cÖvPz‡h©
Pvu` m`vMi evievi e¨_©Zvi c‡iI †f‡O c‡obwb, ÿzä Av‡µv‡k †Kej
Db¥Ë n‡q D‡V‡Qb, †mB gvbex kw³i mv_©K cwiYvgiƒ‡c †`ecyix-cÖZ¨vMZv
†eûjvi Avwef©ve| ZvB Pvu` m`vMi †eûjvi Aby‡iva D‡c¶v Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb|
Ògbmvg½j †`ex gbmvi g½j-Mv_vB bq †Kej, we‡`ªvnx gvbeZvi
h‡kvMvbI|Ó

gbmvg½‡ji KweMY
Kvbv nwi`Ë
gbmvg½‡ji Kvwnwbi gvbeRxebi‡mi cÖvPzh© AmsL¨ Kwe‡K
Kve¨iPbvq DØy× K‡iwQj| W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb evlwÆ Rb Kwei K_v D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e mK‡ji cwiPq cvIqv hvqwb| g½jKv‡e¨i Avw`Kwe wn‡m‡e
Kvbv nwi`ˇK g‡b Kiv nq| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †klfv‡Mi Kwe weRq¸ß
Avw`Kwe wn‡m‡e nwi`‡Ëi K_v D‡jøL K‡i e‡j‡Qb:
g~‡L© iwPj MxZ bv Rv‡b e„ËvšÍ|
cÖ_‡g iwPZ MxZ Kvbv nwi`Ë||
nwi`‡Ëi MxZ hZ jyß ˆnj Kv‡j|
†hvov Mvu_v bvwn wKQz fv‡e †gv‡i Q‡j||
K_vi m½wZ bvB bvwnK my¯^i|
GK MvB‡Z Avi Mvq bvwn wgÎv¶i||
Mx‡Z gwZ bv †`q †Kn wgQv jvd dvj|
†`wL‡q ïwb‡q †gvi Dc‡R †eZvj||
Kvbv nwi`Ë m¤ú‡K© weRq¸‡ßi GB Aby`vi gšÍe¨ mZ¨ bq e‡j
cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| nwi`‡Ëi Aí wKQz c` cvIqv †M‡Q, Zv‡Z Zvui KweZ¡ I
cvwЇZ¨i cwiPq we`¨gvb| Kvbv nwi`Ë c~e©e‡½i Awaevmx wQ‡jb| †PŠÏ

Ñ 10 Ñ
kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K Zvui Avwef©ve N‡UwQj e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq| Kwe
nwi`Ë iwPZ †`exi mc©m¾vi eY©bvq cÖK…Z KweZ¡ I cvwЇZ¨i cwiPq wg‡j:
ÒwewPÎ bv‡M K‡i †`ex Mivq myZwj|
†k^Z bv‡M K‡i †`ex ey‡Ki KvuPjx||
AbšÍ bvivq‡Y cÙvi gv_vi gwY|
†eZ bv‡M K‡i †`ex KvKvwj KvQzwb||
†mvbv bv‡M †`ex Kwijv PvKx ewj|
gKi bv‡M K‡i †`ex cv‡qi cvmyjx||Ó
Ò`c©Y nv‡Z Kwi †`ex †ek evbvq|
gbmvi Pi‡Y jvPvix nwi`‡Ë Mvq||Ó

bvivqY †`e
gbmvg½‡ji Ab¨Zg †kÖôKwe bvivqY †`e| Avw`Kwe nwi`‡Ëi c‡iB
bvivqY †`‡ei bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Kwei Kve¨ evsjv I Avmv‡g e¨vcK
RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQj| wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi †eviMÖvg Kwei Rb¥¯’vb| W.
Avï‡Zvl fÆvPv‡h©i g‡Z bvivqY †`e cÂ`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M Avwef‚©Z
n‡qwQ‡jb| bvivqY †`‡ei Kv‡e¨i bvg ÔcÙvcyivYÕ| Kve¨wU wZb L‡Ð
wef³| cÖ_g LÐ Kwei AvZ¥cwiPq I †`ee›`bv, wØZxq L‡Ð †cŠivwYK
Kvwnwb Ges Z…Zxq L‡Ð Pvu` m`vM‡ii Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Kwe †cŠivwYK
Kvwnwb‡K we¯Í…Z K‡i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Pvu` m`vM‡ii Kvwnwb msw¶ß| ms¯‹…Z
†cŠivwYK Kv‡e¨ Kwei †h Acwimxg `¶Zv wQj Zv wØZxq L‡Ði Kvwnwb
†_‡K Abyfe Kiv P‡j| gbmvg½‡j cÖwZdwjZ KiæY i‡mi ¯^vfvweK eY©bvq
bvivqY †`‡ei mgK¶ Avi †KD †bB| †Kej †kvK eY©bv‡ZB bq, †kv‡K
`yt‡L Avb‡›`-Djøv‡m, ¯^v_©ciZv I J`v‡h©Ñ me w`K †_‡KB Avw`g
gbyl¨‡Z¡i ax‡iv`vË ¯^fve eY©bvq bvivqY †`‡ei Zzjbv wg‡j bv|
Kwe Pvu` m`vM‡ii †cŠiæl`xß PwiÎ A¼‡bi gva¨‡g hyM‡PZbvi ˆewkó¨
AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva‡K my¯úó K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb Gfv‡e:
K‡_v¶Y _vwK Pv‡›` w¯’i ˆKj gb|

Ñ 11 Ñ
 cÙv‡K g›` †ev‡j K‡Vvi ePb||
cyÎ ˆgj †LvUv Rw` †`q †gv‡i Kvwb|
Zvnvi R‡ZK ¸Y Avwg Zv‡i Rvwb||
cÙe‡b cwinvm¨ Kwij m¼‡i|
†mB `yiv¶i evwb †Nvl‡q msmv‡i||
c‡_ Avwb‡Z evQvB Kwi‡Z PvBj ej|
N‡i Avwm LvBj Z‡e mZvBi †VvKi||
†`e Kwiqv eywj‡Z j¾v bvwn Kvwb|
GK ivwÎ wenv Kwi Qvwo †Mj gywb||
nvmb-†nv‡mb jvR w`j wewa g‡Z|
†ngZv‡j KvKvwj fvw½j †gvi nv‡Z||
†em Kwiqv †Mj abšÍxi N‡i|
RcZc K‡i Kvwb awiqv wbj Zv‡i||
†Kvb †`vm cvBqv †gvi KvUxj evDMvb|
AKvi‡Y eyovBj wW½v ˆP× Lvb||
Wvjgyi †Mj Nyi ˆg× ˆnj mvi|
AL‡b Kvwbi m‡b Pvwc K‡ivu ev`||
hw` Kvwbi jvBM cvg GKevi|
KvwUqv mywRe Avwg giv cy‡Îi avi||
†R Kwi Kwigy Kvwb‡i Avgvi g‡b Rv‡M|
bv‡Mi Drwmó cyÎ fvmvI wbTv Mv‡½||
cvwÐZ¨ I Kwe‡Z¡i mv_©K wgj‡b bvivqY †`e ¯^xq cÖwZfvi cwiPq
w`‡q‡Qb| Zvui Kve¨ me©vwaK cÖPv‡ii †MŠie AR©b K‡iwQj e‡j cieZ©x
Kwe I Mv‡qb‡`i Kv‡Q wZwb Av`k© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| bvivqY
†`‡ei gbmvg½j Kve¨‡K KiæYi‡mi AvKi ejv n‡q‡Q| GB KiæYi‡mi
¯^vfvweK eY©bvq bvivqY †`‡ei mgK¶ Avi †KD wQ‡jb bv|
bvivqY †`‡ei cÙvcyivY m¤ú‡K© W. Avng` kixd gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb,
ÒKiæY i‡mi AvwaK¨ Ges e¨½i‡mi wfqvb G Kve¨‡K myLcvV¨ K‡i‡Q|
Avi RbwcÖqZvB hw` †kÖô‡Z¡i cwigvcK nq, Zvn‡j bvivqY †`e‡K GKRb

Ñ 12 Ñ
†kÖô Kwei m¤§vb w`‡ZB n‡e|Ó evsjv‡`k A‡c¶v Avmv‡gB bvivqY †`‡ei
cÙvcyivY †ewk cÖPwjZ|

weRq ¸ß
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ my¯úó mb-ZvwiL hy³ gbmvg½j Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g iPwqZv
weRq ¸ß| Kwe Zvui Kv‡e¨ wb‡Ri cwiPq w`‡Z wM‡q wj‡L‡Qb:
gyjøyK d‡Zqvev` ev½‡ivov ZKwmg||
cwð‡g NvNi b`x c~‡e N‡Èk^i|
g‡a¨ dzjøkÖx MÖvg cwÐZ bMi||
¯’vb¸‡Y †hB R‡b¥ †mB ¸Ygq|
†nb dzjkø Öx MÖv‡g wbe‡m weRq||
Kwe ewikvj †Rjvi eZ©gvb ˆMjv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| G MÖv‡gi
cÖvPxb bvg dzjøkÖx| Kwei Kv‡e¨i D‡jøwLZ GKwU †køvK †_‡K AbywgZ nq
wZwb †MŠ‡oi myjZvb û‡mb kv‡ni Avg‡j 1494 mv‡j Kve¨ iPbvq cÖe„Ë
nb| weRq ¸‡ßi gbmvg½j AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQj| d‡j G avivq
Zvui c~e©eZ©x KweM‡Yi hk ¤øvb n‡q hvq| wKš‘ Kve¨a‡g©i wePv‡i weRq ¸‡ßi
KwecÖwZfv Lye D”P¯Í‡ii wQj bv| fvecÖeYZv A‡c¶v e¯Íy-we‡kølY cÖeYZv
Zvui g‡a¨ †ewk wQj| d‡j KZ¸‡jv wew”Qbœ mvgvwRK wPÎ Zvui Kv‡e¨
iƒcvwqZ n‡q D‡V‡Q| GB ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ gbmvg½j Kve¨ ZrKvjxb
mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi g~j¨evb Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨| weRq
¸‡ßi cwiKwíZ †`ePwiÎ ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri Rxeb I gvbePwiÎ iƒ‡c
wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q| Kvwnwb cwiKíbvq †hgb ˆewPΨ Av‡Q †Zgwb Q‡›`i †¶‡Î
wZwb ˆewPΨ m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb| Dcgv cÖ‡qv‡MI Zvui AwfbeZ¡ wQj| wZwb
Aj¼vikv¯¿m¤§Z Aj¼vi cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i wb‡Ri AwfÁZv †_‡K Dcgv msMÖn
K‡i‡Qb| G †¶‡Î KweK…wZi bgybv:
PÐxi Kv‡Q gbmvi wb‡Ri `yf©v‡M¨i eY©bv:
Rbg `ytwLbx Avwg `yt‡L †Mj Kvj|
†hB Wvj awi Avwg fv‡½ †mB Wvj||

Ñ 13 Ñ
 kxZj fvweqv hw` cvlvY jB †Kv‡j|
cvlvY Av¸b nq †gvi Kg©d‡j||
jwL›`i‡K mc©`sk‡bi ci †eûjvi wejvc:
Avg d‡j †_vKv †_vKv byBqv c‡o Wvj|
bvix nBqv G †hŠeb ivwLe KZ Kvj||
†mvbv b‡n iƒcv b‡n A‡j evwÜe|
nvivBjvg cÖvYcwZ †Kv_v hvBqv cve||

wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB
weRq ¸‡ßi cÖvq mgmvgwqK Kwe wecÖ`vm wcwcjvB| wZwb weRq ¸‡ßi
gbmvg½j iPbvi GK ermi ci Zvui ÔgbmvweRqÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Kwe
wb‡Ri cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb:
gyK›z ` cwÐZ m~Z wecÖ`vm bvg|
wPiKvj emwZ ev`yo¨v eUMÖvg||
GB ev`yo¨v eUMÖvg eZ©gvb DËi PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi ewminvU
gnKzgvq ev`ywoqvi wbKUeZ©x eoMvu| Kwe ¯^cœv‡`k jvf K‡i 1495 mv‡j
†MŠ‡oi myjZvb û‡mb kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j ÔgbmvweRqÕ Kve¨ iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| wecÖ`vm Kv‡e¨i cÖ_‡g MÖ‡š’i cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb:
ms‡¶‡c cÙvi eªZ Kwnj g½j MxZ
we¯Í‡i Kwne mß wbwk|
mvZwU cvjvq Kve¨iPbvi K_v GLv‡b D‡jøwLZ n‡jI Kwei cÖvß
cyuw_‡Z bqwU cvjv cvIqv †M‡Q Ges Zv‡Z Pvu` m`vM‡ii evwYR¨ hvÎvi
Kvwnwb ch©šÍ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| wecÖ`v‡mi Kv‡e¨ gbmvg½‡ji K‡Vvi wbôziv
†`ex gbmv A‡bKUvB KiæYvgqx I f³ermjv n‡q D‡V‡Qb| Kwei
Kve¨iPbvq Av‡Q cÖvÄjZv, Avbyc~we©KZv I wmœ»Zv| G Kv‡e¨i cÖavb ˆewkó¨
Gi Mí-ˆewPΨ| gbmv cÖm½xq AmsL¨ Mí DcvL¨vb G Kv‡e¨ msM„nxZ n‡q
G‡K ¯^Zš¿ gh©v`v w`‡q‡Q| Pvu` m`vM‡ii evwYR¨ hvÎvc‡_i e„Ëv‡šÍ A‡bK

Ñ 14 Ñ
†fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| GB weei‡Y A‡b‡K m‡›`n †cvlY K‡ib| Kwe
nv‡mb-û‡m‡bi †h `xN© cvjvwU G Kv‡e¨ ms‡hvwRZ K‡i‡Qb Zv Acivci
gbmvg½‡ji Zzjbvq mycwiKwíZ Ges gymjgvb mgvR I Rxe‡bi cysLvbycysL
I Z_¨eûj wPÎ wn‡m‡e Gi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK| gbmvi PwiÎwP·Y Kwe KiæYv
I †mœnggZv mÂvi K‡i K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Kve¨iPbv cÖm‡½ Kwe
wj‡L‡Qb:
ïK¬v `kgx wZw_ ˆekvL gv‡m|
wkq‡i ewmqv cÙv ˆKjv Dc‡`‡k||
cvuPvjx iwP‡Z cÙv Kwijv Av‡`k|
†mB †m fimv Avi bv Rvwb we‡kl||
Kwe¸iæ axiR‡b Kwi cwinvi|
iwPj cÙvi MxZ kv¯¿ Abymvi||
wmÜz B›`ª †e` gnx kK cwigvY|
b„cwZ û‡mb kv †MŠ‡oi myjZvb||
†nbKv‡j iwPj cÙvi eªZMxZ|
ïwbqv wÎwea †jvK cig cxwiZ||

wØR eskx`vm
gbmvg½‡ji Ab¨Zg †kÖô Kwe wØR eskx`vm| wZwb wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi
cvZzqvix MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© cvwicvwk^©K NUbv
we‡ePbv K‡i wØR eskx`vm m‡Zi kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M Avwef‚Z © n‡qwQ‡jb
e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvnÕi gZvbymv‡i eskx`v‡mi
cÙvcyiv‡Yi iPbvKvjÁvcK †køvK †_‡K 1575 mvj cvIqv hvq| eskx`vm
Kwe P›`ªveZxi wcZv| Kwe P›`ªveZx ivgvq‡Yi Abyev‡` wcZv eskx`v‡mi
cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e:
aviv †mªv‡Z dz‡jk^ix b`x e‡n hvq|
emwZ hv`evb›` K‡ib Z_vq||
fÆvPvh© es‡k Rb¥ AÄbv NiYx|
evu‡ki cvjvi Ni Q‡bi QvDbx||

Ñ 15 Ñ
 NU emvBqv m`v c~‡R gbmvq|
†Kvc Kwi †mB †nZz j²x Qvwo hvq||
wØR eskx cyÎ ˆnjv gbmvi e‡i|
fvmvb Mvwnqv whwb weL¨vZ msmv‡i||
Kwe Kv‡e¨ wØR eskx, eskxai, eskxe`b, eskx`vm BZ¨vw` fwYZv
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| Kwe `j †eu‡a gbmvi fvmvb †M‡q †eov‡Zb| myKÉ MvqK
wn‡m‡eI Zvui we‡kl L¨vwZ wQj| Kwe gbmvg½‡ji Kvwnwb‡K wKQzUv ¯^Zš¿
iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| Zvui Pvu` m`vM‡ii Bó‡`eZv wke bb, wk‡ei cZœx PÐx|
mcZœxKb¨v gbmvi m‡½ PÐxi weev`| Df‡qi weev‡`i g‡a¨ c‡o Pvu`
m`vM‡ii `yM©wZi m„wó nq| eskx`v‡mi Kv‡e¨ Pvu`-gbmvi †mB we‡iv‡ai
Drm-†cÖiYv cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q evOvwj-ag©x wegvZv I mcZœxKb¨vi wnsmvZzi
؇›ØÑ †MŠix I gbmvi Clv© I wRMxlvi msMÖv‡g| W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh©
wj‡L‡Qb, Òeskx`v‡mi e¨vcK †jvKwcÖqZvi KviY, Zvunvi Abyf‚wZi
AvšÍwiKZv I fvlvi cÖZ¨¶Zv| mnR wbij¼vi fvlvq e¨³ g‡bi Mfxi
fvewU cvV‡Ki gg©Zj ¯úk© K‡i| f³ mva‡Ki m„wói m‡½ mnR Kwe‡Z¡i
ïwP`„wó wgwjZ nBqv Zvunvi Kv‡e¨ gwYKvÂb †hvM m„wó Kwiqv‡Q| gbmvg½j
Kve¨ †h KiæYi‡mi AvKi, AšÍ‡ii mnR fvevbyf‚wZ nB‡Z eskx`vm Zvunvi
Kv‡e¨ Zvnv DrmvwiZ Kwiqv‡Qb, Bnv‡Z we›`ygvÎI K…wÎgZv Av‡Q ewjqv
g‡b nq bv| GB fvevbyfw‚ Zi AK…wÎgZvB wØR eskx‡K fvecÖeY evOvwji
Kv‡Q GZ RbwcÖq Kwiqv ivwLqv‡Q|Ó
Kwe wØR eskx`vm †eûjvi `yt‡Li wPÎeY©bvq mnvbyf‚wZi cwiPq
w`‡q‡Qb, Avevi Pvu` m`vM‡ii Pwi‡Îi `„pZv eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q Kweü`q
KwVb n‡q D‡V‡Q| Kwe Pvu` m`vM‡ii `xß †cŠiæl‡K kZ¸Y D¾¡j K‡i
iƒcvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| gbmvi Pµv‡šÍ Pvu‡`i QqcyÎ mv‡ci Kvg‡o gviv †M‡Q,
cy·kvKvZziv mbKvi gvZ…ü`q nvnvKvi K‡i D‡V‡Q, †PŠÏ wWOv Wz‡e
fvM¨wech©¯Í me©nviv Pvu` GKv †`‡k wd‡i G‡m‡QbÑ ZLb AbyPi‡`i
cwievieM© ¯^Rb nviv‡bvi †e`bvq AvZ©bv` K‡i D‡V‡Q, wKš‘ Pvu` m`vMi
`„pwPËZvi cwiPq w`‡q e‡jb:
†h Kv‡›` Avgvi G_v Zvnvi gywoe gv_v
†`‡k ivwK bvwn KvR|
Ñ 16 Ñ
 KvZi nBby Rvwb nvwm‡eK jNy Kvbx
†mwn †gvi eo `ytL jvR||

†KZKv`vm †¶gvb›`
cwðge‡½i Kwe †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›` m‡Zi kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M RxweZ
wQ‡jb e‡j AbywgZ nq| wZwb g½jKv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg †kÖô Kwe| RbwcÖqZvi
w`K †_‡KI Zvui †kÖôZ¡ we`¨gvb| Kwei bvg †¶gvb›`, †KZKv`vm Zvui
Dcvwa| Zvui g‡Z ÒwKAv cv‡Z Rb¥ ˆnj †KZKv my›`ix|Ó ZvB gbmvi Aci
bvg †KZKv| gbmvg½‡ji Ab¨vb¨ Kwei g‡Z cÙcvZvq Rb¥ e‡j gbmvi
Aci bvg cÙv; wKš‘ †¶gvb‡›`i g‡Z †KqvcvZvq gbmvi R‡b¥i †h e„ËvšÍ
Zv Ab¨Î †bB| Kwe †KZKv ev gbmvi `vm wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K g‡b K‡i
†KZKv`vm fwYZv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| MÖ‡š’vrcwËi KviY m¤ú‡K© Kwe
we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| Zv‡Z wKQzUv Kwe cwiwPwZ cvIqv hvq| Kwe
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e AvZ¥cwiPq `vb K‡i‡Qb| Zv †_‡K Rvbv hvq wZwb ûMwj
†Rjvi †K‡Ziv MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| c‡i ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i RMbœv_cy‡i Mgb
K‡ib| †mLv‡b GKw`b mܨv‡ejvq Lo KvU‡Z wM‡q Kwe gywPbx †ekavwiYx
gbmvi mv¶vr cvb Ges c‡i gbmv fzR½f‚wlZv eªvþYxiƒ‡c †`Lv w`‡q
Kve¨iPbvi Av‡`k †`b| GB Av‡`k 1638-39 mv‡j jvf K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j
M‡elKMY Abygvb K‡ib| Kwe wKfv‡e †`exKZ©…K Avw`ó n‡q Kve¨iPbvq
AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb, †m m¤ú‡K© weeiYx‡Z D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb:
†hiƒc †`wLjv `„‡ó gvbv ˆKj cÖKvwk‡Z
Kwn‡j bv n‡e †Zvi fvj|
I‡i cyÎ †¶gvb›` KweZv Ki cÖeÜ
Avgvi g½j Mvq¨v †evj||
eªvþYx PiY Av‡k MvBj †KZKv`v‡m
†Zvgv we‡b Ab¨ bvwn MwZ|
†hB c‡o †hB ï‡b ivwL‡e Zv‡i me©¶‡Y
AšÍKv‡j nB‡e mviw_||

Ñ 17 Ñ
 gyK›z `iv‡gi PÐxg½j I ivgvqY Kvwnwbi cÖfve Zvui Kv‡e¨ AZ¨šÍ
¯úó| Kwe Zvui Kv‡e¨ KweZ¡kw³i m‡½ cvwЇZ¨i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| †eûjvi
`ytLeY©bvq KiæYim m„wó‡Z K…wZZ¡ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Zvui fvlv mycwi”Qbœ Ges
Zv eûjvs‡k c~e©eZ©x hy‡Mi MÖvg¨Zvgy³| Kwei cvwÐZ¨c~Y© cÖKvkfw½ Ges
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ I †fŠ‡MvwjK ¯’v‡bi wek` eY©bv Kve¨‡K wewkóZv `vb
K‡i‡Q|

†ÿgvb›`
gvbf‚g †_‡K †¶gvb›` bv‡g GKRb ¯^Zš¿ Kwei fwYZvq gbmvg½‡ji
GKwU ÿz`K ª vq cyuw_ cvIqv †M‡Q| GwU †`ebvMix A¶‡i †jLv Ges AvÂwjK
k‡ã c~Y© Kve¨wU emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjø‡fi m¤úv`bvq cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj|
Kv‡e¨i cyuw_wU gvbf‚g †Rjv †_‡K msM„nxZ| Gi fvlv I cÖKvkfw½‡Z †m
A‡ji Qvc ¯úó| GB †¶gvb›` c~e©eZ©x Kwe †KZKv`vm †¶gvb›` †_‡K
c„_K e¨w³| m¤¢eZ †KZKv`vm †¶gvb‡›`i RbwcÖqZv j¶ K‡i †Kv‡bv Kg
cÖwZfvavix Kwe †¶gvb›` fwYZv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| iPbvwU AvVvi kZ‡Ki
c~e©eZ©x e‡j g‡b nq bv| Pvu` m`vM‡ii PwiÎ cwiKíbvq Zvui `¶Zv wQj|
wZwb Kvwnwb‡ZI bZzbZ¡ Avbqb K‡iwQ‡jb|

evBk Kwei gbmvg½j

gbmvg½‡ji RbwcÖqZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kwei iwPZ Kve¨ †_‡K wewfbœ
Ask msMÖn K‡i †h c`msKjb Kiv n‡qwQj Zv ÔevBk Kwei gbmvg½jÕ ev
ÔevBkvÕ ev ÔevBk Kwe gbmvÕ bv‡g cÖPwjZ| G ai‡bi Ab¨ GKwU msKj‡bi
bvg ÔlU Kwe gbmvg½jÕ| evBk Kwe gbmvg½‡j evBk Rb Kwei ZvwjKv
Av‡Q| Z‡e MÖ‡š’ mK‡ji bvg cvIqv hvq bv| G msKj‡b A‡bK AL¨vZ
Kwei bvg ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| wewfbœ Kwei Kve¨ †_‡K wewfbœ Ask msM„nxZ e‡j
G ai‡bi msKj‡b me©v½xb K…wZZ¡ †bB| A‡bK ¯’v‡b AvaywbKZvi wb`k©bI
we`¨gvb|

Ñ 18 Ñ
 gbmvg½j Kvwnwbi RbwcÖqZvi Rb¨ AmsL¨ Kwe gbmvg½j Kve¨ iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ †lvj kZ‡Ki M½v`vm †mb, m‡Zi kZ‡Ki
ivgRxeb we`¨vf‚lY, ev‡Yk^i ivq, Rxeb ˆgÎ cÖgy‡Li bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

PÐxg½j Kve¨
ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ g½jKv‡e¨i avivq PÐxg½‡ji GKwU wewkó
¯’vb Av‡Q| PÐx‡`exi Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b iwPZ PÐxg½j Kve¨ G‡`‡k h‡_ó
RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQj| PÐx‡`exi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© bvbv gZ cÖPwjZ|
m¤¢eZ evsjvi wewfbœ A‡j ¯^Zš¿ cÖK…wZi †h me ¯¿x‡`eZvi cwiKíbv Kiv
n‡qwQj Zv Kvjµ‡g PÐx bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| PÐx Avw`‡Z Abvh©
g~j™¢‚Z wQ‡jb| c‡i †eŠ× I wn›`yZvwš¿K †`e cwiKíbvi m‡½ wg‡k µ‡g
†cŠivwYK cve©Zxi m‡½ mgHwZn¨m~‡Î wea„Z n‡q‡Qb| GB PÐx‡`exi Kvwnwb
Aej¤^‡bB ÔPÐxg½jÕ Kv‡e¨i aviv iƒcvwqZ n‡q D‡V‡Q| PÐxg½‡ji †hme
cyuw_ cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡`i †KvbwUB †lvj kZ‡Ki Av‡Mi iPbv bq e‡j g‡b
Kiv nq| Z‡e evi kZ‡Ki c~‡e© evsjv‡`‡k PÐxi c~Rv ïiæ n‡qwQj Ges
†PŠÏ-c‡bi kZ‡K g½jPÐx cvuPvwj AvKv‡i iwPZ n‡qwQj GgbI aviYv
Kiv nq| Acivci g½jKv‡e¨ †hLv‡b GKwU Kvwnwb eZ©gvb, ÔPÐxg½jÕ Gi
e¨wZµg, G‡Z Av‡Q `ywU Kvwnwb| PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨ mvaviY, eY©nxb I
Zz”QvwZZz”Q NUbvq m¤úªmvwiZ gvbe Rxeb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| evOvwji myL`ytL,
mvgvwRK `jv`wj, Kzms¯‹vi, evigvmx, iÜbcÖYvjx, †ekf‚lv, weevn-wewa,
ciwb›`v cÖf…wZ welqI PÐxg½‡j Dc‡fvM¨ n‡q‡Q| G Kv‡e¨i Mí ev¯ÍeZvi
Abymvix, ¯^vfvweKZv I gvbweKZvq mg„×| PÐx†`ex gbmvi g‡Zv DMÖ
†gRv‡Ri wQ‡jb bv, Zvui g‡a¨ gvbecÖxwZi cwiPq ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q|
Kv‡e¨i MVb I Dc¯’vcbvq wQj AwfbeZ¡ Ges †m Kvi‡YB G‡Z Dcb¨v‡mi
j¶Y Lyu‡R cvIqv KwVb bq|

Ñ 19 Ñ
PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb
PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb `yB L‡Ð wef³| cÖ_gÑ Av‡¶wUK LÐ Ges
wØZxqÑ ewYK LÐ| cÖ_g L‡Ð Av‡¶wUK ev e¨va Kvj‡KZzi Kvwnwb Ges
wØZxq L‡Ð ewYK abcwZi Kvwnwb ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi `ywU Kvwnwb
†Kej PÐxg½‡jB cvIqv hvq, Ab¨vb¨ g½jKv‡e¨ GKwU gvÎ Kvwnwb
i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Acivci g½jKv‡e¨i gZB PÐxg½‡jI †`eLÐ Av‡Q|
PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb‡Z e¨v‡ai Ici PÐxi cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g
mgv‡Ri wbPz ch©v‡qi gvby‡li g‡a¨ c~Rv cÖPv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q; Avevi
ewY‡Ki Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i AwfRvZ †kÖwYi gvby‡li g‡a¨ PÐxi c~Rv
cÖPv‡ii K_vI ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|

Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨vb
Kwj½iv‡R¨i mxgv‡šÍi GK Ai‡Y¨ eb‡`ex PÐxi AbyM‡Ö n e‡bi cïiv
cig my‡L w`bvwZcvZ KiwQj| GKmg‡q Kvj‡KZz bvgK GK e¨v‡ai
cïwkKviRwbZ AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q e‡bi cïiv PÐx‡`exi kiYvcbœ n‡j
PÐx Zv‡`i Afq w`‡jb| ciw`b †`ex Qjbv K‡i e‡bi mKj cï jywK‡q
ivL‡jb| Kvj‡KZz †Kv‡bv wkKvi bv †c‡q GK ¯^Y©‡MvwaKv a‡i wb‡q N‡i
wdij| PÐx‡`exB ¯^Y©‡MvwaKvi QÙ‡ek aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| Kvj‡KZzi M„‡n
†`ex wb‡Ri g~wZ© aviY Ki‡jb Ges wb‡Ri cÖK…Z cwiPq w`‡q Kvj‡KZz‡K
mvZ Nov ab I GKwU gnvg~j¨evb AvswU `vb Ki‡jb| †`exi wb‡`©‡k
Kvj‡KZz ¸Riv‡U eb †K‡U GK bMi ¯’vcb Kij| bMi a‡bR‡b cwic~Y©
n‡q DV‡j fvuo– `Ë bv‡g GK a~Z©‡jvK Kvj‡KZzi AvkÖ‡q †_‡K cÖRv‡`i
Ici bvbv cÖKvi AZ¨vPvi Ki‡Z _v‡K| Kvj‡KZz Zv Rvb‡Z †c‡i fvuo–
`ˇK Zvwo‡q w`j| fvuo– `Ë cÖwZ‡ekx Kwj½iv‡Ri Kv‡Q Awf‡hvM Rvwb‡q
Kvj‡KZzi ivR¨ AvµgY Kivi Rb¨ Zvu‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| d‡j Kvj‡KZz
I Kwj½iv‡Ri g‡a¨ hy× msNwUZ nq| fvuo– `‡Ëi Pµv‡šÍ Kvj‡KZz civwRZ
I e›`x n‡j PÐx‡`exi `qvq †m gyw³ cvq| Zvici `xN©Kvj ivRZ¡ K‡i cyÎ
cy®ú‡KZzi nv‡Z ivR¨fvi mgc©Yc~e©K Kvj‡KZz ¯¿x dzjøivmn ¯^M©v‡ivnY
Ñ 20 Ñ
K‡i| Kvj‡KZz c~‡e© wQj ¯^‡M©i B›`ªcyÎ bxjv¤^i Ges dzjøiv wQj bxjv¤^icZœx
Qvqv| Awfkß n‡q Zvuiv g‡Z¨© e¨v‡ai N‡i Rb¥ wb‡qwQj| PÐx †`ex
gZ¨©‡jv‡K wb‡Ri c~Rv cÖPvi Ki‡Z gb¯’ K‡iwQ‡jb| B‡›`ªi cyÎ bxjv¤^i‡K
wZwb G Kv‡Ri fvi w`‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wke‡K G K_v Rvbv‡j wke A¯^xK…wZ
Rvbvb, wKš‘ PÐxi loh‡š¿ Awfkß n‡q bxjv¤^i‡K c„w_ex‡Z Avm‡Z
n‡qwQj|

abcwZ m`vM‡ii Kvwnwb

DRvbx bM‡i abcwZ m`vMi bv‡g GK wejvmx hyeK evm KiZ| Zvi
cÖ_gv ¯¿x jnbv wbtmšÍvb| k¨vwjKv m¤úwK©Z Lyjøbvi cÖwZ †cÖgvm³ n‡q †m
Zv‡K we‡q K‡i| we‡qi ci Lyjybv‡K jnbvi Kv‡Q †i‡L abcwZ ivRvÁvq
myeY©wcÄi Avbvi Rb¨ †MŠ‡o †Mj| mZx‡bi cÖwZ Cl©vKvZi n‡q jnbv
Lyjøbv‡K bvbvcÖKvi AZ¨vPvi Ki‡Z jvMj| eva¨ n‡q Lyjøbv e‡b †Mj QvMj
Piv‡Z| †mLv‡b Lyjøbv PÐx‡`exi c~Rvc×wZ wk‡L wb‡q PÐxi c~Rv m¤úbœ
K‡i| G‡Z PÐx‡`ex Zvi cÖwZ cÖmbœ nb| PÐxi ¯^cœv‡`k †c‡q abcwZ m`vMi
wd‡i Av‡m| Lyjøbvi PÐxi c~Rv †`‡L abcwZ †i‡M c~Rvi NU cv‡q †V‡j
†d‡j w`j| abcwZ m`vM‡ii cÖ_gv ¯¿x jnbv G we‡qi K_v ï‡b Awfgvb
K‡iwQj| abcwZ Zv‡K A‡bK †evSvj, me‡k‡l jnbv GKLvbv cvUkvwo
I Pzwo ˆZwii Rb¨ cvuP †Zvjv †mvbv †c‡q we‡q‡Z m¤§wZ w`j|
Lyjøbv e‡b QvMj PivZ e‡j ¯^RvwZeM© Zvi mZxZ¡ m¤^‡Ü m‡›`n cÖKvk
Kij| Lyjøbv mZx‡Z¡i cix¶v w`j| Zv‡K R‡j Wzev‡bvi †Póv Kiv nj, mvc
w`‡q Kvgov‡bv nj, cÖR¦wjZ †jŠn`‡Ð we× Kiv nj, †k‡l Zv‡K RZzM‡„ n
†i‡L Av¸b †`Iqv njÑ wKš‘ Lyjøbvi wKQzB nj bv| †m mZx wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
nj| wKQzw`b ci evwY‡R¨i D‡Ï‡k¨ abcwZ wmsnj hvÎv K‡i| c‡_
Kvwj`‡n Kg‡j Kvwgbx g~wZ© †`L‡Z cvq| †mLv‡b GK Aciƒc my›`ix ZiæYx
c‡Ùi Ici e‡m GK weivU n¯Íx MjatKiY I D`&MxiY Ki‡Q| GB Ac~e© I
Avðh© `„‡k¨i K_v wmsnjivR‡K Rvbv‡j wZwb Zv †`L‡Z PvB‡jb| wKš‘
PÐx‡`exi gvqvq abcwZ Zv †`Lv‡Z cvij bv| wmsn‡j AvMg‡bi c~‡e©

Ñ 21 Ñ
abcwZ Lyjøbvc~wRZ PÐxi NU †f‡O w`‡qwQj e‡j PÐx‡`ex Zvi Ici
†µvavwš^Z wQ‡jb| ZLb wmsnjivR kvw¯Í¯^iƒc abcwZ‡K Kviviæ× K‡ib|
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Lyjøbvi GK cyÎ mšÍvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zvi bvg kÖxgšÍ| eo n‡q
†m wcZvi mÜv‡b wmsnj hvÎv Kij| c‡_ kÖxgšÍI Kvwj`‡n Kg‡j Kvwgbx
g~wZ© †`L‡Z cvq| wKš‘ wcZvi g‡Zv kÖxgšÍI wmsnjivR‡K Zv †`Lv‡Z cvij
bv| ivRv Amš‘ó n‡q Zv‡K g„Zz¨`Ð cÖ`vb K‡ib| kÖxg‡šÍi ¯Í‡e PÐx‡`ex
mš‘ó n‡q Zv‡K i¶v Ki‡jb| wcZvcy‡Î wgjb NUj| wmsnj ivRKb¨vi
m‡½ kÖxg‡šÍi we‡q nj| Zvici cyÎ I cyÎea~ m‡½ wb‡q abcwZ m`vMi
†`‡k wd‡i Av‡m| DRvwb bM‡i G‡m kÖxgšÍ DRvwb bM‡ii ivRv‡K Kg‡j
Kvwgbxi g~wZ© †`wL‡q gy» Kij Ges Zvui Kb¨v RqveZx‡K we‡q Kij|
AZtci ¯^M©åó e¨w³MY ¯^‡M© wd‡i †M‡jb|

PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i KweMY

PÐxg½‡ji Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b A‡bK Kwe Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| W.
myKgz vi †mb Zvu‡`i msL¨v 19Rb e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G msL¨v h‡_ó
bq| MZvbyMwZKfv‡e Kve¨iPbvi d‡j Zvu‡`i ¯^vZš¿¨ ¯úó n‡q I‡Vwb|
KweM‡Yi g‡a¨ Kwe gyK›z `iv‡gi cÖwZfv wQj we¯§qKi| cvuPvwj ev
†jvKK_vi ÿz`ª MxwZKv‡e¨i AvKv‡i cÖ_gZ nq‡Zv Zv cÖPwjZ wQj| cieZ©x
Kv‡j †Kv‡bv wbcyY Kve¨wkíxi nv‡Z c‡o Zv g½jKve¨ iƒ‡c cÖPvwiZ
n‡q‡Q|

gvwYK `Ë
PÐxg½‡ji Avw`Kwe wn‡m‡e gvwYK `‡Ëi ¯’vb| PÐxg½‡ji †kÖô Kwe
gyK›z `iv‡gi Kwee›`bvq gvwYK `‡Ëi bvg D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q:
Rq‡`e we`¨vcwZ e‡›`vu Kvwj`vm|
Avw` Kwe evj¥xwK ew›`jyu gywb e¨vm||
gvwYK `‡Ë‡i Avwg Kwi‡q webq|
hvnv ˆn‡Z ˆnj MxZ-c_-cwiPq||

Ñ 22 Ñ
 ew›`jy Mx‡Zi ¸iæ kÖxKweK¼Y|
cÖYvg Kwiqv gvZv wcZvi PiY||
gyK›z `ivg KZ©…K D‡jø‡Li d‡j g‡b nq gvwYK `ËB PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i
aviv cÖeZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb| gvwYK `‡Ëi bv‡g cÖPwjZ cyuw_ cvIqv †M‡Q| Z‡e
Zv cÖvPxb bq| nqZ gvwYK `‡Ëi Kve¨ Abymi‡Y ZvuiB bv‡g Ab¨ †KD G
Kv‡e¨i iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| gvwYK `‡Ëi iPbv cv‡V g‡b nq Kwe †MŠo ev
gvj`‡ni †jvK wQ‡jb| Zvui Kv‡e¨ †hme b`x I MÖv‡gi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q
†mme gvj`n A‡j we`¨gvb| Kwei AvZ¥cwiPq †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Zvui
wbevm wQj dzjyqv bMi| ¯’vbwU‡K gvj`n †Rjvi eZ©gvb dzjevwo e‡j
Abygvb Kiv nq| m¤¢eZ Kwe †lvj kZ‡Ki eû c~‡e© Avwef‚©Z n‡qwQ‡jb|
PÐxi DrcwËi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q Kwe †h m„wóZ‡Ë¡i eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨
AwfbeZ¡ Av‡Q| ag©g½‡ji Kvwnwbi m‡½I Gi wgj †`Lv hvq| gvwYK `‡Ëi
AvZ¥weeiYx †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, wZwb wQ‡jb Kvbv I †Lvuov| †`exi `qvq
wZwb my¯’ nb Ges †`exi ¯^cœv‡`‡k Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Kw_Z Av‡Q, Kwei
Kv‡e¨ Kwj½iv‡Ri D‡jøL _vKvi Aciv‡a Kwe Kwj½ivR KZ©…K Kviviæ×
nb, wKš‘ PÐx‡`exi K…cvq gyw³ jvf K‡ib| Kwj½ivRI †`exi AbyMZ nb
Ges iv‡R¨ †`exi c~Rv cÖPwjZ nq| Kwei eY©bvq ev¯Íe `„wófw½i cÖKvk
N‡U‡Q:
Lyjøbvi eP‡b jnbv DwVj R¦wjqv|
jo w`qv Pz‡ji gyV awij Pvwcqv||
Pz‡jZ awiqv Mv‡j‡Z w`j Po|
Pvwcqv ewmj LyjbvBi ey‡Ki Dci||
Kvwoqv jBj Zvi Aó AvfiY|
cwievi AvÁv w`j LywTTvi emb||
gvwYK `‡Ëi Kvwnwb Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q ag©g½j Kvwnwbi Abyiƒc m„wóZ‡Ë¡i
eY©bv w`‡q| Zvui Kv‡e¨ MZvbyMwZK Ab¨‡Kv‡bv †`eZvi e›`bv †bB| Zvui
Kv‡e¨i abcwZi KvwnwbwU Kvj‡KZzi Kvwnwb †_‡K AwaKZi mycwiKwíZ|
Kv‡e¨ Kwei ev¯Íe `„wófw½ cÖksmbxq n‡jI iPbv me©ÎB wkw_je×, Q›` I
AšÍ¨wg‡j Av‡Q m‡PZbZvi Afve| Kwei iPbv mij I Abvo¤^i| cieZ©x

Ñ 23 Ñ
Kwe gyK›z `iv‡gi Kv‡e¨i eûj cÖPv‡ii d‡j gvwYK `‡Ëi Kv‡e¨ gyK›z `iv‡gi
A‡bK c` cÖw¶ß n‡q‡Q|
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb gvwYK `ˇK †Zi kZ‡Ki †jvK e‡j g‡b
K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Ggb cÖvPxb‡Z¡i cÖgvY cvIqv hvqwb| m‡Zi kZ‡K
ag©g½j Kv‡e¨ m„wóZ‡Ë¡i †h eY©bv Av‡Q gvwYK `‡Ëi Kv‡e¨I Zv †`Lv hvq|
ZvB W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÒgvwYK `Ë gyK›z `iv‡gi AMÖeZ©x,
Z‡e G‡Kev‡i wZb kZ erm‡ii AMÖeZ©x wKbv, Zvnv †Rvi Kwiqv ejv hvq
bv|Ó

wØR gvae
wØR gvae PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg iPwqZv| wØR gvae Zvui Kv‡e¨i
bvg †Kv_vI Ômvi`vg½jÕ, †Kv_vI Ômvi`vPwiZÕ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Kwei
Kve¨iPbvi Kvj m¤úwK©Z c` †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, G Kve¨ 1579 mv‡j
iwPZ| Kwei ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÒwØR
gvae‡K hw`I GKRb cÖ_g †kÖwYi Kwe ewjqv ¯^xKvi Kwi‡Z cviv hvq bv,
Z_vwc Avbyc~we©K m½wZ i¶v Kwiqv c~Y©v½ PwiÎm„wói Ggb †gŠwjK cÖqvm
Zvunvi c~‡e© Avi Lye †ewk Kwe †`LvB‡Z cv‡ib bvB|Ó gvbePwiÎ we‡køl‡Yi
we‡kl ¶gZv _vKvi d‡j Kwe Kvj‡KZz I dzjøivi e¨va-Rxe‡bi ˆewkó¨
mv_©Kfv‡e dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| wØR gvae cÖZ¨¶-`„ó evOvwj
Rxe‡bi wewPÎ ev¯Íe cUf‚wgKvi Ici GKwU Mvn©¯’¨ wPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Qb|
Zvui fvlv Aj¼vinxb Ges eY©bv Abvo¤^i, wKš‘ Pwiθ‡jv D¾¡j| Kwe
e¨vawkï Kvj‡KZzi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb:
ev‡o †n exiei †hb gË Kwiei
MRïÐ wRwb `yB Ki|
Av‡LwUi myZ me Zviv me civfe
†Ljvq wRwb‡Z bvwn cv‡i|
evuUzj evuk ˆjqv K‡i cï ewaevi Z‡i
Zvi NvI e„_v bvwn hvq|
KzwÂZ Kwiqv AvuwL WvwKqv cvo‡q cvLx

Ñ 24 Ñ
 Nywi Nywi co †h Z_vq|

gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x
†lvj kZ‡K PÐxg½jKv‡e¨i me©vwaK cÖmvi N‡U| G avivi me©‡kÖô
Kwe KweK¼Y gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x| wZwb Zvui Kv‡e¨i cÖ_‡g †h g~j¨evb
AvZ¥cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb Zv‡Z Zvui wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© †hgb K_v Av‡Q, †Zgwb
ZrKvjxb mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwiPqI wea„Z| Zvui AvZ¥weeiYx
†_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, wZwb ea©gvb †Rjvi `vgyb¨v MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
†mLvbKvi wWwn`vi ev cÖavb ivRKg©Pvix gvngy` kix‡di AZ¨vPv‡i Rb¥f‚wg
cwiZ¨vM K‡i Kwe †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi Avoiv MÖv‡gi eªvþY Rwg`vi evuKzov
iv‡qi AvkÖq †bb| evuKzov ivq Zvu‡K wbRcyÎ iNybv‡_i M„nwk¶K wbhy³
K‡ib| Aí wKQzw`b ci wcZvi g„Zz¨ n‡j iNybv_ wb‡R Rwg`vi nb Ges
Kwe‡K ¸iæiƒ‡c gvb¨ K‡i wb‡Ri mfvm` wn‡m‡e ¯’vb †`b| Rwg`vi
iNybv‡_i mfvm`iƒ‡c _vKvKvjxb Zvui wb‡`©‡k gyKz›`ivg ÔkÖxkÖxPÐxg½j
Kve¨Õ iPbv K‡ib| iNybv_ KwecÖwZfvi ¯^xK…wZ¯^iƒc Zvu‡K ÔKweK¼YÕ Dcvwa
†`b| gyKz›`iv‡gi Rb¥ Ges Zvui Kv‡e¨i iPbvKvj m¤ú‡K© cwÐZ‡`i g‡a¨
gZwe‡iva Av‡Q| W. `x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi gZvbymv‡i AvbygvwbK 1537 mv‡j
A_©vr †lvj kZ‡Ki c~e©fv‡M Kwe Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Kve¨mgvwßi cÖK…Z
Kvj m¤ú‡K© bvbvcÖKvi gZwe‡iva _vK‡jI †lvj kZ‡Ki †kl `k‡K G
Kv‡e¨i iPbv mgvß n‡qwQj e‡j A‡b‡K wm×všÍ K‡ib| W. gyn¤§`
knx`yjøvnÕi gZvbymv‡i Kve¨iPbvi Kvj 1594 mv‡ji †kl †_‡K 1603
mv‡ji g‡a¨| gyKz›`iv‡gi Kv‡e¨ D‡jøwLZ evsjvi myev`vi gvbwms‡ni
kvmbKvj we‡ePbv K‡i G wm×v‡šÍ †cŠuQv‡bv n‡q‡Q| emšÍKzgvi
P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z 1594 ev 1595 mvj Kve¨iPbvi mgvwßKvj| W.
Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© G gZ mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|
Kwe gyKz›`ivg Zvui MÖ‡š’vrcwËi †h GKwU g~j¨evb weeiY w`‡q‡Qb Zvi
Avi¤¢Uv G iKg:
ïb fvB mfvRb Kwe‡Z¡i weeiY
GB MxZ ˆnj †hb g‡Z|

Ñ 25 Ñ
 Dwiqv gv‡qi †e‡k Kwei wkqi †`‡k
PwÐKv ewmj AvPw¤^‡Z|

ÿzav-fq cwikÖ‡g wb`ªv hvB †mB av‡g

PÐx †`Lv w`‡jb ¯^c‡b||
nv‡Z jBqv cÎgmx Avcwb Kj‡g ewm
bvbv Q‡›` wj‡Lb KweZ¡|
†hB gš¿ w`j `x¶v †mB gš¿ Kwi wk¶v
gnvgš¿ Rwc wbZ¨ wbZ¨||
†`ex PÐx gnvgvqv w`‡jb PiY Qvqv
AvÁv w`‡jb iwP‡Z m½xZ|
PÐxg½‡ji Kvwnwb wb‡q gyKz›`iv‡gi Av‡MB Kve¨ iwPZ n‡qwQj Ges
cieZ©xKv‡jI G aviv m¤úªmvwiZ nq| wKš‘ KwecÖwZfvi †kÖôZ¡ wePv‡i
Ab¨‡Kv‡bv Kwei c‡¶ gyKz›`iv‡gi mgK¶Zv jvf Kiv m¤¢eci nqwb|
c~e©cÖPwjZ Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b Kwe G Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib Ges PÐxg½‡ji
Avw`Kwe gvwYK `‡Ëi Kve¨ †_‡KI wKQz mvnvh¨ wb‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Kve¨
iƒcvq‡Y Zvui K…wZZ¡ AZzjbxq| gyKz›`iv‡gi Kve¨ PÐxg½j bv‡g cwiwPZ
n‡jI A‡bK †¶‡Î ÔAfqvg½jÕ bv‡g D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| †Kv_vI
ÔAw¤^Kvg½jÕ, Ô†MŠixg½jÕ Ges ÔPwÐKvg½jÕ bvgI cvIqv hvq| PÐxg½j
Kv‡e¨i welqe¯Íy ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq cÖ_‡g e›`bv I m„wóKvwnwb ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| Zvici †`eLÐÑ mZx I cve©Zxi Kvwnwb| wØZxq L‡Ði bvg
Av‡¶wUK LÐÑ Kvj‡KZzi Kvwnwb Ges Z…Zxq L‡Ði bvgÑ ewYKLÐ abcwZ
m`vM‡ii Kvwnwb|
gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x iwPZ GKwUgvÎ Kve¨ †_‡K †h bZzbZi ˆewk‡ó¨i
cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z Zvu‡K GKRb cÖwZfvevb Rxebm‡PZb Kwe wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbv Kiv P‡j| welqe¯Íyi MZvbyMwZKZv _vK‡jI Zxÿè ch©‡e¶Y kw³i
mnvqZvq †mLv‡b wZwb AwfbeZ¡ m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g nb| G m¤ú‡K© W.
Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© Ôevsjv g½jKv‡e¨i BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’ gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb,
ÒgyKz›`iv‡gi wewkó `„wófw½i ¸‡Y †cŠivwYK cÖfveØviv fvivµvšÍ nBqvI
†jŠwKK PÐxi KvwnwbwU evsjvi wewkó RvZxq GKwU RxebevYx cÖPvi
Kwiqv‡Q| cÖZ¨¶`„ó mZ¨‡K Zvunvi Kv‡e¨ wZwb wb‡Ri ¯^Kxq Dcjwä Øviv

Ñ 26 Ñ
Abyfe Kwiqv jBqv‡Qb| AvwfRv‡Z¨i †MŠienxb mvaviY evOvwj Rxeb
nB‡Z DcKiY msMÖn Kwiqv †h mvwnwZ¨K PwiÎm„wó †m hy‡MI m¤¢e nBZ,
gyKz›`iv‡gi iPbv cvV Kwi‡j ZvnvB Rvwb‡Z cviv hvq| Zvunvi cwiKwíZ
Kvj‡KZz-dzjøiv ZvnviB cÖgvY| cÖvPxb mvwn‡Z¨ †`e‡`ex wKsev AwfRvZ
PwiÎB Kv‡e¨i bvqK-bvwqKvi ¯’vb MÖnY KwiZ| KviY, mgMÖfv‡e mgv‡Ri
`„wó Zvnv‡`iB Dci b¨¯Í _vwKZ| wKš‘ gyKz›`ivg Zvunvi Kv‡e¨i GB `yBwU
bvqK-bvwqKv‡K me©cÖKvi AvwfRvZ¨ nB‡Z `~‡i ivwLqvI Bnv‡`i g‡a¨ †h
Ac~e© gvbweK †MŠie `vb Kwiqv‡Qb, Zvnv cÖvPxb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cig
we¯§q|Ó
W. Avng` kixd Zvui ÔevOvjx I evOjv mvwnZ¨Õ MÖ‡š’i wØZxq L‡Ð
gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÒKweK¼‡Yi Abb¨Zv Zvui ev¯Íe Rxeb I cÖwZ‡ek †PZbvq,
e¨w³i fve-wPšÍv-Kg©-AvPi‡Yi ev¯Íewbô evKwPÎv¼‡b, M„nMZRxe‡b bvixi
myL-`ytL, Cl©v-Am~qv, Kvg-†cÖg cÖf…wZi m~² iƒcvq‡Y, wbgœe‡Y©i I
ga¨we‡Ëi gvby‡li RxweKvi Mi‡R Aejw¤^Z Qj-PvZzixi I a~Z©Zvi wewPÎ
iƒc A¼‡b|Ó
KweK¼Y gyKz›`ivg PµeZ©x †h Avg‡j Kve¨PP©v K‡iwQ‡jb †m Avg‡j
KweM‡Yi j¶¨ wQj ¯^M©-gZ¨©-cvZv‡ji cwim‡i m¤¢e-Am¤¢‡ei iv‡R¨ ev¯Íe-
Aev¯Í‡ei mxgv‡iLv AwZµg K‡i †ivgvw›UK Kíbvi AvKv‡k NUbv I
Pwi‡Îi mÜvb K‡i †eov‡bv| †m mg‡q Kwe gyKz›`ivg ev¯Íe Rxeb`„wói
cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| ev¯ÍeZvi m‡½ hLb Kv‡e¨i †Kv‡bv ms‡hvM wQj bv ZLb
wZwb ev¯Íe Rxebwbôvi cwiPq w`‡q †M‡Qb|
gyKz›`ivg Zxÿè ch©‡e¶Y kw³i AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Pviw`‡Ki Rxe‡bi
wewPÎ cwiPq Zvui Kv‡e¨ wea„Z| gymjgvb Rxe‡bi eY©bv:
dRi mg‡q DwV weQ¨vqv †jvwnZ cvUx
cvuP †ewi Ki‡q bgvR|
†mv‡jgvwb gvjv a‡i R‡c cxi †cMv¤^‡i
cx‡ii †gvKv‡g †`B mvuR||
`k wek weiv`‡i ewmqv wePvi K‡i
Aby¶Y co‡q †Kvivb|
†Kn ev ewmqv nv‡U cx‡ii wkwiwb evu‡U
Ñ 27 Ñ
 mvu‡R ev‡R `Mo wbkvb||
Ggwb AmsL¨ ev¯Íe wPÎ gyKz›`iv‡gi Kv‡e¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|
Kwe gyKz›`ivg †`eZv I gvby‡li K_v ej‡Z wM‡q ev¯Íe `„wófw½i
cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| †`e‡`exi g‡a¨ †gbKv I †MŠixi Kjn, wk‡ei wf¶v,
wke-†MŠixi weev`Ñ Gm‡ei g‡a¨ †hgb Rxeb-im-iwmKZvi cwiPq cvIqv
hvq, †Zgwb cï‡`i KvZi µ›`‡b, Kvj‡KZzi RxebhvÎvq, dzjøivi
cÖv_©bvq, Kvj‡KZzi ivR¨cˇbÑ me©Î Kwei ev¯Íe-wPÎv¼Y cÖwZfvi h_v_©
cwiPq wg‡j| wZwb †`ePwi‡Î gvbweKZv Av‡ivc K‡i mRxe I ¯^vfvweK
K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| gvbe Pwiθ‡jvI ev¯ÍeZvi Abymvix n‡q D‡V‡Q| ¯^í
cwim‡i ¯^vZš¿¨ wb‡q weKwkZ n‡q‡Q wewfbœ PwiÎ| Pwiθ‡jvi †KvbUvB
G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZiƒc bq| Kwe mgvR-Rxe‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U A¼b K‡i‡Qb
e‡j Pwiθ‡jv K…wÎg n‡q I‡Vwb| hyM ag©‡K AwZµg Kivi g‡Zv mvnm I
KzkjZv Kwei g‡a¨ weivRgvb wQjÑ PwiÎwPÎYB Zvi mv¶¨| gyKz›`ivg‡K
e¨w³MZ myL`ytL mvwn‡Z¨i gva¨‡g me©Rbxb K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ AvaywbK
hy‡Mi mvwnwZ¨K‡`i AMÖ`~Z ejv nq|
PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨ Kwe wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi wewPÎ AwfÁZv wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb|
gvbeRxeb m¤ú‡K© Kwei myMfxi I m~² AwfÁZvi e¨vcK cwiPq GLv‡b
we`¨gvb| PwiÎ wP·Yi e¨vcv‡i Kwe we¯§qKi mv_©KZvi wb`k©b †i‡L‡Qb|
GKw`‡K Zvui nv‡Z †hgb ¯^vgxMZcÖvYv weow¤^Zv Lyjøbvi PwiÎwU RxešÍ n‡q
D‡V‡Q †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K a~Z© ewYK gyivwi kxj I Ryqv‡Pvi fvuo– `‡Ëi PwiÎI
GKvšÍ ev¯Íe n‡q †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| eyjvb gÐj, `ye©jv `vmx cÖf…wZ Pwi‡Îi
gva¨‡g Kwe evOvwj-Rxe‡bi wPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Qb| ev¯ÍeZv, m~ ² `k©bkw³,
AwfÁZv, mnvbyf‚wZÑ Gme ˆewkó¨ gyKz›`iv‡gi iPbvq dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
Kvj‡KZzi Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi eY©bv:
†gvPvwiqv †Mvud `yBUv evw܇jb Nv‡o|
GK k^v‡m mvZ nvuwo Avgvwb DRv‡o||
Pvwi nvuwo gnvexi Lvq Ly`-RvD|
Qq nvuwo gmyix-myc wgk¨v Zw_ jvD||
Szwo `yB wZb Lvq Avjy Ij †cvov|

Ñ 28 Ñ
 KPzi mwnZ Lvq KiÄ Avgov||
a~Z© ewYK gyivwi kxj Kvj‡KZzi g~j¨evb AvswU VwK‡q †bIqvi †h
cwiKíbv K‡iwQj Zv‡Z Zvi Pwi‡Îi ¯^iƒc cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q;
†mvbv iƒcv b‡n evcv G †e½v wcZj|
Nwmqv gvwRqv evcy Ki¨vQ D¾¡j||
a~Z©‡e‡bi ¯úó cwiPq G‡Z dz‡U D‡V‡Q| gyivwi kxj hLb Kvj‡KZz‡K
cÖZviYv Ki‡Z m¶g nj bv, eis Kvj‡KZzi Kv‡Q Zvi a~Z© iƒcwU aiv c‡o
†Mj ZLb gyivwi kxj †n‡m ejj, ÒGZ¶Y cwinvm †Kujy fvB‡cv‡i|Ó
g½jKv‡e¨i aivevuav Kvwnwbi g‡a¨ Kweg‡bi e¨w³cÖwZfv weKv‡ki AeKvk
Kg n‡jI gyKz›`iv‡gi cÖej m„Rbx cÖwZfv †h Abe`¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i
gyivwi PwiÎ Zvi RxešÍ wb`k©b|
fvuo– `Ë PÐxg½‡j Ggwb GKwU we¯§qKi PwiÎ| W. myKzgvi †m‡bi
g‡Z, ÒgyKz›`iv‡gi †jLbx‡Z fvo– `Ë AgiZ¡ jvf Kwiqv‡Q| cyiv‡bv evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ Ggb D¾¡j RxešÍ cvlÐ PwiÎ Avi bvB|Ó ¯^v_©wmw×i Rb¨ Zvi
ZrciZv Zv‡K wewkó K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| Zvi KcU g‡bi cwiPq Zvi K_vq:
Lyov, wZb †MvUv ki wQj GKLvb evuk|
nv‡U nv‡U dzjøiv cmiv w`Z gvm||
ˆ`ee‡k hw` Avwg wQjvg KvOvj|
†`wLqvwQ, Lyov †n, †Zvgvi VvKzivj||
Zvi Kv‡R, K_v ejvi †KŠk‡j I K‚UeywׇZ †m Abb¨| ¯^v_©nvwb
NU‡jB Zvi ¯^iƒc cÖKvk cvq| fvuo– `Ë †µv‡ai AvwZk‡h¨ e‡j:
nwi`‡Ëi †eUv nO& Rq `‡Ëi bvwZ|
nv‡U hw` †ePvO& ex‡ii †Nvov nvw_||
Z‡e mykvwmZ n‡e ¸RivU aiv|
cybiwc nv‡U gvsm †ewP‡e dzjøiv||
Kvj‡KZzi me©bvk mva‡b †m Zrci| wKš‘ aiv co‡jB Zvi ¯^iƒc
e`‡j hvq| wg_¨vi gy‡Lvk c‡i fvuo– `Ë wb‡Ri ¯^v_©mva‡b m‡PZb _v‡K|
fvuo– `Ë wbt¯^ I bxPvZ¥v, kV I a~Z©| Kvj‡KZz GKwU aby I wZbwU ki wb‡q

Ñ 29 Ñ
e‡b wkKvi KiZ, cZœx dzjøiv nv‡U nv‡U gvsm wewµ KiZ| wKš‘ ˆ`ee‡j
†m eo nj, Avi fvuo– †hgb wQj †Zgwb i‡q †MjÑ G Amn¨ `ytL fvuo–‡K
Cl©vwš^Z K‡i‡Q| Kwe AwZkq `¶Zvi m‡½ fvuo– `‡Ëi g‡bvfve e¨³
K‡i‡Qb|
gyKz›`ivg Zvui wewPÎ ch©‡e¶Y kw³i cwiPq Ab¨ÎI w`‡q‡Qb|
abcwZ m`vMi wØZxq we‡qi hyw³ †`wL‡q cÖ_gv ¯¿xi AbygwZ cÖv_©bv K‡i:
iƒc bvk ˆK‡j wcÖ‡q i܇bi kv‡j|
wPšÍvgwY bvk ˆKj Kvu‡Pi e`‡j||
mœvb Kwi Avwm wk‡i bv †`I wPiYx|
†iŠ`ª bv cvq †Kk wk‡i we‡Ü cvwb||
gvmx wcmx gvZzjvbx fwMbx mwZbx|
†Kn bvwn i‡n N‡i nBqv ivÜbx||
hyw³ hw` jq g‡b Kwnev cÖKvwk|
i܇bi Z‡i Ze Ki¨v w`e `vmx||
ewilv-ev`‡j‡Z Dbv‡b cvo dzK|
Kc©~i Zv¤^yj webv imnxb gyL||
mZx‡bi N‡i `vm`vmxiv kvwšÍ cQ›` K‡i bv| ZvB MЇMvj m„wói †Póv
K‡i:
†hB N‡i `y-mZx‡b bv K‡i K›`j|
†m N‡i †h e‡m †Pwo †m eo cvMj||
Aby¶Y `y-mZx‡b Ki‡q K›`j|
Z‡e `vm`vmx cvq cig g½j||
PÐxg½‡ji Kvwnwbi g‡a¨ †K›`ªxq HK¨ wQj bv| cÖPwjZ Kvwnwb
gyK›z `ivg AbymiY K‡i‡Qb gvÎ| wKš‘ Kv‡e¨i AmsjMœ wPθ‡jv wbR¯^
ˆewkó¨ wb‡q †h AvKl©Yxqfv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv †Kej Kwei we¯§qKi
cÖwZfvi Rb¨B|
gyK›z `iv‡gi PwiÎwP·Yi ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨B W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© gšÍe¨
K‡i‡Qb, ÒgyKz›`ivg‡K AvaywbK evsjvi e¯ÍyZvwš¿K Jcb¨vwmKw`‡MiI
AMÖ`~Z ejv hvq|Ó gyK›z `ivg †_‡KB evsjvi Kv‡e¨ evOvwj Rxe‡bi Qwe ¯úó
Ñ 30 Ñ
n‡q D‡V‡Q| mvaviY gvby‡li Rxe‡bi NvZ-cÖwZNvZ Zvui Kv‡e¨ mRxe|
evOvwj-Rxe‡bi wPÎv¼‡b ev¯Í‡ei Abymi‡Y, `ytL eY©bvq AvšÍwiKZvi †h
DrKl© Kwe †`wL‡q‡Qb Zv cieZ©xKv‡ji g½jKv‡e¨i avivq we‡kl cÖfv‡ei
m„wó K‡i| Kvwnwb‡Kw›`ªK iPbvq PwiÎ cÖvavb¨ AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨i j¶Y|
gyK›z `ivg cÖvq Pvi k eQi Av‡M G ˆewkó¨ †`wL‡q‡Qb| PwiÎv¼‡bi mv_©KZv
m¤ú‡K© W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb wj‡L‡Qb, ÒKve¨ wjwL‡Z wjwL‡Z hLb AšÍ`w„© ó
wbg©j I cÖwZfvwš^Z nBqv‡Q, ZLb gyK›z `ivg wb‡R †jLbx Qvwoqv w`qv‡Qb,
Pwiθwj nvm¨cwinvm I K_vevZ©vq e¨¯Í nBqv cwoqv‡Q, wZwb fwYZvq
wb‡Ri bvg mB Kwiqv MÖš’¯Ë ^ ¡ w¯’i Kwiqv‡Qb|Ó G cÖm‡½ W. myKgz vi †mb
gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÒEbwesk kZv‡ãi †kl fv‡Mi Av‡M evsjv fvlvq hw` Ggb
†Kv‡bv GKwU MÖ‡š’i bvg Kwi‡Z nq hvnv‡Z AvaywbK Kv‡ji mvwnZ¨e¯Íyi
Dcb¨v‡mi im wKQz cwigv‡YI cvIqv hvB‡Z cv‡i Z‡e †m eB Kx Zvnv
mü`q whwb gv‡b eywSqv gyK›z `iv‡gi iPbv cwoqv‡Qb wZwbB eywS‡eb| wbcyY
ch©‡e¶Y, mü`qZv, Rxe‡b Av¯’v, e¨vcK AwfÁZv BZ¨vw` †hme ¸Y
fv‡jv Dcb¨vm †jL‡Ki iPbvq cÖZ¨vwkZ †mme ¸Y, †mKv‡ji c‡¶
h‡_vwPZ cwigv‡Y, gyK›z `iv‡gi Kv‡e¨B cvB|Ó G ˆewkó¨ j¶ K‡iB W.
kÖxKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, Ò`¶ Jcb¨vwm‡Ki AwaKvsk
¸YB Zvunvi g‡a¨ eZ©gvb wQj| G hy‡M Rb¥MÖnY Kwi‡j wZwb †h Kwe bv
nBqv GKRb Jcb¨vwmK nB‡Zb Zvnv‡Z mskqgvÎ bvB|Ó
`ytLeY©bvq gyK›z `ivg †h K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb †m m¤ú‡K© W.
`x‡bkP›`ª †mb wj‡L‡Qb, ÒKweK¼Y my‡Li K_vq eo b‡nb, `yt‡Li K_vq
eo| eo eo D¾¡j NUbvi g‡a¨ AweiZ dêyb`xi b¨vq GK AšÍe©vnx `ytL-
msMx‡Zi gg©¯úk©x AvZ©aŸwb ïbv hvq| mykxjvi evigvm¨v nB‡Z dzjøivi
evigvm¨v ü`q‡K MfxiZi iƒ‡c ¯úk© K‡i| wbtkã KiæYim Kve¨Lvwb‡K
we‡qvMvšÍ bvU‡Ki M~p-gwngvc~Y© Kwiqv‡QÑ myLemšÍKvj eY©bvqI Kwei
†cÖgMxwZi gjq evqy civf‚Z Kwiqv D`i-wPšÍvi Av‡¶cevYx DwVqv‡Q|
bvbvwea `yt‡Li K_v Zvunvi cÖwZfvi PiY b~cyi Kvwoqv jBqv †hb MwZ gš’i
Kwiqv w`qv‡Q|Ó
W. mvC`-Di-ingvb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÒgyKz›`iv‡gi ¸Y Zvui AKcU
ev¯ÍeZv‡ev‡a, Zxÿè mgvR‡PZbvq, mnR iwmKZvq, mhZœ eybywbi

Ñ 31 Ñ
iPbv‰kjx‡Z, wewkó PwiÎm„R‡b I kãe¨env‡i `¶Zvq| †lvj kZ‡Ki
evOvwj mgv‡Ri wewfbœ w`K Zvui iPbvq D™¢vwmZ n‡q‡Q| †eva Kwi, Zvui
Kíbvkw³i `xbZv wQj| †mRb¨ Zvui Kíbv D”Pv‡½i nqwb, †m-dvuKUzKz
wZwb fivU K‡i‡Qb mgv‡Ri, cwiev‡ii I e¨w³Pwi‡Îi LyuwUbvwU eY©bvi
Øviv| Kvj‡KZz, gyivix kxj I fvuo– `‡Ëi PwiÎmg~‡ni ¯^fvemyjf g‡bvfve
KweK¼Y `¶Zvi mv‡_ †dvUv‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| Kwei e¨w³Pwi‡Îi cÖ‡¶c
Zv‡Z c‡owb| Kvj‡KZz ¯^M©åó †`eZvÑ e¨vamšÍvb wnmv‡e Rxeb ïiæ K‡i
ivRvi Avm‡b AwawôZ n‡qwQj; wKš‘ Zvi Pwi‡Î †`eZ¡ †bB, ivRvm‡b e‡mI
†m e¨va gvbwmKZv cwinvi K‡iwb|
gyK›z `ivg †h-†Kv‡bv `„k¨ ev PwiÎ RxešÍ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| Kvj‡KZzi
†fvRb, †`exi mv‡_ dzjøivi weev`, Lyjøbvi mv‡_ jnbvi †Kv›`j, abcwZ
m`vM‡ii cvqiv Iov‡bv, gyivix kx‡ji Kv‡Q Kvj‡KZzi A½ywi-weµq, fvuo–
`‡Ëi evRvi Kivi I AcgvwbZ nIqvi `„k¨¸‡jv cvV‡Ki g‡b _vK‡e|
`„k¨¸‡jv RxešÍ Kivi GKwU Dcvq wZwb †ei K‡i‡Qb wbg©j nvm¨im m„Rb
K‡i|Ó
fvlvi Ici `¶Zv m¤ú‡K© AviI ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒgyK›z `ivg ms¯‹…Z fvlv
I mvwn‡Z¨i m‡½ fv‡jvfv‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| dviwm fvlvqI Zvui `¶Zv
wQj| Av‡kvqvi (Ak^v‡ivnx), AvLb (wk¶K), Bbvg, Mimvj (ag©všÍi n‡q
gymjgvb), wbmvb bRw`M, †eMi, wgivm (wbevm), gybwke (KvR †`evi
KZ©v), mdi (ågY) cÖf…wZ †`o‡kvi g‡Zv Aviwe-dviwm kã wZwb e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| h‡_vchy³ A‡_© ms¯‹…Z kã e¨env‡iI Zvui `¶Zv wQj|
iex›`ªbv‡_i Av‡M Ggb `¶Zvq Avgv‡`i fvlv Avi †Kv‡bv †jLK weï×
mvwnZ¨iPbvq e¨envi K‡ib bvB|
Kwe gyK›z `ivg cÖPwjZ Kve¨v`‡k©i g‡a¨ cÖ_g GK m`vRvMÖZ wkí‡eva
I PviæZ¡ m„wói cÖeZ©b Ki‡jb| ÔAwZ cjøweZ, A‡nZzK we¯Ív‡ii ¯’‡j A_©Nb
msw¶wß, Awbqwš¿Z fvev‡eM I fw³wenŸjvi A¯^”QZvi ¯’‡j wgZfvwlZv I
Zxÿè fv¯^iZv, wbwe©Pvi cÖ_vbyeZ©‡bi ¯’‡j ev¯Íe ¯^xK…wZi cÖLi †gŠwjKZv,
Aa©-hvwš¿K c~e©-†ivgš’‡bi ¯’‡j bZzb Abyfw‚ Zi `xß SjKÕÑ GmeB Kwe
gyK›z `iv‡gi iPbvixwZi ˆewkó¨| ms¯‹…‡Z Zvui AwaKvi wQj, we‡kl Ávb
wQj dviwm fvlvq| evsjv kãvewji wewPÎ I cÖvPzh©c~Y© e¨env‡i Zvui `¶Zv
Ñ 32 Ñ
Zzjbvnxb| wZwb f³ I ˆeòe wQ‡jb, wKš‘ `„wó wQj Bn‡jv‡K wbe×| Zvui
wkí‡eva wQj mshZ I wbcyY|
kãmsMÖ‡n, kã‡hvRbvq I Aj¼v‡ii wbcyY cwi‡ek‡b gyK›z `iv‡gi
iPbv me©ÎB mg„×| cjøxmvwn‡Z¨i gvayh© †hgb Zvui Kv‡e¨ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q †Zgwb
ms¯‹…Z k‡ãi cÖwZI Kwe AvKl©Y Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| cjøxfvlvi mnR¯^iƒc I
cjøx-Dr‡cÖ¶v Zvui Kv‡e¨ Abe`¨fv‡e cÖKvkgvb| Kv‡e¨i GBme
MZvbyMwZKZviwnZ ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Zvu‡K cÖvPxb I bZzb hy‡Mi mwܯ’‡ji
Kwe e‡j g‡b Kiv P‡j|
cieZ©x KweMY
PÐxg½jKv‡e¨i cieZ©x KweM‡Yi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`v‡bi ¯^v¶i
cÖ`k©b Kv‡iv c‡¶B †Zgb m¤¢eci nqwb| Kwe gyKz›`iv‡gi we¯§qKi cÖwZfv
I e¨vcK RbwcÖqZvi †cÖw¶‡Z Kv‡e¨ bZzbZ¡ m„wói cÖqvm mdj n‡Z cv‡iwb|
ZvB cieZx© KweMY AbyKiYB K‡i‡Qb, cÖwZfv †`Lv‡Z c‡ibwb|
wØR ivg‡`e
wØR ivg‡`e PÆMÖvg A‡ii HwZn¨ Aej¤^‡b ÔAfqvg½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb| Kve¨wU 1653 mv‡j iwPZ| Kwe wØR ivg‡`e wØR gvae‡K
AbymiY K‡i G Kve¨ wj‡LwQ‡jb| d‡j Zvui iPbvq we‡kl †Kv‡bv
†gŠwjKZv †bB| Zvui Kv‡e¨ ivavK…ò m¤ú‡K© iwPZ kZvwaK c` Av‡QÑ hv
NUbvwe‡k‡li cÖvi‡¤¢ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
gy³vivg †mb
PÐxg½‡ji Ab¨Zg cÖavb Kwe gy³vivg †mb| PÆMÖvg †Rjvq †`eMÖvg
ev eZ©gvb Av‡bvqviv MÖv‡g Kwei Rb¥| Zvui Kv‡e¨i bvg Ômvi`vg½jÕ| 1774
mv‡j Kwei MÖš’iPbv m¤úbœ nq| Kv‡e¨ Kwe gy³viv‡gi we¯Í…Z AvZ¥cwiPq
Av‡Q| Kve¨wU ÿz`ªvKvq| Zvui Kv‡e¨ fvlv mij, cvwÐZ¨ cÖKv‡ki †Póv
Zv‡Z †bB| Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb msw¶ßfv‡e iwPZ|
nwiivg

Ñ 33 Ñ
 m‡Zi kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M Kwe nwiivg PÐxg½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
Kve¨wU‡Z gyK›z `iv‡gi cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve we`¨gvb| Kwe G Kv‡e¨ KweZ¡kw³i
cwiPq w`‡Z bv cvi‡jI fvlvi cvwicvU¨ dzwU‡q Zz‡jwQ‡jb|
jvjv RqbvivqY †mb
gyÝxMÄ †Rjvq weµgcy‡ii Rcmv MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb RqbvivqY
†mb| wZwbI PÐxg½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Kve¨wU 1772 mv‡j iwPZ Kwei
Aci Kve¨ nwijxjvi c~‡e© iwPZ| Zvui Kv‡e¨ ms¯‹…Z Kve¨ I Aj¼vi kv‡¯¿i
cÖfve Av‡Q| Kwe gvae-my‡jvPbvi DcvL¨vb hy³ K‡i Kv‡e¨ bZzbZ¡ m„wó
K‡i‡Qb| fvlvi cvwicvU¨ I jveY¨ Zvui Kv‡e¨i we‡klZ¡| RqbvivqY
ms¯‹…Z fvlvq cwÐZ wQ‡jb| Zvui PwiÎm„wó K…wÎg I wbZvšÍB MZvbyMwZKÑ
†Kv_vI mRxe n‡q I‡Vwb|
fevbxk¼i `vm
fevbxk¼i `vm 1779 mv‡j g½jPÐx cvÂvwjKv iPbv K‡ib| GB
RvMi‡Yi cyuw_ I PÐxg½j MxZ bv‡gI Zvui Kve¨ cwiwPZ| Kwe PÆMÖv‡gi
Awaevmx wQ‡jb| mye„nr AvKv‡ii G Kve¨ ms¯‹…Z kã, Dcgv I Aj¼v‡i
fvivµvšÍ| G‡Z KweZ¡ A‡c¶v cvwÐZ¨ †ewk wQj|
AwKÂb PµeZ©x
AwKÂb PµeZ©x PÐxg½‡ji me©‡kl Kwe| †gw`bxcy‡ii NUvj gnKzgvi
†e½vivj MÖv‡g Kwei wbevm wQj| Kwei Dcvwa wQj Kex›`ª| m¤¢eZ AvVvi
kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M Kve¨wU iwPZ nq| Kwei fwYZv wQj GiKg:
PÐxKvi PiY wPwšÍqv Aby¶Y|
iwPjv Kex›`ª PµeZ©x AwKÂb||
AvÁv cvq¨v Acvw½bx Avi‡¤¢ i¾b|
iwPjv Kex›`ª PµeZ©x AwKÂb||
G mgq †_‡K evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ bvMwiK Rxeb‡Kw›`ªK n‡q c‡o Ges
Zv‡Z bZzbZi Awfe¨w³ †`Lv †`q| d‡j PÐxg½‡ji †gŠwjK avivi Aemvb
N‡U|

Ñ 34 Ñ
 ag©g½j
ag©VvKzi bv‡g †Kv‡bv GK cyiæl †`eZvi c~Rv wn›`y mgv‡Ri wbPz ¯Í‡ii
†jvK‡`i g‡a¨ we‡klZ †Wvg mgv‡R cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| nicÖmv` kv¯¿xi g‡Z,
ag©VvKzi n‡jb †eŠ× a‡g©iB cÖ”Qbœ iƒc| wKš‘ AvaywbK cwЇZiv Zvu‡K †eŠ×
†`eZv bv e‡j my`~i ˆew`K hy‡Mi †`eZv iƒ‡c we‡ePbv K‡ib| ivp‡`‡k
ag©VvKzi GLbI RvMÖZ †`eZv, GLbI gnvmgv‡iv‡n Zvui c~Rv n‡q _v‡K|
ag©VvKzi‡K KL‡bv weòz, KL‡bv wke, KL‡bv ey×iƒ‡c cÖPvi Kiv n‡jI
wZwb Abvh© †`eZv Ges Abvh© †Wvg‡`i ØvivB c~wRZ| Z‡e ag©VvKzi
Avh©mgv‡R M„nxZ n‡jI gbmv-PÐxi g‡Zv gh©v`v cvbwb| k~Ki, QvMj, mv`v
†gviM, cvqiv, g` BZ¨vw` ag©VvKz‡ii c~Rvi DcKiY| ag©VvKz‡ii †Kv‡bv
g~wZ© †bB| K‚g©vK…wZ (K”Q‡ci g‡Zv) GKLÐ wkjvB ag©VvKzi| †Wvg
cy‡ivwnZ c~Rvi KvR m¤úv`b K‡ib| Aw÷ªK fvlvq K‚‡g©i cÖwZkã Ô`ogÕ
†_‡K Ôag©Õ K_vwU ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| ag©VvKzi MÖvg‡`eZv, gv‡VB Zvui Av¯Ívbv|
¯’vb‡f‡` Zvui bvgI ˆewPΨgqÑ evuKzov ivq, hvÎvwmw× ivq, Kvjy ivq, eyov
ivq BZ¨vw`| GB ag©VvKzi cÖavbZ `vZv, wbtmšÍvb bvix‡K mšÍvb `vb K‡ib,
Abve„wó n‡j dmj †`b, Kzô‡ivMx‡K †ivM †_‡K gy³ K‡ib| ag©VvKzi µz×
n‡j Kzô nq| wZwb wbivKvi n‡jI mbœ¨vmx eªvþY ev dwK‡ii †ek aviY
K‡ib| ag©VvKz‡ii gvnvZ¥¨ cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ ag©g½j Kv‡e¨i avivi m~ÎcvZ
n‡q‡Q|
ag©g½j Kv‡e¨i `ywU KvwnwbÑ 1. ivRv nwið‡›`ªi Kvwnwb Ges 2.
jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnwb| Gi g‡a¨ jvD‡m‡bi KvwnwbB Kv‡e¨ AwaKZi cÖvavb¨
†c‡q‡Q|

ivRv nwið‡›`ªi Kvwnwb

ivRv nwið›`ª I Zvui ivbx g`bv wbtmšÍvb wQ‡jb e‡j j¾vq †jv‡Ki
Kv‡Q gyL †`Lv‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| g‡bi `yt‡L Zvuiv Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z ejyKv b`xi
Zx‡i G‡m †`L‡jb †mLv‡b f‡³iv a‡g©i c~Rv Ki‡Q| ivRvivbxI a‡g©i
c~Rv K‡i Zvui Kv‡Q cyÎei cÖv_©bv Ki‡jb| ag© Zvu‡`i cyÎjv‡fi ei
w`‡jb| cyÎwU‡K h_v mg‡q a‡g©i Kv‡Q ewj w`‡Z n‡e| ivRv cy‡Îi gyL
Ñ 35 Ñ
†`Lvi Avkvq Zv‡ZB ivwR n‡jb| cyÎ Rb¥v‡j Zvi bvg ivLv nj jyBP›`ª ev
jyBai| GKmgq ivRvivbx cÖwZÁvi K_v fz‡j †M‡jb| GKw`b eªvþ‡Yi
†e‡k ag©VvKzi Dcw¯’Z n‡q ivRcy‡Îi gvsm f¶‡Yi AvKv•ÿv Rvbv‡jb|
ivRvivbx cÖwZÁvi K_v ¯§iY K‡i cy‡Îi †`n †K‡U ivbœv Ki‡jb| G‡Z
ag©VvKzi mš‘ó n‡q wbR g~wZ© aviY K‡i ivRcy·K wdwi‡q w`‡jb| ivRv
gnvmgv‡iv‡n a‡g©i c~Rv Ki‡jb|

jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnwb
†MŠ‡ok^‡ii GKRb mvgšÍÑ bvg KZ©‡mb| BQvB †Nvl bv‡g R‰bK
mvg‡šÍi Avµg‡Y KZ©‡m‡bi Qq cyÎ gviv hvq| e„× eq‡m mKj cy‡Îi
g„Zz¨‡Z wZwb †f‡O c‡ob| †MŠ‡ok^i KZ©‡mb‡K msmv‡i Ave× ivLvi Rb¨
wb‡Ri k¨vwjKv iÄveZxi m‡½ Zvui we‡q †`b| †MŠ‡ok^‡ii k¨vjK gnvg`
Zv cQ›` K‡iwb| †m e„× fwMœcwZ KZ©‡mb‡K AvuUKz‡o e‡j Dcnvm K‡i|
iÄveZx G Møvwb †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ ag©VvKz‡ii Kv‡Q cyÎei †P‡q K‡Vvi
eªZ cvjb K‡i| a‡g©i Avkxe©v‡` GK cyÎ nj| Zvi bvg jvD‡mb| gnvg`
G msev‡` ivMvwš^Z n‡q fv‡Mœ‡K nZ¨v Kivi †Póv K‡i| wKš‘ ag©VvKz‡ii
`qvq †m cÖwZeviB †eu‡P hvq| hyeK jvD‡m‡bi exi‡Z¡i L¨vwZ Pviw`‡K
Qwo‡q c‡o| gnvg‡`i Kzcivg‡k© †MŠ‡ok^i Zv‡K bvbv `yiƒn Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| a‡g©i Avkxe©v‡` mKj Kv‡RB †m mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z
_v‡K| jvD‡mb cÖwZ‡ekx ivRv‡`i civwRZ K‡i Zvu‡`i †g‡q‡K we‡q
K‡i| GKmgq jvD‡m‡bi Abycw¯’wZi my‡hv‡M gnvg` Zvi ivR¨ AvµgY
K‡i, wKš‘ †m jvD‡m‡bi ¯¿xi Kv‡Q civwRZ nq| gnvg` †MŠ‡ok^i‡K
cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv‡Z cwðg w`‡K m~‡h©v`q Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ jvD‡mb †MŠ‡ok^i
KZ©…K wb‡`©wkZ nj| a‡g©i `qvq jvD‡mb Zv‡ZI mvdj¨ AR©b Kij| d‡j
Pviw`‡K Zvi †MŠi‡ei K_v Qwo‡q c‡o| Ab¨w`‡K `y®‹‡g©i kvw¯Í¯^iƒc
gnvg‡`i Kzô e¨vwa nq| jvD‡m‡bi Aby‡iv‡a ag©VvKzi Zv‡K Kzô †_‡K
Av‡ivM¨ K‡i w`j| Gfv‡e ag©VvKz‡ii gwngv cÖPvwiZ nq| jvD‡mbI my‡L
ivRZ¡ K‡i h_vmg‡q ¯^‡M© P‡j †Mj|

Ñ 36 Ñ
 ag©g½‡ji cÖ_g Ask ivRv nwið‡›`ªi Kvwnwb LyeB cyivZb, wKš‘ wØZxq
Ask jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnwb Ae©vPxb| cÖ_g KvwnwbwU †cŠivwYK HwZ‡n¨i Ici
cÖwZwôZ, Aci KvwnwbwUi m‡½ BwZnvm I †jŠwKK AvL¨vb RwoZ n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e BwZnv‡mi Kv‡ji m‡½ Gi †Kv‡bv wgj †bB| jvD‡m‡bi KvwnwbB h_v_©
ag©g½j bv‡g cwiwPZ|

ag©g½‡ji KweMY
cÖvq wek Rb Kwe ag©g½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j cÖgvY cvIqv
†M‡Q| m‡Zi kZ‡Ki c~‡e© iwPZ Kv‡e¨i wbwðZ cÖgvY †bB, AvVvi kZ‡Ki
iPbvB me©vwaK, Ewbk kZ‡KI `y-GKwU Kve¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| W. myKgz vi
†mb ag©g½j Kve¨‡K ÔDcK_vÕ ev Ô†KivgwZ KvwnwbÕ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb,
Avevi e‡j‡Qb, ÒcÖvPxb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gnvKve¨ ewjqv hw` wKQz _v‡K Z‡e
Zvnv ag©g½j|Ó Avi †KD G‡K ÔcÖvPxb e‡½i wK‡kviag©x mvwnZ¨Õ e‡j‡Qb|
ag©g½j Kv‡e¨ hy× I AmgmvnwmKZvi Kvwnwbi eY©bv _vK‡jI Zv
exiimvZ¥K Kve¨ n‡q I‡Vwb| ZvQvov GB Kv‡e¨ AvZ¥cÖwZôvi Rb¨
†`e‡`ex‡`i jovB DMÖ n‡q I‡V gvbweKZvi Av‡e`b wemR©b w`‡q‡Q|
G‡Z Pjgvb Rxe‡bi cwiwPZ Dcv`vbI ¯’vb cvqwb| ag©g½j Kvwnwb,
Dc¯’vcbv I cwiKíbvq Avw`gZvi Qvc we`¨gvb|

gq~i fÆ
ag©g½j Kv‡e¨i Avw`Kwe gq~ifÆ| Zvui †Kv‡bv cyuw_ cvIqv hvqwb|
Avw`Kwe wn‡m‡e wZwb cieZ©xKv‡ji K‡qKRb Kwei iPbvq D‡jøwLZ
n‡q‡Qb| †hgb Kwe †Mvwe›`ivg e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Zvui ag©g½‡j wj‡L‡Qb:
AvwQj gq~i fÆ myKwe cwÐZ|
iwPj cqvi Q‡›` Abv‡`¨i MxZ||
fvweqv Zvunvi cv`cÙ-kZ`j|
iwPj †Mvwe›` e›`¨ a‡g©i g½j|
wZwb m‡Zi kZ‡Ki †jvK wQ‡jb e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq|
Ñ 37 Ñ
Avw` iƒcivg
ag©g½‡ji cieZ©x Kwe iƒcivg| wZwb Zvui cieZ©x Kwe gvwYK Mv½yjx
KZ©…K Avw` iƒcivg bv‡g D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Qb| Zvui †Kv‡bv cyuw_ cvIqv hvqwb|

†Ljvivg PµeZ©x
†Ljvivg PµeZ©xi †Kv‡bv Kve¨ Avwe®‹…Z bv n‡jI Ggb wKQz c` cvIqv
†M‡Q hv †_‡K Zvui Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v †KD †KD Kíbv K‡ib| wZwb MÖš’iPbvi
mgqÁvcK †h c` D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z 1527 mvj cvIqv hvq| †Ljvivg
ag©g½‡ji Kvwnwb wb‡q Ô†MŠoKve¨Õ bv‡g GKwU cyuw_ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

gvwYKivg
gvwYKiv‡gi ag©g½j e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K gyw`ªZ n‡q cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q| W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvnÕi g‡Z Kv‡e¨i iPbvKvj 1569 mvj| Kwei
Rb¥¯’vb ea©gvb †Rjvi †ejwWnv MÖvg| ag©g½‡ji Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡e¨i g‡Zv
gvwYKivg PweŸk cvZvq Zvui Kve¨ mgvß K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mycwÐZ I myKwe
wQ‡jb| exiimvZ¥K Kve¨ ag©g½j iPbvq Kwe IRw¯^bx fvlv e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| ms¯‹…Z Av`‡k© Kwe Aj¼vi cÖ‡qv‡M K…wZZ¡ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb|

iƒcivg PµeZ©x
gvwYKiv‡gi mgmvgwqK GB Kwe ag©g½‡ji avivq wØZxq iƒcivg| Zvui
MÖš’iPbvi Kvj 1590 mvj| Kwei Rb¥¯’vb ea©gvb †Rjvi ivqbv _vbvi
kÖxivgcyi MÖvg| Kv‡e¨i g‡a¨ Kwe cvwЇZ¨i cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Kve¨wU
mij I mvejxj fvlvq wjwLZ| iƒcivg PµeZ©xi Kve¨B mb-ZvwiLhy³
cÖvPxbZg ag©g½j Kve¨| Kwe Zvui Kv‡e¨ we¯Í…Z AvZ¥cwiPq `vb K‡i‡Qb|

Ñ 38 Ñ
Kve¨ iPbvi Rb¨ ag©VvKzi Zvu‡K †`Lv w`‡q Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb e‡j wZwb
wj‡L‡Qb:
Avwg ag©VvKzi evuKzov ivq bvg|
evi w`‡bi MxZ MvI †kvb iƒcivg||
ag©VvKz‡ii c~Rvi Aciv‡a iƒcivg PµeZ©x mgv‡R cwZZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
W. myKzgvi †mb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, Òcyiv‡bv evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ hw` AvaywbK
†Qv‡UvM‡íi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv Rxeb-im wb‡Uvj iPbv _v‡K, Z‡e Zvnv
iƒciv‡gi GB AvZ¥Kvwnwb|Ó

k¨vg cwÐZ
ag©g½‡ji Ab¨Zg Kwe k¨vg cwЇZi Kve¨ exif‚g AÂj †_‡K cvIqv
†M‡Q| m¤¢eZ Kwe G A‡ji Awaevmx wQ‡jb| Kv‡e¨ Zvui AvZ¥cwiPq
cvIqv hvqwb| cÖvß cyuw_i wjwci ZvwiL 1703 mvj| G‡Z g‡b nq Kwe Gi
Av‡MB Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| RbkÖæwZ Aej¤^‡b Kwe Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib
Ges Zv‡Z KwZcq bv‡gi cwieZ©b K‡ib| Kwe Zvui Kv‡e¨i bvg
w`‡qwQ‡jb ÔwbiÄb-g½jÕ|

mxZvivg `vm
mxZviv‡gi ag©g½‡ji iPbvKvj 1004 mb e‡j D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| G‡K
e½vã ai‡j 1597 mvj Ges gjøvã ai‡j 1689 mvj nq| Z‡e Kwe KZ
mv‡j G Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb Zv mwVK ejv P‡j bv| mxZvivg Zvui
M„n‡`eZv MRj²xi K…cvq e‡bi g‡a¨ mbœ¨vmx †ekx ag©VvKz‡ii mv¶vr cvb|
wZwb Av‡`k K‡ib:
cÖfz e‡j wbiÄb ˆbivKvi Avwg|
Avgvi g½jMxZ Ki wMqv Zzwg||
Kwei Rb¥ evuKzov †Rjvi B›`vm MÖv‡g| mxZviv‡gi iPbv mij,
Aj¼vinxb Ges KweZ¡ewR©Z|

Ñ 39 Ñ
ivRvivg `vm
1700 mv‡j GB Kwe ag©g½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Kwe PweŸk ciMbv
†Rjvi wkLievwj MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| Zvui Kv‡e¨i nwið›`ª cvjvwU
cvIqv †M‡Q|

ivg`vm Av`K
ÔAbvw`-g½jÕ bvgK Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv ivg`vm Av`K RvwZ‡Z wQ‡jb
ˆKeZ©| ûMwj †Rjvq Zvui evm¯’vb| Kwe m‡Zi kZ‡Ki cÖ_gfv‡M eZ©gvb
wQ‡jb| 1662 mv‡j Zvui Kve¨ cÖ_g MxZ nq| Kwe ˆ`ewb‡`©‡k Kve¨ iPbv
K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q| eªvþY‡ekx ag©VvKzi Avwef‚©Z n‡q Kve¨
iPbvi Rb¨ Av‡`k †`b:
AvwR ˆn‡Z ivg`vm Kweei Zzwg|
RvoMÖv‡g Kvjy ivq ag© nB Avwg||
Zvui fve I fvlvq cvwЇZ¨i Avo¤^i wQj bv|

wØR cÖfzivg
G Kwei †Zgb †Kv‡bv cwiPq cvIqv hvqwb| Zvui cyuw_ 1666 mv‡j
AbywjwLZ n‡qwQj e‡j W. Avï‡Zvl fÆvPvh© D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

Nbivg PµeZ©x
Nbivg PµeZ©x ag©g½‡ji avivq AvVvi kZ‡Ki me©‡kÖô Kwe| 1712
mv‡j Zvui Kve¨ mgvß nq| ea©gvb †Rjvi K…òcyi MÖv‡g Kwei Rb¥| Kwe
ea©gv‡bi AwacwZ KxwZ©P‡›`ªi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| KweiZœ Nbivg PµeZ©x
cwÐZ e¨w³ wQ‡jb| Nbivg ag©g½j Kv‡e¨ h_v_© immÂvi K‡i
me©mvavi‡Yi MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Zz‡jb| Zvui cÖwZfvi ¯ú‡k©B ag©g½j

Ñ 40 Ñ
MÖvg¨Zvgy³ nq Ges wbR m¤úª`v‡qi evB‡i kÖ×vi Avmb jvf K‡i| Kwe
fviZP›`ª Nbiv‡gi Kve¨ †_‡K wewfbœ wel‡q cÖPiz FY MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
Kwe Nbivg PµeZ©x cÖ_g I cÖavb Kwe whwb †cŠivwYK cvwЇZ¨i
AvwfRvZ¨ I eY©wn›`yi wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZi HwZn¨ mn‡hv‡M ag©g½j Kve¨ iPbv
K‡ib| wZwb MÖvg¨ †jvKK_v‡K kÖ×v‡hvM¨ Kve¨iƒc `vb K‡i‡Qb| Zvui
ms¯‹…Z cvwÐZ¨ i‡mv¾¡jZv m„wó K‡i‡Q| †mB m‡½ Aj¼vi kv‡¯¿ `yj©f
AwaKvi cÖfv‡e Avðh© evM‰e`»¨ m„wó K‡i‡Qb|
Kwe bvbv cyivY-DccyivY I Kve¨Kvwnwb †_‡K Mí Dcgv msMÖn K‡i
Zvui Kv‡e¨i AvqZb e„w× K‡iwQ‡jb| ag©VvKz‡ii AbyM„nxZ jvD‡m‡bi
KvwnwbB Zvui Kv‡e¨i DcRxe¨| ev¯Íe AwfÁZv, mvsmvwiK Ávb, gvbe
PwiÎ cÖf…wZ wel‡q Kwei we‡kl †KŠZ‚nj wQj e‡j Zvui Kve¨ †_‡K cÖgvY
cvIqv hvq| g„`y nvm¨‡KŠZzK, KiæYim I exii‡mi eY©bvq Nbivg PµeZ©x
mgmvgwqK Kwe‡`i g‡a¨ wewkó wQ‡jb| W. myKgz vi †mb gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb,
ÒNbiv‡gi iPbvi we‡kl ¸Y cÖmbœZv I f`ªiæwP| Z‡e Aóv`k kZv‡ãi
KweZvi wewkó j¶Y, AbycÖv‡mi NUv, Zvunvi iPbvq †ek †`Lv hvq|Ó
AmsL¨ †cŠivwYK Kvwnwb‡Z Zvui Kve¨ cwic~Y©| eû evsjv cÖePb Nbiv‡gi
Kv‡e¨ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q, Avevi cÖePb RvZxq eû c` wZwb wb‡RI iPbv
K‡i‡Qb| †hgb:
1. †ivM-FY-wicy-†kl `ytL †`q i‡q|
2. nv‡Z k•L †`wL‡Z `c©Y bvwn LyuwR|
3. bv K‡i wg_¨v‡K fq we‡k‡l NUK|
4. weevn wel‡q wg_¨v †`vl bvwn Zvq|
5. KwjKv‡j bvixi KzUz‡¤^ eo fve|
Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi cÖvPzh©c~Y© e¨envi Zvui fvlvi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| W.
`x‡bkP›`ª †m‡bi g‡Z, Òkv¯¿Áv‡bi cyÄxf‚Z a~gªcUj Kwei cÖwZfv‡K Giƒc
Av”Qbœ Kwiqv †dwjqvwQj †h ¯^vbyf‚Z Áv‡bi K_v wZwb GKwUI ewjevi
AeKvk cvb bvB|... Nbiv‡gi kÖxag©g½j GZ weivU I GZ GK‡Nu‡q †h
mg¯Í Kve¨ whwb cwoqv DwV‡Z cvwi‡eb, Zvunvi ˆa‡h©i we‡kl cÖksmv Kiv
DwPZ nB‡e|Ó

Ñ 41 Ñ
 Kwe iPbvKvj wb‡`©k K‡i Gfv‡e Kv‡e¨i cwimgvwß NwU‡q‡Qb:
m½xZ Avi¤¢ Kvj bvwnK ¯§iY|
ïb m‡e †h Kv‡j nBj mgvcb||
kK wj‡L ivg¸Y im myavKi|
gvM©Kv`¨ Ask nsm fvM©e evmi||
myj¶ ej¶ c¶ Z…ZxqvL¨ wZw_|
hvgmsL¨v w`‡b mv½ m½x‡Zi cyuw_||
G‡Z †`Lv hvq Kve¨wU 1633 k‡K A_©vr 1711 mv‡j AMÖnvqY gv‡mi
ïµevi ïév Z…Zxqv wZw_‡Z mgvß nq| Nbivg PµeZ©x ÔmZ¨bvivqY-
imwmÜzÕ bv‡g GKwU †QvU AvKv‡ii mZ¨bvivqY cvuPvjx iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

ivgP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
evuKzov †Rjvi PvgU MÖv‡gi GB Kwe 1732 mv‡j Ôag©g½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv
K‡ib| gjøf‚‡gi ZrKvjxb ivRv †Mvcvj wms‡ni bvg Zvui Kv‡e¨ D‡jøwLZ
n‡q‡Q| ivgP‡›`ªi iPbv ˆewkó¨ewR©Z| Lye mvaviYfv‡e Kwe Zvui Kvwnwb
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e `xN© Kvwnwb †Kv_vI fvivµvšÍ n‡q c‡owb e‡j cvV‡Ki
Kv‡Q mgv`i cvIqvi †hvM¨Zv we`¨gvb| Zvui Kwe‡Z¡i Afve wQj, wKš‘
cvwЇZ¨i Afve wQj bv|

mn‡`e PµeZ©x
Kwe ûMwj †Rjvi ivavbMi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1735 mv‡j
ag©VvKz‡ii ¯^cœv‡`k †c‡q Kwe Kve¨iPbvq n¯Í‡¶c K‡iwQ‡jb| Kwe mn‡`e
PµeZ©x Zvui Kve¨iPbvi Kvj m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb:
wØR mn‡`e Mvq c~e© Zc Kvj|
hvnv‡i Kwi‡j `qv GKPwjøk mv‡j||
ˆP‡Îi PZz_© w`b c~wY©gvi wZw_|
†nb w`‡b hv‡i `qv ˆKj hyMcwZ||

Ñ 42 Ñ
 KZ¸‡jv ci¯úi wew”Qbœ welq G‡Z AšÍfz©³ nIqvq Kve¨wU mvgwMÖKZv
jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Kve¨ wn‡m‡e mn‡`e PµeZ©xi MÖš’wUi we‡kl g~j¨ †bB|
Zvui Kv‡e¨ ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i cÖfv‡ei m‡½ m‡½ ˆeòe Kwe‡`i cÖfv‡ei
cwiPq cvIqv hvq| Zvui Kv‡e¨i bvg ÔAwbj cyivYÕ| G‡Z jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnwb
¯’vb cvqwb, bv_mvwn‡Z¨i wm×vPvh©‡`i K_v G‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| Zvui fvlv
mygvwR©Z bv n‡jI ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b mij I gg©¯úk©x|

biwmsn emy
ea©gv‡bi kvuLvwi MÖv‡g Kwe evm Ki‡Zb| Kwe exif‚g ivRbM‡ii ivRv
Avmdzjøvn& Lv‡bi `iev‡i D”Pc‡` wbhy³ wQ‡jb| ms¯‹…Z, dviwm, wnw›` I
Dwoqv fvlvq Zvui `Lj wQj| R‰bK mbœ¨vmxi wb‡`©‡k Kwe ag©g½j Kve¨
iPbv K‡ib| Zvui Kv‡e¨ cvwЇZ¨i Avo¤^i †bB Ges fvlv gvwR©Z| 1737
mv‡j biwmsn emyi ag©g½j iPbv ïiæ n‡qwQj e‡j Kwe D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

ü`qivg mvD
1749 mv‡j ü`qivg mvD Zvui ag©g½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| ea©gv‡bi
Lyiæj MÖv‡g Kwei Rb¥¯’vb n‡jI Kwe cÖwm× bvbœy‡ii `w¶‡Y DPKiY MÖv‡g
emevm K‡ib| Zvui Kv‡e¨ gyKz›`iv‡gi cÖfve AZ¨waK| Kv‡e¨i fvlv
ms¯‹…Zeûj I ˆewkó¨ewR©Z|

ag©g½‡ji Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kwe n‡jb †Mvwe›``vm e‡›`¨vcva¨vq,

ivgbvivqY, k¼i PµeZ©x, ivgKvšÍ ivq, ag©`vm ˆe`¨, wek^bv_ `vm|
ZvQvov Av‡iv KwZcq Kwe ag©g½j Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

Ñ 43 Ñ
 cÖkœgvjv
1| g½jKve¨ Kx? wewfbœ cÖKvi g½jKv‡e¨i cwiPq w`b|
(evDweÑ501: 2019)
ev, wewfbœ cÖKvi g½jKv‡e¨i cwiPq D‡jøLc~e©K g½jKv‡e¨i mvaviY
cwiPq wjLyb| (evDweÑ501: 2021)
ev, g½jKv‡e¨i ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| (evDweÑ501: 2023)
2| PÐxg½j Kv‡e¨i Kvwnwb ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| (evDweÑ501: 2020)
3| PÐxg½‡ji Kwe gyKz›`ivg PµeZx©i Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨v‡bi KvwnwbwU
ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb| (evDweÑ501: 2022)
4| Pvu` m`vM‡ii Kvwnwb Zz‡j aiæb| (evDweÑ501: 2023)
5| Kvwnwb eY©bv mn gbmvg½j Kve¨avivi cwiPq w`b|
6| Ôg½jKv‡e¨i ag©xq I †cŠivwYK Kvwnwbi Avov‡j †jŠwKK Rxe‡bi
avivB cÖengvbÕÑ eywS‡q w`b|
7| g½jKv‡e¨i D™¢e I µgweKvk Av‡jvPbv K‡i Gi cÖavb aviv I
gyL¨ KweM‡Yi cwiPq w`b|
8| UxKv wjLyb:
■ gbmvg½j
■ PÐxg½j
■ ag©g½j
■ Pvu` m`vMi
■ †eûjv
■ jvD‡m‡bi Kvwnwb
■ Kvj‡KZz DcvL¨vb
■ abcwZ m`vMi

●●●

Ñ 44 Ñ