15.

BIOMOLECULES

v) LIPIDS

• Lipids: The constituents of animals and plants soluble in organic solvents (ether, chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, hexane, benzene etc) but insoluble in water are called lipids.
• Lipids are naturally occurring carbon compounds related to fatty acids and esters of fatty acids.
• Lipids are important dietary components due to their high calorific value.
• One gram of lipids yields 9.3 k.cal of heat while one gram of carbohydrate (or) protein yields
4.5 k.cal only.
• The common lipids are fats, oils, waxes, steroids, terpens, phospholipids and glycolipids.
• The above lipids are stored in adipose tissues and are present in all organism including viruses.
• Lipids occur in seeds, nuts and fruits of plants.
• Lipids occur in adipose tissues, bone marrows and nervous tissues of animals.
• In the living cells lipids are present in cytoplasm and plasma membrane.
• In the body lipids are deposited in specialised areas as depots of fat.
• Fat depots are formed from food fat, carbohydrates and proteins.
• Animal sources of fats are ghee, butter curd and fish oils. These fats contains more saturated fatty acids.
• Vegetable sources of fats are ground nut oil, gingerly oil, mustard oil, cotton seed oil, sunflower oil etc. These
fats contains more unsaturated fatty acids.
• Depot fats are mixed triglycerides.
Classification and Structures of Lipids:
• Lipids are classified into three groups
1) Simple lipids (Homo lipids)
2) Compound lipid (hetero lipids)
3) Derived lipids (obtained from simple and compound lipids)
Simple Lipids:
• Simple lipids are alcohol esters of fatty acids which include neutral fats and waxes.
• These fatty acids contain even number of carbon atoms and are both saturated and unsaturated carboxylic
acids.
• Simple lipids are known as triglycerides (or) triacyl glycerols.
• Some simple lipids are solids (or) liquids at room temperature.
• Solids are called fats and liquids are called oils.
• The structure of simple lipid is
CH2 − OCOR1
|
CH − OCOR2
|
CH2 − OCOR3
R1, R2, R3 = Alkyl groups of fatty acids
R1, R2, R3 = may be same (or) different.

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 Biomolecules

Simple neutral lipids:

• CH2 − OCOC15H31
|
CH − OCOC15H31
|
CH2 − OCOC15H31
Tripalmitin (saturated)
In tripalmitin palmitic acid is present (C15H31COOH)
• CH2 − OCOC17H35
|
CH − OCOC17H35
|
CH2 − OCOC17H35
Tristearin (saturated)
In tristearin stearic acid is present (C17H35COOH)
• CH2 − OCOC17H33
|
CH − OCOC17H33
|
CH2 − OCOC17H33
Triolein (unsaturated)
In triolein oleic aicd is present (C17H33COOH)
CH2 − OCOC17H29
|
CH − OCOC17H29
|
CH2 − OCOC17H29
Trilinolenin (unsaturated)
In trilinolenin linolenic acid in present (C17H29COOH)
• If the fat contains different fatty acids then it is called mixed fat.
E.g. Dipalmito stearin (Two palmitic acid molecules and one stearic acid molecule)
CH2 − OCO.C15H31
|
CH − OCO.C15H31
|
CH2 − OCO.C15H31
Dipalmito stearin
• If two fatty acids only are present then it is called diglyceride.
• If the acids are attached to first two carbon atoms the fat is called 1, 2 fat (or) ,  fat.
CH2 − O − COC15H31
|
CH − O − COC15H31
|
CH2 − OH
Dipalmitin (1,2 palmitin)
• If the acids are attached to 1 and 3 carbon atoms the fat is called 1,3 fat (or) ,  fat

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 Biomolecules

CH2 − O − COC15H31
|
CH − OH
|
CH2 − O − COC15H31
1, 3 palmitin
• If only one acid molecule is attached to the carbon atom the fat is called monoglyceride. It is called 1-mono fat
(or) 2-mono fat depending on the carbons.
CH2 − OCOC15H31
|
CH − OH
|
CH2 − OH
Monopalmitin (or) 1-palmitin
CH2 − OH
|
CH − OCOC15H31
|
CH2 − OH
Monopalmitin (or) 2-palmitin
• The fat may also contain one molecule each of oleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid.
• The fat is called -oleo, -palmito,  stearin.
CH2 − OCOC17H33
|
CH − OCOC15H31
|
CH2 − OCOC17H35
• In most unsaturated acids double bond is present at carbon-9. This is designated as 9.
• Some acids contain more than one double bond which are not conjugated.

Lipids

Simple lipids (Homo lipids) Compound lipids (hetero lipids) Derived lipids

Fat and oils Waxes sperm Phospholipids Glycolipids

Triglycerides Whale wax (Phosphotids) (Cerebrosides)
Single (or) mixed Bees wax (Phosphoglycerides) Gangliosides
Triglycerides) Wool fat (Lecithin, Cephalin)
Spingomyelin

Steroids Terpenes Carotenoids

(Cholestrol, ergosterol)

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 Biomolecules

Some important fatty acids present in fats.

No. of
Acid Formula Nature Fat
C-atoms
Butyric acid 4 CH3(CH2)2COOH Saturated Butter
Caproic acid 6 CH3(CH2)4COOH Saturated Butter oil
Caprylic acid 8 CH3(CH2)6COOH Saturated Coconut oil
Capric acid 10 CH3(CH2)8COOH Saturated Coconut oil
Palmitic acid 16 CH3(CH2)14COOH Saturated Animal fat
Stearic acid 18 CH3(CH2)16COOH Saturated Animal fat
Arachidic acid 20 CH3(CH2)18COOH Saturated Groundnut oil
Cerotic acid 26 CH3(CH2)24COOH Saturated Wool fat
Linoleic acid 18 CH3(CH2)4CH = CH2OH = Unsaturated Cotton seed oil
CH(CH2)7COOH
Oleic acid 18 CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7COOH Unsaturated Animal fat
Chaulmoogric 18 CH = CH Unsaturated Chaurmoogri oil
acid C
| H(CH2)12COOH
CH2 − CH2

Waxes:
• Waxes are insect secretions (or) protective coatings on animal furs and plant leaves.
• Waxes are chemically esters of long chain saturated (or) unsaturated fatty acids with long chain monohydric
alcohols.
• The fatty acids range between C14 & C36
• The alcohols range between C16 & C36.
• Free fatty acids, alcohols and some hydrocarbons are also present mixed with the ethers.
• Waxes have higher melting points than neutral fats.
Examples :–
1) Bee’s wax :- Secreted by bees. It is a palmitic acid ester of myricyl alcohol. (C30 H61 OH)
2) Spermaceti:- Palmitic acid ester of cetyl alcohol (C16H33OH). It is obtained from sperm whale oil.
3) Lanoline wool (or) fat :– Palmitic acid (or) Stearic acid (or) oleic acid ester of cholesterol. It is obtained from
wool.
Compound lipids:
• Compound (or) Heterolipids contain additional groups such as phosphoric acid, nitrogen containing bases and
other substituents.
• Compound lipids are classified into
1) phospholipids 2) Glycolipids 3) Terpenes.
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 Biomolecules

Phospholipids
• Phospholipids contain phosphoric acid, nitrogen containing bases and other substituents as additional groups.

CH2 O fatty acid CH2COOR

CH O fatty acid (or) CHCOOR'

O
CH2 O P Base
CH2 O P OR"
P = phosphoric acid
O
Phospho lipid

• The common examples of phospholipids are Lecithins and Cephalins which are found principally in the brain,
nerve cells, and liver of Animals.
• Phospholipids are also found in egg yolks, yeast, soyabeans & other foods.
• Phospholipids are also used as detergents to emulsify fat for transport within the body.
Phospholipids are further classified into
1) Glycerophosphatides
2) Phosphoinositides
3) Phosphosphingosides.
• Glycerophosphatides contain glycerol, Fatty acids, phosphoric acid and a base. The base may be choline,
ethanolamine, serine (amino acid).
• In phosphoinositides the cyclic hexahydric alcohol (inositol) replaces the base.
• In phosphosphringosides glycerol is replaced by complex amino alcohol (sphingol).
• Glycolipids esters of fatty acids with carbohydrates and may contain nitrogen but no phosphorous.
Structure of some phospholipids
CH2OCOC15H31

CHOCOC15H31
O

CH2O P O CH2CH2N+(CH3)3
OH
Lecithin

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 Biomolecules

CH2OCOC15H31

CHOCOC15H31
O

CH2O P CH2CH2NH3+
OH
Cephalin

Derived fats:-
• Terpenes are polymers of 5-carbon unit called Isoprene. The side chains of A, E and K and the carotenes belong
to this group.
• Derived fats are hydrolysis products of simple and compound lipids. The products include Glycerol, fatty acids,
sphingosine (amino alcohol), steroids, terpens & Carotenoids.
• Sterol means solid Alcohol.
• Cholestrol, ergosterol, bile acids, sex harmons, D–vitamin are the some of sterol derivatives.
• Sours of cholestrol are solid alcohol from bile, brain, nervous tissues, adrenal glands and egg yolk.
• Formula of cholestrol is C27 H45 OH.
• Ergosterol:- Solid alcohol present in fungi, yeast and ergot.
• Formula of Ergosterol is C28 H43OH.
Biological importance of lipids:-
• Fats are important food reserves of animals and plant cells.
• Simple lipids acts as important sources of energy in our food supply.
• Phospholipids serve as structural materials of cells and tissues such as cell membrane.
• Phospholipids are used as detergents to emulsify fat for transport within the body.
• Cholestrol is the principal sterol of higher animals and abundant in nerve tissues and gallstones.
• Simple lipids can acts as heat insulators and shock absorbers for the living organism.
• Lipids are essential for the absorption or fat soluble vitamin like A, D, E & K.
• Enzyme activators.

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 15. BIOMOLECULES

vi) HORMONES

• Hormones are molecules of carbon compounds that transfer biological information from one group of cells to
distant tissue (or) organs.
• Hormones are produced in ductless glands and they are called endocrine glands.
• Hormones are also called chemical messengers because of the action of hormones as communication
among cells.
• Hormones are required in trace amounts but are highly specific in their functions.
• Deficiency of any hormone leads to particular disease.
• Hormones are continuously produce but not stored in the body.
• Hormones are of Animal (or human) origin and plant origin.
• Hormones are carried to different parts of the body by the blood stream where they control the various body
functions.
• Plant hormones are called growth hormones.
• The term hormone was first introduced by Baylers and Starling in 1902 for secretion produced by intestinal
mucosa.
• The site of action of hormone is away from their origin.
• Hormones are generally proteins but not all of them are proteins.
• Hormones not only control different aspects of metabolism but also perform many other functions such as cell
and tissue growth, heart rate, blood pressure, kidney function, secretion of digestive enzymes, the
reproductive system etc.
• In mammals the secretion of hormones is controlled by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland present at the
base of the brain. Classification of Hormones
• Based on the structures of hormones these are classified into three main types.
1) Steroid hormones 2) Protein hormones
3) Amine hormones.
• Steroid hormones are mostly secreted by testis, adrenal cortex of males and ovary.
• The common examples of steroid hormones are testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androgens.
• During puberty these stimulate the male sex characteristics.
• In females estrogens are female sex hormones which are produced in ovaries and are responsible for
development of female sex characteristics during puberty.
• Protein hormones are produced by pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary and gastro intestinal mucosa.
• The common examples of protein hormones are oxytoxin, vasopressin and Insulin.
• Amino hormones are produced by thyroid and adrenal medulla.
• Steroid hormones contain a steroid nucleus which is based on a four ring network consisting of three
cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring.

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 Biomolecules

CH3 OH

CH3 H

H H
HO
O
Steroid nucleus Testosterone

OH CH3 COCH3
CH3

H CH3 H

H H H H
HO O
Estradiol Progesterone

Functions of Hormones
I. Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones are two types.
• 1) Adrenal cortical hormones (cartico steroids
2) Sex hormones.
• Cartico steroids are mainly two types.
1) Mineralo corticoids 2) Gluco corticoids.
• Mineralo corticoids are produced by different cells in the adrenal cortex.
• Mineralo corticoids useful for water–salt balance in the body. These cause excretion of potassium in urine.
• Glucocorticoids are made by cortex. These are useful to modify certain metabolic reactions.
• Gluco corticoids have anti–inflammatory effect.
• Sex hormones are three types. 1) Male sex hormones (or) androgens 2) Female sex hormones (or)
estrogens 3) pregnancy hormones (or) progenstines.
• Testosterone is the major male sex hormone produced by testes and responsible for the development of male
secondary sexual characteristics such as deep voice, facial hair, sturdy physical structure.
• Synthetic testosterone analogs are used in medicine to promote muscle and tissue growth. These are also
used by atheletes illegally to promote their muscle and tissue growth.
• Estradial is the main female sex hormone responsible for development of secondary female characteristics
such as breast development, shrill voice, and long hair and participates in control of the menstrual cycle.
• Progesterone is responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg. These are also
useful as birth control agents.
Non steroid hormones :
• Non-steroid hormones are mainly two types.
1) Peptide hormones
2) Amino acid derivative hormones.
• Peptide hormones are peptide compounds.

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Ex. Insulin, oxytocin.

• Insulin is responsible for controlling the glucose level in our blood and its deficiency leads to the disease
diabetes.
• Insulin is secreted by pancreas.
• Insulin is a dipeptide consisting of two peptide chains bound by three S-S bonds. One chain contained 21
amino acids and the other chain contained 30 amino acids.
• Sulphur bridges connect cysteine amino acids in the two chains.
• Oxytocin is produced by the pituitary gland.
• Oxytocin induces lactation in breasts and helps in the contraction of uterus after child birth.
• Amine hormones are amino acids and organic amine compounds.
Ex. Thyroxine, Adrenaline, & nor adrenaline.
• Thyraxine is secreted by thyroid gland and it is responsible for the control of metabolism of some proteins,
lipids and carbohydrates
• Deficiency of thyroxine leads to the disease goitre.
• Addition of KI to table salt do not lead to the thyroxine deficiency.
• Adrenaline is responsible for maintenance of pulse rate and blood pressure.
• Non Adrenaline is secreted by adrenal glands and secretion of excess of non adrenaline in our body, when we
are in anger causes hypertensions.
• Amino acid derivatives:
• Amino acid derivatives are thyroidal hormones.
e.g.: Thyroxin, Tri iodo thyronine
• Thyroidal hormones effect the general metabolism regardless of the specific activity. For this reason thyroid
gland is called pace setter of the endocrine systems.
Site of Activity :
• On the basis of site of activity hormones are divided into two categories.
• The first category effects the properties of plasma membrane.
Ex. All peptide hormones (Insulin, hormones of pituitary gland).
• The hormones of other category are taken into the cell and carried to the cell nucleus and influence the gene
expression.
Plant hormones :
• Plant hormones regulate growth and physiological function at a site remote from the place of secretion.
• Plant hormones are produced by higher plants.
• The plant hormones are
1) Auxins 2) Gibberlins
3) Cytokinins 4) Ethylene
5) Traumatic acid 6) Abscicic and
7) Morphactin.
• Auxins are cyclic carbon compounds and pentene derivatives.

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 Biomolecules

• Auxine promote growth along the longitudinal axis.

• Gibberlinus are the derivatives of cyclic compound gibbane.
• Gibberlinus cause bolting (shoot elongations) and flowering.
• Cytokinins stimulate cell division, promote cell elongation and induces flowering in short day plants.
• Ethylene accelerates the colouring of harvested fruits like lemons, induces rooting and flowering.
• Transmatic acid is an open chain dicarboxylic acid with one double bond and induces cell division.
• Absicic acid is a sesquiterpene and induces prototropism.
• Morphactin inhibits mitosis, formation of branches is promoted. These are derivatives of fluorine-9- carboxylic
acid.
General Biological functions of animal hormones :
• Maintaining constant internal environment of organs.
Ex. Insulin maintains constant sugar level in blood.
• Sex hormones develops secondary sexual characters.
• Adrenaline is responsible for some emergency reaction.
• Some metamolic reaction are controlled by hormones.

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 15. BIOMOLECULES

iii) VITAMINS
I. Vitamins
• The word vitamin (vital - essential, amines - amino compounds) was proposed by Funk (1912).
• He defined it as an accessory food factor which is essential for growth and healthy
maintenance of the body.
• They do not provide energy or body building materials.
• But they are essential for energy transfer and regulation of metabolism.
• Some vitamins form parts of many enzymes. Deficiency of vitamins leads to deficiency disorders.
There are two types of vitamins, namely, fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS :
• A, D, E and K are the fat soluble vitamins. They need bile juice for absorption. They are
transported to all parts by lymph.
1. Vitamin-A:
• An alcohol (C20H29OH) contain ionone ring and hydrocarbon chain.
• Its chemical name is retinol. It is commonly called anti xerophthalimic vitamin.
• The main sources of vitamin-A are fish liver oils, milk, butter, egg yolk etc. In plants vitamin-A is
in the form of -carotene (provitamin-A).
• In the liver and intestine, -carotene becomes Vitamin-A. It is rich in carrots, green leafy
vegetables etc.
• Vitamin-A plays an important role in growth and activity of epithelial tissues and a vital role in
vision.
• It is essential for resynthesis of rhodopsin (visual purple) in retina.
• Deficiency of Vitamin-A leads to nyctalopia (night blindness), xerophthalmia (dryness of
cornea, swollen eye lids) and keratomalacia (dry and scaly skin).
2. Vitamin-D :
• Sterol consisting of 4 rings and a side chain. 3 rings are 6-charbon rings and one ring is
cyclopentane.
• The chemical name of vitamin-D is calciferol. It is commonly called antiricketic vitamin or
sunshine vitamin.
• The main sources of this vitamin are fish liver oils, milk, butter, egg etc. Mammalian skin can
synthesise vitamin-D in presence of sun light (i.e.. U.V. rays).
• Vitamin-D is important for calcium metabolism and it increases the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus from the intestine and is thus necessary for formation of healthy bones and teeth.
• Deficiency of Vitamin D in children leads to rickets (bones fails to calcify properly leading to bow
legs, knok-knees, ribs become deformed leading to pigeon breast) and in adults to osteomalacia
(bones become soft and fragile).

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• Over doses of Vitamin D (hyper vitaminasis of vitamin D) causes nausea, head ache, kidney
damage, calcification of soft tissues etc.
3. Vitamin E :
• Chromone ring with3 methyl groups. It is an unsaturated alcohol.
• The chemical name of vitamin E is tocopherol. Its common name is anti-sterelity vitamin. The
sources of E-Vitamin are wheat germs oil, nuts, wheat and maize etc.
• This vitamin acts as an anti oxidant. It maintains health and integrity of muscles by controlling the
oxidation of polyunstaturated fatty acids.
• Vitamin-E plays an important role in functioning of gonads.
• Deficiency of vitamin-E leads to sterelity in males, abortion in females, besides muscular
dystrophy.
4. Vitamin K :
• Naphthaquinine derivative.
• The chemical name of vitamin K is naphtho quinone.
• It is commonly known as antihaemorrhagic vitamin.
• It is found in green leafy vegetables, tomato, cheese, eggs, liver etc. Intestinal microbes also synthesise
vitamin K.

• It is necessary for the formation of prothrombin, which is required for clotting of blood.
• Deficiency of K-vitamin leads to delay in blood clotting process leading to loss of more blood
even from minor wounds.
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS :
• B and C vitamins are water soluble vitamins. They are directly absorbed by the intestine and are
carried to all parts by blood.
Vitamin-B complex :
• Several vitamins have been grouped as B-complex because of their similarities in distribution in
common natural sources.
• Most of the vitamins of B-complex acts as co-enzymes.
• Main sources of B-complex group of vitamins are liver, milk, eggs, kidneys, fish, cereals, pulses,
nuts, peas, beans, green leafy vegetables etc.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) :
• Contains pyridine and thiazole molecules (dimethyl amino pyridine).
• Cereals, outer brain layers, yeast, milk, green vegetables.
• ATP + Bi → AMP + Bipyrophosphate Activates carboxylases.
• Beri Beri (oedema in leges).
Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin) :
• Flavin derivative
• Yeast, vegetables milk, egg white, liver and kidney.

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• Two enzymes FMN and FAD are formed, coenzymes for several dehydrogenases.
• Dark red tongue, dermatitis, cheilosis, (fissuring at corners of mouth & lips).
Vitamin B3 ( Pentothenic acid) :
• Pentothenic acid it is a Dipeptide (C9H17O5N)
• Present in all food stuffs
• Compound of coenzyme A. Essential for basic reactions in metabolism.
• Deficiency case Burning feet.
Vitamin B5 ( Nicotinic acid or Niacin):
• Nicotinic acid or Niacin.
• Pyridine derivative (Nicotinamide)
• Meat, yeast, milk, green leafy vegetables contains B5.
• Essential for growth, promoters formation of fats from carbohydrates. Important component of
coenzyme (DPN and NADP).
• Pellegra (rough skin) dermatitis, diarrhoea.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine):
• Pyridine derivative, pyridoxal phosphate.
• Cereals, grams yeast, egg yolk, meat.
• Synthesis of fats from carbohydrates. Transportation of amino acids across cell membrane.
• Dermatitis, convulsion.
Vitamin B7 (Biotin) or Vitamin H:
• Heterocyclic S-monocarboxylic acid. It is called co-enzyme R (C10H16O3N2S).
• Yeast, liver, kidney, milk.
• Coenzyme for carboxylases. Essential for synthesis of lipids.
• Dermatitis. Blood chlesterol increases. Loss of hair, paralysis.
Vitamin B9 ( Folic acid) :
• It consists of glutamic acid, para amino benzoic acid and pterin.
• Spinach leaf, intestinal bacteria.
• Coenzyme, synthesis of RNA. Formation of red cells.
• Anaemia, inflammation of tongue, gastro intestinal disorders.
Vitamin B12 ( Cynocobal amine):
• Resembles heme. Co3+ is centrally situtated in corrin ring (C63 H88 O14 N14 PCo)
• Liver of ox, ping fish etc.
• Formation of RBC, synthesis of nucleic acids. Synthesis of lipids from carbohydrates.
• Pernicious anaemia hyperglycemia.
• Present in all food stuffs
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid):
• Acid. Resemble glucose.

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 Biomolecules

• Green leafy vegetables, citrous fruits.

• Maintenance of redox potentials of cells, coleagen synthesis. Scurvy delay in wound healing

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 Biomolecules
Carbohydrates

1. Glucose on treatment with Tollen’s reagent produces

1. Glucaric acid 2. Gluconic acid 3. Saccharic acid 4. None of these
2. During acetylation of glucose it needs x moles of accetic anhydride. The value of
‘x’ would be

1. 3 2. 5 3. 6 4. 1
3. Equlibrium mixture of glucose consists
1. 50% and 50% 2. 36% and 64% 3. 64% and 36% 4. 20% and 85%
4. Five membered ring structure of glucose is known as
1. Haworth structure 2. Furanose 3. Pyranose 4. Baeyer’s structure
5. The reversible isomerisation of glucose is known as
1. Hoffmann rearrangement 2. Curtius rearrangement
3. De Bruyn -van Ekenstein rearrangement4. Amadori rearrangement
6. Glucose reduces Fehling solution to
1. Copper 2. Black cupric oxide
3. Reddish Brown cuprous oxide 4. Mixture of copper and cupric oxide
7. For the reduction of glucose to n-hexane, the reagent used is
1. HBr 2. HCl 3. HF 4.HI
8. A pyranose ring consists of a skeleton of
1. 5 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom 2. 6 carbon atoms
3. 6 carbon atoms and one oxygen atom 4. 4 Carbon atoms and one oxygen atom
9. Starch is a polymer of
1. -D-glucose 2. -D-glucose
 3. -D-glucose and -D-glucose 4. -D-fructose

10. Glucose reacts with in presence of dry HCl to give

1. -Methyl Glucoside 2. -Methyl Glucoside
3. Both of the above 4. None of these
11. Starch is composed of two polysaccharides namely
1. Amylopectin and glycogen 2. Amylose and glycogen
3. Amylose and amylopectin 4. None of these
12. Match the following.
List – I List - II
a) Epimers i) D-Glucose and L- Glucose
b) Anomers ii) D-Glucose and D- Mannose
c) Enantiomers iii) -D-Glucose and-D-Glucose
d) Functional Isomers iv) Glucose and Fructose
1) a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv2) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i 3) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv4) a-ii,b-i, c-iii,d-iv
13. List (Sugar) List – II (Type)
a) Glucose i) Keto hexose
b) Fructose ii) Aldohexose
c) Arabinose iii) Aldotetrose
d) Erythrose iv) Aldopentose.
1) a-iii, b-ii, c-i, d-iv 2) a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv 3) a-ii, b-iii, c-iv, d-i4) a-ii,b-i, c-iv,d-iii
14. D-glucose and L-glucose differs in
1. Configuration at the highest number chiral carbon
2. Configuration at first chiral carbon
3. Configuration at each chiral carbon
4. Configuration at the second chiral carbon
15. In which of following cases both the compounds are examples of reducing
sugars?
1. Glucose and sucrose 2. Fructose and Maltose
3. Fructose and Sucrose 4. Sucrose and Lactose
16. Glucose molecule reacts with ‘x’ number of molecules of phenyl hydrazine to
yield osazone. The value of ‘x’ is
1. Four 2. One 3. Two 4. Three
17. Which one of the following statements about starch is correct?
1. It occurs in the cell walls of plants.
2. It is a disaccharide.
3. It gives a dark blue colour with iodine solution.
4. It gives a red orange precipitate on boiling with Fehling’s solution.
18. The correct order of sweetness of the following compounds is
I. Sucrose II. Fructose III.Glucose IV. Maltose
1) I > II >III > IV 2) II > I >III > IV 3) II > I > IV > III 4) IV > I > II > II
19. In cellulose D-Glucose units are joined by
1) - 1, 4 Glycosidic linkage 2) Peptide linkage
3) -1, 4 Glycosidic linkage 4) -1, 6 Glycosidic linkage

20. Consider the statements about cellulose.

I. Cellulose is a colourless crystalline solid.
II. It is mainly branched chain polysaccharide.
III. Its individual strands align with each other through number of Hydrogen bonds.
IV. It is rigid and acts as cell wall material.
The incorrect statements is/are
1) Only I 2) Only II 3) I and II 4) I, II and IV
 Key

1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2 5) 3 6) 3 7) 4 8) 1 9) 1 10) 3
11) 3 12) 1 13) 4 14) 3 15) 2 16) 4 17) 3 18) 2 19) 3 20) 3

Aminoacids

1. Which of the following molecules is capable of forming zwitterion?

1) NH2CH2COOH 2) CH3COOH 3) CH3CH2 NH2 4) CCI3 NO2

2. The structure of amino acid at pH 6 is

+− CH COO− H N − CH COOH H N + − CH COOH H N + − CH COOH −

1) H N 3 2 2) 2 2 3) 3 2 4) 3 2

3. The basic amino acids are

1) Lysine, arginine 2) Alanine, glutamic acid

3) Proline, valine 4) Alanine, cystein
4. The acidic amino acid is

1) Aspartic acid 2) Alycine 3) Serine 4) Tyrosine

5. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Which of the following is not a protein?

1) Wool 2) Nails 3) Hair 4) DNA

6. The protein that transports oxygen in the blood stream is?

1) Hemoglobin 2) Insulin 3) Collagen 4) Albumin

7. Amino acids usually exist in the form of Zwitterions. This means that they
consist of

1) The basic NH2 group and acidic COOH group

–
2) The basic group and the acidic COO group
 – +
3) Basic COO group and acidic NH3 group

4) No acidic or basic group as such

8. The pH value of a solution in which a polar amino acid does not migrate under
the influence of electric field is called.

1) Isoelectronic point 2) Iso-electric point

3) Neutralisation point 4) None
9. Which one of the following statements about proteins is wrong?

1) Protein occurs in all living cells.

2) Proteins generally contain nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.
3) Hydrolysis of proteins in acidic aqueous solution results in the formation of amino
acids.

4) Their solubilities reach maximum value at the isoelectric points.

10. Keratin, a structural protein is present in

1) Hair 2) Skin 3) Wool 4) All the above

11. Assertion: -amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Reason: Natural amino acids are mostly -amino acids.

1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A.
3) A is true but R is false.
4) A is false btu R is true.
12. Assertion: All natural -amino acids are not constituents of proteins.
Reason: Proline and hydroxyproline are -imino acids, not - amino acids.

1) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A.
3) A is true but R is false.
4) A is false but R is true.
13. Name of Protein Prosthetic Group
1. Nucleo Protein A) Sugar
2. Glyco Protein B) Nucleic acid
3. Lipo Protein C) Phosphoric Acid
4. Phosphoprotein D) Lecithin
1) 1-A,2-B,3-C,4-D 2) 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C
3) 1-C,2-D,3-A,4-B 4) 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B
14. Which of the following statements is not correct?

1) Proteins are poly amides formed from amino acids.

2) Except glycine, all other amino acids show optical activity.
3) Natural proteins are made up of L – isomers of amino acids.
4) In amino acids –NH2 and –COOH groups are attached to different carbon atoms.
15. Which of the following statements is not correct?

1) In nature about 20 amino acids occur in proteins.

2) The human body can synthesize all 20 amino acids occurring in proteins.
3) The simplest amino acid is glycine.
4) They are 10 essential amino acids.
16. Which of the following statements is not correct?

1) The tertiary structure of proteins is three dimensional.

2) In globular proteins, nearly all the hydrophobic groups are hidden inside and the
polar groups are present on the surface resulting into a spheroidal shape.

3) Only hydrogen bonds are involved in the tertiary structure of proteins.

4) Globular proteins are insoluble in water.
17. Which of the following statements is not correct?

1) Insulin maintains sugar level in the blood of a human body.

2) Ovalbumin is a simple food reserve in egg-white.
 3) Blood proteins thrombin and fibrinogen are involved in blood clotting.
4) Denaturation makes the proteins more active.
18. Which of the following statements is not correct?

1) A peptide bond is – CO-NH-.

2) Each polypeptide has one C-terminal and the other N-terminal.
3) The amino acid sequence of a protein determines the function o the protein.
4) The union of two amino acids produces two peptide linkages.
19. Which of the following statements is not correct?

1) All enzymes found in cells are invariably proteins which catalyse biological
reactions

2) Enzymes act efficiently at a moderate temperature and pH

3) Coenzymes increase the activities of enzymes
4) Enzymes are not specific in their action on substrates.

Key

1) 1 2) 3 3) 1 4) 1 5) 4 6) 1 7) 3 8) 2 9) 4 10) 4
11) 2 12) 2 13) 2 14) 4 15) 2 16) 3 17) 4 18) 4 19) 1

Nucleic Acids

1. AT / GC ratio in human being is

1.0.93: 1 2.1: 0.93 3. 1.52: 1 4. 0.93: 1
2. GC / AT ratio in E. coli is
1.0.93: 1 2. 1: 0.93 3.1: 1.52 4.1.52: 1
3. The sequence of bases in the nucleic acid strand explained by
1. 1° structure 2. 2° structure 3. Both 1° and 2° 4. None
4. The length of double helix at 360° rotation is
1. 2nm 2.3nm 3. 4nm 4.3.4nm
5. The separated place of DNA strand calls
1. Translation fork 2. Transcription fork
3. Reverse transcription fork 4. Replication fork
6. The replication of DNA can catalyzed by
1. Protein 2. Enzyme 3. Bacteria 4. Metal atom.
7. The sequence of bases on m – RNA molecule, synthesized on the GCATA strand
of DNA is
1. CGUAU 2.CGTAT 3.TACGU 4. ATCGC
8. In the sequence of changes/processes,

X ⎯r⎯ep⎯ ⎯→ Y ⎯t⎯rans⎯cipti⎯on→ Z ⎯t⎯rans⎯latio⎯n→

li catio n
Proteins X, Y and Z are
1) DNA, DNA and RNA 2) RNA, RNA and DNA
3) DNA, RNA and RNA 4) DNA, RNA and DNA
9. The carrier of an amino acid for protein synthesis is
1. t RNA 2. m RNA 3. r RNA 4. DNA
10. No. of hydrogen bonds present between A and T
1. 2 2.1 3.3 4.0
11. Which of the following varies from species to species?
1. A = T 2. C = G 3. A + G = C + T 4.AT / GC Ratio
12. The sequence of bases on m- RNA molecule synthesized on the GCATATGGA
strand of DNA is
1. CGUAUACCU 2. CGTATACCT 3. TACGCCGTTC 4. ATCGCGTTC
13. How many base pairs are present in each full turn of the DNA double helix?
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10
14. In the nucleotide namely adenosine - 5' - triphosphate, the sequence of linkages
among N (base) C (sugar) and P (phosphate) is
1) C-P-N-P-P 2) N-P-C-P-P-P 3) P-C-N-P-P 4) P-P-P-C-N
15. The ratio of the number of ketonic groups in cytosine, thymine and uracil is
1) 1: 2: 2 2) 2: 1 : 2 3) 2 : 2 : 1 4) 1 : 1 : 1
16. Assertion-A: Adenine pairs with thymine but not with cytosine
Reason-R: With cytosine no hydrogen bonds are possible for adenine
1) A & R true, R is correct explanation of A.
2) A & R true, R is not correct explanation of A.
3) A is true, R is false.
4) A & R is false.
17. In nucleic acids, the sequence is
1. Phosphate-Base-Sugar 2. Sugar-Base-Phosphate
3. Sugar-Base-Phosphate 4. Base-Phosphate-Sugar
18. In DNA the complementary bases are
1 .Adenine and Thymine; Guanine and Cytosine
2. Uracil and Adenine; Cytosine and Guanine
3. Adenine and Guanine; Thymine and Cytosine
4. Adenine and Thymine; Guanine and Uracil
19. Which of the following sets of bases is present both in DNA and RNA?
1) Adenine, Uracil, Thymine 2) Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine
3) Adenine, Guanine, Uracil 4) Adenine, Guanine, Thymine
20. In AMP the sequence is
1. Sugar - Base – Phosphate 2. Sugar –Phosphate –Base
3. Phosphate – Sugar – Base 4. Phosphate – Base – Sugar
21. Which one of the following is not present in RNA?
1. Uracil 2. Thymine 3. Ribose 4. Phosphate
22. Major function of DNA is
1. To control metabolism
2. To catalyze biochemical reactions
3. To control synthesis of proteins
4. To transfer genetic information from one generation to the next.
23. In the nucleic acids the phosphate ions bonded with sugar at
1. 5’, 3’ location 2. 5’, 2’ location
3. 3’, 1’ location 4. 5’, 1’ location
24. m RNA codes for the amino acids serine is
1. AMP 2. ADP 3. UCA 4. d ATP
25. The total no. of codons and amino acids are
1. 64, 20 2. 20, 64 3. 23, 46 4. 46, 23
26. In nuclei acids, the sequence is
1. Phosphate – Base – Sugar 2. Sugar – Phosphate – Base
3. Phosphate - Sugar – Base 4. Base – Phosphate – Sugar
27. Which of the following bases is not common to DNA and RNA?
1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Thymine 4. Cytosine
28. The important features of genetic code are
a. It is universal
b. It is comma less
c. It is degenerate
 d. The third base in the Condon is not always specific.
Find the correct one
1. a only 2. b, c only 3. b, c ,d only 4. All
29. Assertion (A): Thymine pairs with adenine whereas cytosine pairs with Guanine in
DNA molecule.
Reason (R): The hydrogen bonding between bases of two strands is highly specific.
1. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A.
3. A is true but R is false.
4. A is false but R is true.
30. The stability of double helix is due to
1. Presence of hydrogen bonds
2. Presence of hydrophobic interaction
3. Presence of hydrophilic interaction
4. Van der Waal force
Find correct statement
1. 1 only 2. 1, 2 only 3. 1, 2, 3 only 4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
31. Match the following.
Set - A Set - B
A) Replication 1) Formation of RNA from DNA
B) Transcription 2) Synthesis of copy of DNA
C) Translation 3) Single strand of DNA
D) Template 4) Synthesis of proteins by RNA.
Now, correct match is
A B C D
1) 4 3 2 1
 2) 1 2 4 3
3) 2 1 4 3
4) 2 1 3 4

32. The sequence of DNA base is GCACCTAT then the sequence of mRNA is
1. CGUGGAUA 2. CGTGGATA 3. CGUGGATA 4. CGTGGTAT
33. Leucine codes are
1. CUU 2. CUC 3. CAG 4. UCA
Find the correct one
1.1 only 2. 1 and 2 3. 1, 2 and 3 4. 2, 3and 4

Key
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 4 5) 4 6) 2 7) 1 8) 1 9) 1 10) 2
11) 4 12) 1 13) 4 14) 4 15) 1 16) 1 17) 3 18) 1 19) 3 20) 2
21) 2 22) 4 23) 1 24) 3 25) 1 26) 1 27) 3 28) 4 29) 1 30) 2
31) 3 32) 1 33) 2

Lipids

1. The glycerides in which saturated acid component predominate are ----- at room
temperature and are called ------
1. Liquids, Fats 2. Solids, Fats 3. Solid, Oils 4. Liquids, Oils
2. Naturally occurring fatty acids has an ------ number of carbons.
1. Even 2. Odd 3. 1 4. 0
3. The major sources of energy in living cells are
1. Fatty acids 2. Enzymes 3. Harmones 4. Starch
4. Esters of long chain fatty acids with long chain monohydric alcohols are called as
1. Glycolipids 2. Terpenes 3. Phospholipids 4. Waxes
5. The range of carbons in the fatty acid which produce of Bee's wax is
1. C16 - C36 2. C14 - C36 3. C8 - C40 4. C24 - C45

6. Which of the following are important in insulating the nerve impulses?

1. Phospolipids 2. Glycolipids 3. Waxes 4. None of the above
7. The calorific values of lipids and carbohydrates respectively are
1) 15.3 kcals and 9.3 kcals 2) 4.5 kcals and 9.3 kcals
3) 9.3 kcals and 4.5 kcals 4) 9.3 kcals and 13.3 kcals
8. Lipids are stored in
A) Liver B) Muscles
C) Adipose tissues D) Bone marrow
The correct combination is
1) Only C 2) Only D 3) C and D only 4) All
9. The range of carbons in the alcohol which produce Bee's wax is
1. C10 - C24 2. C16 - C36 3. C12 - C36 4. C20 - C30

10. Which of the following is a phospholipid

1. Lecithin 2. Cephalin 3. Both 1 & 2 4. None
11. Spermaceti and Bee’s wax belong to esters of
1) Same alcohol but different fatty acids
2) Same fatty acid but different alcohols
3) Different alcohols and fatty acids
4) Same alcohol and same fatty acid
12. Which of the following cannot be further hydrogenated?
1) Tripalmitin and Triolein 2) Triolein and Tristearin
3) Tristearin and Trilinolein 4) Tristearin and Tripalmitin
13. Calorific value is in the order
1. Fats > Carbohydrates >Proteins 2. Carbohydrates > Fats > Proteins
 3. Proteins >Carbohydrates >Fats 4. Fats >Proteins >Carbohydrates
14. The most concentrated source of energy in the human body is
1. Fats 2. Sugars 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids
15. Which of the following is a monoglyceride?
1. 1 - palmitin 2. 2- palmitin 3. 1, 3- palmitin 4. Both 1 & 2
16. One mole ‘trilinolein’ (X) on hydrogenation gave Y where 9 moles of hydrogen
are found to be consumed. Now, number of ‘pi’ bonds in X are
1) 3/molecule 2) 3/each chain of fatty acid
3) 6/molecule 4) 9/each chain of fatty acid
17. Assertion (A): Lecithin is a phospholipid.
Reason (R): Lecithin is made up of fatty acid, glycerol (or) other alcohol, nitrogenous
base and phosphoric acid.
1. A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
3. A is true and R is false
4. A is false and R is true
18. Assertion (A): Spermaceti is terpene.
Reason (R): Spermaceti is palmitic ester of cetyl alcohol.
1. A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
3. A is true and R is false.
4. A is false and R is true.
19. Ergo sterol and cholesterol are respectively
1) Derived fat and Derived fat 2) Compound fat and Derived fat
3) Derived fat and Compound fat 4) Simple lipid and Hetero lipid
20. An unsaturated fatty acid on Ozonolysis yields
1) CH3 (CH2 )7 − CH = CH − (CH2 )7 − COOH 2) CH3 − (CH2 )7 − CH = CH − (CH2 )5 − COOH
3) CH3 − (CH2 )4 − CH = CH − (CH2 )10− COOH 4) H3C(CH2 )5 − CH = CH (CH2 )9 −COOH

Key

1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 4 5) 2 6) 1 7) 3 8) 3 9) 2 10) 3
11) 2 12) 4 13) 1 14) 1 15) 4 16) 2 17) 1 18) 4 19) 1 20) 1
 Hormones

1. Which of the following is a steroid?

1) Insulin 2) Vitamins 3) Cytokinins 4) Estrogen
2. Androgens are
1) Female sex hormone 2) Non steriod
3) Plant hormone 4) Male sex hormone
3. Phosphorylation of glucose is increased by
1) Auxins 2) Insulin 3) Ethylene 4) Traumatic acid
4. In insulin molecule S-S linkage is in between
1) Cysteine-Glycine 2) Cystein-Cysteine
3) Cysteine-Valanine 4) Proline-Cysteine
5. Which of the following is not an example of phytohormones?
1) Cytokinins 2) Ethylene 3) Auxins 4) Insulin
6. Estradiol is responsible for the development of
1) Primary male characters 2) Secondary female characters
3) Primary female characters 4) Secondary male characters
7. Deficiency of insulin in human beings cause
1) Blood coagulation 2) Beri Beri
3) Diabetes 4) Dermatitis
8. Insulin molecule contains S-S linkages one S-S linkage is within the chain, which
is numberedas
1) 19-20 2) 7 - 7 3) 6 - 11 4) Any one of there
9. For artificial ripening of fruit which of the following is used?
1) Testosterone 2) Insulin 3) Ethylene 4) Estrogen
10. Which of the following Hormones helps in the conversion of glucose into
Glycogen in the body?
1) Insulin 2) Cortisone 3) Thyroxin 4) Oxytocin
11. The disease diabetes mellitus is caused by the deficiency of
1) Iodine 2) Insulin
3) Phenylalanine Hydroxylase 4) Lysine
12. The Hormone used as an oral contraceptive is
1) Aldosterone 2) Cortisone 3) Progesterone 4) Testosterone
13. The Hormone insulin is a secretion of the organ
1) Ovary 2) Testes 3) Adrenal cortex 4) Pancreas
14. Increased blood pressure may be caused by the excess secretion of
1) Thyroxin 2) Testosterone 3) Estradiol 4) Adrenaline
15. The pace setter of the endocrine system in the Human body is the endocrine
gland called
1) Thyroid 2) Insulin 3) Adrenaline 4) Secretin
16. The Muscular physique of a male is due to the influence of the Hormone called
1) Testosterone 2) Estradiol 3) Progesterone 4) Estrone
17. Body builders illegally and unethically use synthetic analog of Hormone called
1) Estrone 2) Progesterone 3) Testosterone 4) Insulin
18. Emergency Hormone in Animals is the
1) Adrenaline 2) Insulin 3) Oestrogen 4) Secretin
19. The Hormone that promotes Anabolism and inhibits catabolism is the
1) Tri iodo Thyroxine 2) Auxins
3) Insulin 4) Morphactin
20. Assertion: Absicic Acid "induces Prototropism".
Reason: Absicic Acid is a Sesqui Terpene.
 1) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
2) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
3) A is true but R is false.
4) A is flase but R is true.
21. Match the following.
A. Homeostasis 1) Affect the Plasma membrane
B. Emergency hormone 2) Structure of insulin
C. Metabolism 3) Adrenaline
D. Peptide hormones 4) Thyroxine
constant internal 5) Maintenance of environment

A B C D
1. 1 5 3 4
2. 2 4 3 1
3. 3 5 2 4
4. 5 3 4 1
22. In Insulin molecule there are two chains A and B. "A" contains "X" - amino
acids & "B" contains "Y" amino acids. The values of X and Y are
1) 21, 31 2) 28, 26 3) 21, 30 4) 32, 34
23. One insulin molecule contains
1) Three peptide chains, two persulphide linkages
2) Two peptide chains, two persulphide linkages
3) Two peptide chains three persulphide bonds
4) Three peptide chains three persulphide bonds.
24. Total number of carbon atoms present in steroid nucleus.
1) 24 2) 17 3) 10 4) 20
25. Steroid hormones are produced by the
a) Adrenal cortex b) Pancreas c) Thyroid d) Testis
e) Pituitary
1) a and d 2) a, b, and c 3) c, d 4) d, e

KEY
1) 4 2) 4 3) 2 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 3 8) 4 9) 3 10) 1
11) 2 12) 3 13) 4 14) 4 15) 1 16) 3 17) 3 18) 1 19) 3 20) 2
21) 4 22) 3 23) 3 24) 2 25) 1
 Vitamins

1. Disease scurvy is caused by the deficiency of vitamin

1. A 2. B6 3. C 4. D

2. Which of the following vitamins is oil soluble?

1. A 2. B6 3. B12 4. B1

3. Which of the following vitamins is water soluble?

1. K 2. E 3. D 4. B1

4. Deficiency of vitamin A leads to a disease known as

1. Scurvy 2. Night blindness 3. Beriberi 4. Rickets
5. Vitamin D is also known as
1. Growth vitamin 2. Sunshine vitamin
3. Reproductive vitamin 4. Ascorbic acid
6. Deficiency of vitamin A causes
1. Night blindness 2. Loss of fertility
3. Scurvy 4. Impaired clotting
7. The term vitamin was introduced by
1. Dr. Funk 2. Dr Edwards 3. Dr.Strepto 4. Dr Indira Hinduja
8. Which one of the following is synthesized in our body by sun rays?
1. Vitamin D 2. Vitamin B 3. Vitamin K 4. Vitamin A
9. Which name is associated with the chemical substances produced in endocrine
ductless glands?
1. Vitamins 2. Antigens 3. Bile acids 4. Hormones
10. Which of the following is true about vitamins?
1. Vitamins in the human body are needed in large amounts.
2. Vitamins are secreted by ductless glands.
3. Vitamins are synthesized by an organism.
 4. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble whereas vitamins of the B group and
vitamin C are water soluble.
11. Which of the following statements is not correct?
1. Vitamin - A is also known as retinol.
2. In carrots a red coloured compound (carotene) in the body breaks into vitamin – C.
3. Vitamin - A is essential for growth and vision.
4. Vitamin - A is a fat - soluble vitamin.
12. The metal present in vitamin B12 is

1. Iron 2. Cobalt 3. Copper 4. Manganese

13. Which of the following statements is not correct?
1. Vitamin D is fat - soluble vitamin .
2. Vitamin D regulates the adsorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestine.
3. Vitamin D is structurally related to steroids.

4. There are three types of vitamins D - D1, D2 and D3.

14. Which of the following is not correct?
1. Vitamins are synthesized within the body.
2. Hormones are synthesized within the body.
3. Hormones are also known as chemical messengers.
4. Hormones are highly potent and so are produced in small quantities.
15. Osteomalacia in adults is due to deficiency of vitamin
1) A 2) D 3) E 4) K
16. Cyanocobalamine is rich in
1) Sewage sludge 2) Liver of pig
3) Egg 4) All
17. Which of the following is the incorrectly matched?
1) Niacin – Nicotinamide 2) Vitamin B3 - Dipeptide
 3) Vitamin K - Flavin derivative 4) Vitamin B12 - Resembles Heme

18. An example of water soluble vitamin is

1. Vitamin D 2. Vitamin E 3. Vitamin A 4. Vitamin C
19. Two vitamins absorbed from intestine along with fats are
1. A, D 2. A, B 3. A, C 4. D, B
20. Rifoflavin is the chemical name of
1) Vitamin A 2) Vitamin B2 3) Vitamin C 4) Vitamin D
21. Pernicious anaemia is caused by deficiency of vitamin
1) B1 2) B2 3) B6 4) B12
22. Prolonged deficiency of nicotinic acid [niacin] in human diet leads to
1) Beriberi 2) Pellagra 3) Scurvy 4) Anaemia
23. Degeneration of Lachrymal glands is due to the deficiency of
1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin E 3. Vitamin D 4. Vitamin C
24. The function of vitamin D is
1. Calcium absorption in the intestine
2. Normal development of bones and teeth
3. Deposition of calcium and phosphate in bones
4. All the above
25. Nutritional muscular dystrophy is due to the deficiency of vitamin
1. A 2. D 3. E 4. K
26. Which vitamins are present in much smaller amounts in cells?
1) A 2) D 3) B & C 4) K
27. The vitamin, which plays a role in transportation, of amino acids across the cell
membrane is
1) B1 2) B2 3) B3 4) B6
28. Which of the following Vitamins converts ATP to AMP and Bipyrophosphate?
1. B1 2. B2 3. B12 4. B5

29. The deficiency of pyridoxine causes

1. Pellagra 2. Dermatitis, convulsions
3. Beri Beri 4. Sterility
30. Deficiency of vitamin 'A' causes
1) Xerophthalmia 2) Degeneration of Lacrimal glands
3) Night blindness 4) All
31. Match the following.
List - I List - II
A. Vitamin A 1. Calcifierol
B. Vitamin D 2. Tocopherol derivative
C Vitamin E 3. Retinol
D Vitamin K 4. Anti hemorrhagic
5. Thiamin
The correct match is
1. A - 3, B - 1, C – 2, D - 4
2. A - 3, B - 1, C – 2, D - 5
3. A - 3, B - 1, C – 4, D - 2
4. A - 1, B - 3, C – 2, D - 4
32. Match the following.
List - I List - II
A. Vitamin - B1 1. Riboflavin

B. Vitamin - B2 2. Pantothenic acid

C. Vitamin - B3 3. Niacin

D. Vitamin - B5 4. Thiamin
 The correct match is
1. A - 4, B - 1, C – 3, D - 2
2. A - 4, B - 1, C – 2, D - 3
3. A - 3, B - 4, C – 2, D - 1
4. A - 4, B - 3, C – 1, D - 2
33. Assertion: The deficiency of vitamin B12 causes hyper glycemia.

Reason: The function of vitamin B12 is synthesis of lipids from carbohydrates.

1. A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

2. A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
3. A is true and R is false.
4. A is false and R is true.
34. Assertion (A): The deficiency of vitamin D causes sterility.
Reason (R): The function of vitamin D is normal development of bones and
teeth.
1. A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. A and R are true and R is the not correct explanation of A.
3. A is true and R is false.
4. A is false and R is true.
35. Which of the following is incorrect?
1. Vitamin B3 is present in all food stuffs.

2. Liver of OX contains vitamin B12.

3. Vitamin H present in milk.
4. Citrus fruits mostly contain vitamin H.
36. Match the following.
A. Vitamin - B7 1. Ascorbic acid

B. Vitamin - B9 2. Cyanocobalamin
 C. Vitamin - B12 3. Folic acid

D. Vitamin - C 4. Biotin
The correct match is
1. A - 1, B - 2, C – 3, D - 4 2. A - 4, B - 2, C – 3, D - 1
3. A - 1, B - 3, C – 2, D - 4 4. A - 4, B - 3, C – 2, D - 1
37. Identify the correct statements.
a. Deficiency of vitamin A causes xerophthalmia.
b. The function of vitamin C is maintenance of redox potentials of cells.
c. Vitamin B-12 contain ionone ring.
d. Folic acid (vitamin B9) consists of corrin ring.

The correct statements are

1. a only 2. a & b 3. a, b, & c 4. All

Key

1) 3 2) 1 3) 4 4) 2 5) 2 6) 1 7) 2
8) 1 9) 4 10) 4 11) 2 12) 2 13) 4 14) 1
15) 2 16) 4 17) 3 18) 4 19) 4 20) 2 21) 4
22) 2 23) 1 24) 4 25) 3 26) 3 27) 4 28) 1
29) 2 30) 4 31) 1 32) 2 33) 2 34) 4 35) 4
36) 1 37) 4