WORLD WAR I

World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global conflict from 1914 to
1918, pitting the Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) against the
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of

Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo in June 1914 is often cited as the immediate trigger for the war.
• Declaration of War: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914, leading to a chain
reaction of declarations of war among European powers.
• Western Front: The Western Front, characterized by trench warfare, saw prolonged and bloody
battles, including the Battles of Verdun and the Somme.
• Eastern Front: The Eastern Front, involving Russia and Germany, was marked by large-scale
offensives and the eventual collapse of the Russian Empire.
• Entry of the United States: The United States entered the war in 1917, significantly bolstering the
Allied forces.
• Armistice: An armistice was signed on November 11, 1918, ending the fighting.
• Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, formally ended the war and
imposed harsh terms on Germany, including territorial losses and significant reparations.
• When the war ended they created

LEAGUE OF NATIONS
• Intergovernmental organization established in 1920
• Established in Paris and it was inspired by fourteen point speech of president Woodrow Wilson,
the 28th president of US.
• Headquarters are located in Geneva Switzerland.
FUNCTIONS

• It imposed economic sanction

• It also provide subsidiaries to members state, including permanent mandates and commission and
slavery commissions.
FAILURE

• Unable to control Germany from rearming and seizing territory after world war 1
• Germany and Italy with their leader start their conquest on world dominations.
ANNEXATION OF KOREA

• On August 22, 1910, the Empire of Japan formally annexed the Korean Empire, marking the end
of Korean independence and the beginning of 35 years of Japanese colonial rule, formalized by
the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910. As Japan conquered Korea it started expanding its territory and
power their next stop Shanghai province in China.
 THE SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR

• the Marco Polo Bridge Incident sparked the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1937 start the invasion
of Japan in China. the war involved major battles, including the Battle of Shanghai and the Rape
of Nanking, where Japanese forces committed atrocities against Chinese civilians.
• Chiang Kai-shek (born October 31, 1887, Fenghua, Zhejiang province, China—died April 5,
1975, Taipei, Taiwan) was a soldier and statesman, head of the Nationalist government
in China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently head of the Chinese Nationalist government in
exile on Taiwan. In 1937 when shainghai fell Into the hands of Japanese empire chiang kai-shek
left the capital city of nanking into the hands of untrain soldiers and civilians.
THE RAPE OF NANKING

• In December 13, 1937 Naking fell into hand of Japanese soldiers and
horrible things happens. The invasion was lead by general Mitsui Iwame
• John rabe a member of nazi party, created a safe zone.
• Rabe created international committee for Nanking safety where chinses can seek refuged ,but still
the safety zone are also violated by Japanese, rabe wrote to Hitler telling to tell his Japanese allied
to stop what there are doing in this supposed safety zone.
• In a news published in Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun two Japanese soldiers, TOSHIAKI MUKAI
and TYUYOSHI NODA. This two have race, first to kill 100 people but since no one can
determine who got first. They raised the number into 150.

General Mitsui international committee Chiang Kai-shek

Iwame for Nanking

THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR II

• The war's origins are complex, but key factors include the rise of extremist ideologies in
Germany and Japan, the failure of the Treaty of Versailles to address the issues that led to World
War I, and the failure of the League of Nations to prevent aggression. The war was between axis
Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan, along with their allies. Allied Powers: France, Britain, the
United States, the Soviet Union, and China, along with other nations.
Key Events:

• Invasion of Poland: Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, triggered the
declaration of war by France and Great Britain, marking the beginning of World War II.
• The Blitzkrieg: Germany employed a new "lightning war" (Blitzkrieg) strategy, characterized by
rapid advances and overwhelming force, which quickly led to the fall of Poland, France, and
other European countries.
• The Holocaust: During the war, the Nazi regime systematically persecuted and murdered millions
of Jews, Roma, homosexuals, political dissidents, and other groups in the Holocaust.
• The Pacific Theater: Japan's expansionist ambitions in Asia led to the attack on Pearl Harbor in
1941, drawing the United States into the war.
• Turning Points: The Battle of Stalingrad in 1942, a major Soviet victory, and the Allied landings
in Normandy (D-Day) in 1944, were key turning points that began to shift the tide of the war in
favor of the Allies.
• Atomic Bombs: The United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August
1945, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of the war.

THE INVASION THAT CHANGES THE WORLD.

• Two German scientist OTTO HAHN and FRITZ STRASSMAN made a discovery that change the
world as we know today. They are able to split uranium atom
• The word "atom" originates from the ancient Greek word "atomos," meaning "uncuttable" or
"indivisible," and was first used by philosophers like Democritus to describe the fundamental
building blocks of matter.
• Through process was called nuclear fusion, they able to split uranium 25. This discovery was saw
by group of American physicist who convince the smartest man alive, albert Einstein’s to co-write
a letter to president Roosevelt to fund the research and will developed a weapon using Hahn and
Strassman discovery.
• But since us at the time was not even in the war the project was not yet funded, when Japan
bombed Pearl Harbor, it change everything.

THE PROJECT MANHATTAN

• The project and research will be done across the country but the main office will be in Manhattan.
But the problem came. Research findings and data will be travel through brief case and will
handcuff to soldiers, but will easily intercept. So Lt. general Leslie Groves.
• Lt. General Leslie Groves oversaw the construction of pentagon. He made the headquarters of
project Manhattan. Another task was assigned to him to find the scientist that will lead the
project.

J. ROBERT OPENHIMIER
• Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904. Oppenheimer’s family was part of the Ethical Culture
Society, an outgrowth of American Reform Judaism founded and led at the time by Dr. Felix
Adler. The progressive society placed an emphasis on social justice, civic responsibility, and
secular humanism. Dr. Adler also founded the Ethical Culture School, where Oppenheimer
enrolled in September 1911. His academic prowess was apparent very early on, and by the age of
10, Oppenheimer was studying minerals, physics, and chemistry. His correspondence with the
 New York Mineralogical Club was so advanced that the Society invited him to deliver a lecture—
not realizing that Robert was a twelve-year-old boy.

• In 1942 Oct 15th General Leslie R. Groves asked J. Robert Oppenheimer to head Project Y, or
project Manhattan planned to be the new central laboratory for weapon physics research and
design.
• 1942 Oct 19th Vannevar Bush approves Oppenheimer’s appointment in meeting with
Oppenheimer and General Groves.
• 1942 Nov 16th General Groves and Oppenheimer visit the Los Alamos, NM mesa in New
Mexico and select it for “Site Y.”
• Through project Manhattan he solve the stabilization problem of nuclear fusion of uranium 235
and able to build little boy. LITTLE BOY is a URANIUM 235 bomb that drop in Hiroshima
• In 1944 he made another using PLUTONIUM 329. Called fat man, FAT MAN was dropped in
Nagasaki on July 16, 1945.
• Oppenheimer refused for this bomb to be used in war but the decision was not in their hands. It
was on the hands of president henry Truman.
• The phrase "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds" is famously attributed to J. Robert
Oppenheimer, the "father of the atomic bomb," and is a paraphrase of a verse from the Bhagavad
Gita, a Hindu scripture.
When the World War II was ended they created united nations
The United Nations

• The United Nations (UN), established in 1945, is an international organization founded by 51

countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly
relations among nations, and promoting social progress, better living standards, and human
rights.
Key Features and Purposes:

• The UN was established in 1945 after World War II, with the goal of preventing future conflicts
and promoting global cooperation.
Membership:

• The UN currently has 193 member states, making it the world's largest intergovernmental
organization.
• Headquarters:
The UN headquarters is located in New York City, with regional offices in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi.
Purposes:

• The UN's primary purposes, as outlined in its Charter, include:

• Maintaining international peace and security.
• Developing friendly relations among nations.
• Achieving international cooperation in solving international problems.
• Promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
 • Serving as a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
Key Organs:

• The UN has several key organs, including:

• The General Assembly: Where all member states are represented and have one vote each.
• The Security Council: Responsible for maintaining international peace and security, with five
permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States).
• The International Court of Justice: The principal judicial organ of the UN, which settles legal
disputes between states.
• The Secretariat: The UN's administrative body, led by the Secretary-General.
Work Areas:

• The UN's work covers a wide range of areas, including:

• Maintaining international peace and security.
• Protecting human rights.
• Delivering humanitarian aid.
• Supporting sustainable development and climate action.
• Upholding international law.
UN Charter:

• The UN's founding document, which codifies the major principles of international relations and is
considered an international treaty.

COLD WAR
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension marked by competition and confrontation between
communist nations led by the Soviet Union and Western democracies including the United States.
During World War II, the United States and the Soviets fought together as allies against Nazi Germany.
However, U.S./Soviet relations were never truly friendly: Americans had long been wary of
Soviet communism and Russian leader Joseph Stalin’s tyrannical rule. The Soviets resented Americans’
refusal to give them a leading role in the international community, as well as America’s delayed entry into
World War II, in which millions of Russians died.
These grievances ripened into an overwhelming sense of mutual distrust and enmity that never developed
into open warfare (thus the term “cold war”). Soviet expansionism into Eastern Europe fueled many
Americans’ fears of a Russian plan to control the world. Meanwhile, the USSR came to resent what they
perceived as U.S. officials’ bellicose rhetoric, arms buildup and strident approach to international
relations. In such a hostile atmosphere, no single party was entirely to blame for the Cold War; in fact,
some historians believe it was inevitable.

BERLIN WALL
The Berlin Wall, a concrete barrier erected in 1961 by the East German government, physically and
ideologically separated West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany, serving as a symbol of
the Cold War and the Iron Curtain until its fall in 1989.

ESCAPE ATTEMPTS IN BERLIN WALL

 • IDA SIEKMANN the first casualties of berlin wall, she died by jumping in the window of her
4th story apartment building’.
• On August 15, 1961, a young East German policeman witnessed the closure of West Berlin. For
two days, the GDR had been building what would become known as the Berlin Wall. CONRAD
SCHUMANN was 19 years old. As an aspiring non-commissioned officer in the riot police, he
had volunteered to participate in the deployment in the East German capital. He started to
lowered the fence and at the right time he leap his way into freedom
TUNNEL 57 AND TUNNEL 29

• During the nights of October 3rd and 4th, 1964, the largest mass escape of East Berlin was
conducted with 57 people managing to escape through a tunnel underneath an apartment block in
Strelitzer Straße. The tunnel itself was two feet high and three feet wide, and the people making
the leap could not bring any baggage or belongings with them, only their papers. They came out
on Bernauer Straße, underneath a disused bakery in West Berlin.
In August 1966, he tried to flee again by swimming across the Teltow Canal to West Berlin: he
managed to escape. In 1972, HARTMUT RICHTER was allowed to re-enter the GDR following
an amnesty. He smuggled 33 people out of the GDR in his car via the transit route between West
Berlin and West Germany. In March 1975, he was arrested during one such journey, with his sister in
the boot, and was sent to the remand centre in Potsdam

• A trapeze artist living in East Berlin had been banned from performing due to his beliefs being
anti-communist, so went over the wall on a tightrope to escape to West Berlin. HORST KLEIN
said he ‘couldn’t live any longer without the smell of the circus’ to newspapers in the city at the
time and in December 1962 he made his brave escape over the wall. Klein climbed an electricity
pole near the Wall and went across the cable, over the infamous Death Strip in between the two
walls dividing Berlin using his hands. When his arms became too tired he then inched his way
across the disused power cable and then fell from the cable into West Berlin. He broke both of his
arms as a result, but was free to perform again.
• Two families made a fearless attempt to escape via hot air balloon. HANS PETER
STELCZYK, an aircraft mechanic, got the idea from an East German TV show on the history
of ballooning and made a hot air balloon with his friend GUNTER WETZEL, a bricklayer.
Together they built the engine from cooking propane cylinders and an iron platform with posts for
corners and handholds, and rope anchors while their wives sewed together canvas and bedsheets
to make a 72-foot diameter patchwork hot air balloon of sorts.

BETHKE BROTHERS
INGO BETHKE was just seven when the Berlin Wall was erected, thus leaving his family on the
eastern side of Germany’s capital. When he grew up, he was called to work as a soldier assigned to guard
the border, just like all the other young men required to serve in the People’s Army. However, all those
times, all he thought was escaping that very same wall that he was tasked to guard.
On May 26, 1975, Ingo and his friend drove to the Wall. After seeing that the coast was clear, they crept
through a small hole that they cut beforehand within the border fence, making sure that they did not step
on the raked sand that would indicate someone was trying to escape. They also had to avoid tripwires that
would activate floodlights. The last obstacle was a minefield that they successfully passed through with
nothing but a crude wooden block as a mine detector. They finally reached the river bank, and so they
blew out their air mattresses and quietly paddled their way across the River Elbe and toward their
freedom. It seemed that night that the river wanted them to be free, as she was filled with fogs that
moment, concealing the two fugitives from the police boats and spotlights all over. Thirty unnerving
minutes of paddling passed, and they made it to West Berlin.
Ingo did not leave behind his family, in a sense that he kept in touch all the time, using fake return
addresses, cryptic telephone calls, and the help of their relatives. It took them eight years before deciding
to make a move for HOLGER BETHKE to join his brother on the other side of the Wall. On March 31,
1983, he made up his mind to escape. If his brother used an air mattress, his choice was to use his trusty
zip wire. is preparation included practicing at a public park in the guise of a circus performer. In reality,
he was scouting the Wall so they could create sketches. Next, he worked on his archery by doing dry runs
in the forest. On that day, Holger found a street near Treptow Park with a narrow death strip sandwiched
by tall houses. He sneaked into an attic. From there, he shot an arrow that flew 40 meters across and
beyond the house opposite it. It trailed a nylon wire that Ingo pulled across the border and tied to his car.
On the other side, Holger knotted his end of the line around a chimney. When all was set, Ingo drove a
few meters to pull the rope taut.
Here’s the scary part: With his metal pulley enclosed in a frame with two handholds and a strap for his
wrist, he prepared to launch himself. He gripped the handles before launching himself into the
atmosphere, hoping that the soft whirring noise would not be heard from below. 120 ft later, he was in the
West, safe in his brother’s embrace.
In a daring escape attempt in 1989, the Bethke brothers, Ingo and Holger, flew ultralight aircraft over the
Berlin Wall to rescue their brother, EGBERT, who was still in East Germany, landing in a park and
returning to West Berlin in less than 20 minutes.

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

The Cuban Missile Crisis, a 13-day confrontation in October 1962, brought the United States and the
Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war as the Soviets secretly deployed nuclear missiles to Cuba,
prompting a US naval blockade of the island.

• In 1962, the Soviet Union began secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, a communist nation
located just 90 miles off the coast of Florida.
• The United States, under President John F. Kennedy, viewed this as a direct threat and responded
by ordering a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent further Soviet shipments of military equipment,
including the missiles.
THE MAN THAT SAVE THE WORLD FROM ANOTHER WORLD WAR

VASILI ALEXANDROVICH ARKRIPOV

• A senior officer of a Soviet submarine who averted the outbreak of nuclear conflict during the
cold war is to be honored with a new prize, 55 years to the day after his heroic actions averted
global catastrophe.
• On 27 October 1962, Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov was on board the Soviet submarine B-59
near Cuba when the US forces began dropping non-lethal depth charges. While the action was
designed to encourage the Soviet submarines to surface, the crew of B-59 had been
incommunicado and so were unaware of the intention. They thought they were witnessing the
beginning of a third world war.
 • Trapped in the sweltering submarine – the air-conditioning was no longer working – the crew
feared death. But, unknown to the US forces, they had a special weapon in their arsenal: a ten
kilotonne nuclear torpedo. What’s more, the officers had permission to launch it without waiting
for approval from Moscow.
• wo of the vessel’s senior officers – including the captain, Valentin Savitsky – wanted to launch
the missile. According to a report from the US National Security Archive, Savitsky exclaimed:
“We’re gonna blast them now! We will die, but we will sink them all – we will not become the
shame of the fleet.”
• But there was an important caveat: all three senior officers on board had to agree to deploy the
weapon. As a result, the situation in the control room played out very differently. Arkhipov
refused to sanction the launch of the weapon and calmed the captain down. The torpedo was
never fired.
• Had it been launched, the fate of the world would have been very different: the attack would
probably have started a nuclear war which would have caused global devastation, with
unimaginable numbers of civilian deaths.
Korean war
The Korean War (1950-1953) was a conflict on the Korean Peninsula sparked by North Korea's invasion
of South Korea, resulting in a three-year war and a devastating loss of life, ultimately ending in an
armistice that left the peninsula divided.
On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invaded South Korea,
aiming to unify the peninsula under communist rule.
The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a prolonged and complex conflict (1955-1975) in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia,
primarily between North Vietnam (supported by communist allies) and South Vietnam (supported by the
United States and other anti-communist nations).
• North Vietnam: Supported by the Soviet Union and China, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the
Vietnamese Communist Party.
• South Vietnam: Supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations.
TWO CHINA’S
Mao Zedong (born December 26, 1893, Shaoshan, Hunan province, China—died September 9, 1976,
Beijing) was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led
his country’s communist revolution. Mao was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from
1935 until his death, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to
1959 and chairman of the party also until his death.
When China emerged from a half century of revolution as the world’s most populous country and
launched itself on a path of economic development and social change, Mao Zedong occupied a critical
place in the story of the country’s resurgence. To be sure, he did not play a dominant role throughout the
whole struggle. In the early years of the CCP, he was a secondary figure, though by no means a negligible
one, and even after the 1940s (except perhaps during the Cultural Revolution) the crucial decisions were
not his alone. Nevertheless, looking at the whole period from the foundation of the CCP in 1921 to Mao’s
death in 1976, one can fairly regard Mao Zedong as the principal architect of the new China.

THE COMMUNISTS AND THE NATIONALISTS

Chairman Mao at Jinggang Mountain, painting by Luo GongliuChairman Mao at Jinggang Mountain, oil
on canvas by Luo Gongliu, 1961; in the National Museum of China, Beijing.(more)
Pursued by the military governor of Hunan, Mao was soon forced to flee his native province once more,
and he returned for another year to an urban environment—Guangzhou (Canton), the main power base of
the Nationalists. However, though he lived in Guangzhou, Mao still focused his attention on the
countryside. He became the acting head of the propaganda department of the Nationalist Party—in which
capacity he edited its leading organ, the Political Weekly, and attended the Second Kuomintang Congress
in January 1926—but he also served at the Peasant Movement Training Institute, set up in Guangzhou
under the auspices of the Nationalists, as principal of the sixth training session. Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang
Jieshi) had become the leader of the Nationalists after the death of Sun Yat-sen in March 1925, and,
although Chiang still declared his allegiance to the “world revolution” and wished to avail himself of aid
from the Soviet Union, he was determined to remain master in his own house. He therefore expelled most
communists from responsible posts in the Nationalist Party in May 1926. Mao, however, stayed on at the
institute until October of that year. Most of the young peasant activists Mao trained were shortly at work
strengthening the position of the communists.
In July 1926 Chiang Kai-shek set out on what became known as the Northern Expedition, aiming to unify
the country under his own leadership and to overthrow the conservative government in Beijing as well as
other warlords. In November Mao once more returned to Hunan; there, in January and February 1927, he
investigated the peasant movement and concluded that in a very short time several hundred million
peasants in China would “rise like a tornado or tempest—a force so extraordinarily swift and violent that
no power, however great, will be able to suppress it.” Strictly speaking, that prediction proved to be false.
Revolution in the shape of spontaneous action by hundreds of millions of peasants did not sweep across
China “in a very short time,” or indeed at all. Chiang Kai-shek, who was bent on an alliance with the
propertied classes in the cities and in the countryside, turned against the worker and peasant revolution,
and in April he massacred the very Shanghai workers who had delivered the city to him. The strategy of
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin for carrying out revolution in alliance with the Nationalists collapsed, and the
CCP was virtually annihilated in the cities and decimated in the countryside. In a broader and less literal
sense, however, Mao’s prophecy was justified. In October 1927 Mao led a few hundred peasants who had
survived the autumn harvest uprising in Hunan to a base in the Jinggang Mountains, on the border
between Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, and embarked on a new type of revolutionary warfare in the
countryside in which the Red Army (military arm of the CCP), rather than the unarmed masses, would
play the central role. But it was only because a large proportion of China’s hundreds of millions of
peasants sympathized with and supported that effort that Mao Zedong was able in the course of the
protracted civil war to encircle the cities from the countryside and thus eventually defeat Chiang Kai-shek
and gain control of the country.
WHAT IS A STATE?
A state is an autonomous political unit. This unit usually includes many different groups within their
territory which the state holds centralized power over. In order for a country or political unit to be
considered a state it must be sovereign, meaning that it is self-governing and holds supreme power.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
TERRITORY
an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state.
In the Philippine setting our territory was described under 1987 Philippines constitution, article I.
ARTICLE I OF 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
NATIONAL TERRITORY
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced
therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of
its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular
shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the
archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
Philippines.

In 2016, the Philippines file an arbitrations against China took a jab at the eighth anniversary of the 2016
Arbitration ruling affirming the Philippines’ sovereign rights over the West Philippine Sea, calling it “a
political circus dressed up as a legal action.” In a statement released Saturday, the Chinese Embassy in the
Philippines reiterated that China will never accept the ruling as valid, asserting that “the arbitral tribunal
in the South China Sea Arbitration exercised its jurisdiction ultra vires and made an illegitimate ruling.”
https://www.inquirer.net/408773/west-philippine-sea-2016-arbitral-award-a-political-circus-says-china/

A Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands. drawn by the Jesuit Father Pedro
Murillo Velarde (1696--1753) and published in Manila in 1734, is the first and most important scientific
map of the Philippines. The Philippines were at that time a vital part of the Spanish Empire, and the map
shows the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to New Spain (Mexico and other Spanish territory in
the New World), with captions.