Complete Grammar Mastery Guide: From Basics to Advanced

1. Parts of Speech
●​ Nouns: Proper, Common, Abstract, Concrete, Countable, Uncountable, Collective,
Compound
●​ Pronouns: Personal, Possessive, Reflexive, Intensive, Demonstrative, Relative,
Interrogative, Indefinite
●​ Verbs: Action, Linking, Auxiliary, Modal, Finite, Non-finite, Participles, Gerunds,
Infinitives
●​ Adjectives: Descriptive, Quantitative, Demonstrative, Possessive, Interrogative, Articles,
Degrees of Comparison
●​ Adverbs: Manner, Place, Time, Frequency, Degree, Sentence, Conjunctive
●​ Prepositions: Time, Place, Direction, Agent, Instrument, Phrasal
●​ Conjunctions: Coordinating, Subordinating, Correlative
●​ Interjections: Emotive expressions (e.g., oh!, wow!, alas!)
●​ Determiners: Articles, Demonstratives, Possessives, Quantifiers, Numbers

2. Tenses
●​ Present Tenses:​

○​ Simple Present
○​ Present Continuous
○​ Present Perfect
○​ Present Perfect Continuous
●​ Past Tenses:​

○​ Simple Past
○​ Past Continuous
○​ Past Perfect
○​ Past Perfect Continuous
●​ Future Tenses:​

○​ Simple Future
○​ Future Continuous
○​ Future Perfect
○​ Future Perfect Continuous
3. Sentence Structure
●​ Subject and Predicate
●​ Direct and Indirect Objects
●​ Complements (subject and object)
●​ Sentence Types: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory
●​ Sentence Forms: Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex
●​ Sentence Errors: Fragments, Run-ons, Comma Splices

4. Clauses and Phrases

●​ Clauses:​

○​ Independent (Main)
○​ Dependent (Subordinate): Noun, Adjective (Relative), Adverbial
●​ Phrases:​

○​ Noun Phrase
○​ Verb Phrase
○​ Adjective Phrase
○​ Adverb Phrase
○​ Prepositional Phrase
○​ Gerund Phrase
○​ Infinitive Phrase
○​ Participial Phrase

5. Voice and Mood

●​ Voice:​

○​ Active
○​ Passive (all tenses)
●​ Mood:​

○​ Indicative
○​ Imperative
○​ Subjunctive
6. Conditionals
●​ Zero Conditional
●​ First Conditional
●​ Second Conditional
●​ Third Conditional
●​ Mixed Conditionals
●​ Inverted Conditionals (if omitted, subject-verb inversion)

7. Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech

●​ Reporting Statements
●​ Reporting Questions
●​ Reporting Commands and Requests
●​ Changes in:
○​ Verb Tense
○​ Pronouns
○​ Time and Place Words
●​ Reporting Verbs: say, tell, ask, advise, suggest, etc.

8. Agreement
●​ Subject-Verb Agreement:​

○​ Singular/Plural Subjects
○​ Indefinite Pronouns
○​ Collective Nouns
○​ Compound Subjects
●​ Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement:​

○​ Gender and Number Consistency

9. Modifiers
 ●​ Adjective vs. Adverb Usage
●​ Order of Modifiers
●​ Dangling Modifiers
●​ Misplaced Modifiers
●​ Squinting Modifiers

10. Special Structures

●​ Existential Sentences: There is / There are
●​ Cleft Sentences:
○​ It-clefts (e.g., It was John who...)
○​ Wh-clefts (e.g., What he said was...)
●​ Emphatic Structures: Do/Does/Did + base verb
●​ Inversion:
○​ In Questions (e.g., Are you ready?)
○​ In Conditional Omissions (e.g., Had I known…)
○​ For Emphasis

11. Punctuation and Capitalization

●​ Punctuation:​

○​ Period
○​ Comma
○​ Semicolon
○​ Colon
○​ Apostrophe (contractions, possession)
○​ Quotation Marks
○​ Parentheses
○​ Dash and Hyphen
●​ Capitalization:​

○​ First word of sentence

○​ Proper nouns
○​ Titles and Headings
○​ Days, Months, Holidays
12. Stylistic and Formal Grammar
●​ Formal vs. Informal Usage
●​ Parallelism (in lists and structure)
●​ Sentence Variety and Rhythm
●​ Cohesion (connectors and transitions)
●​ Coherence (logical order and clarity)
●​ Register and Tone (academic, conversational, etc.)
Complete English Vocabulary Guide: From
Beginner to Advanced
A structured roadmap for learners to build vocabulary from everyday basics to advanced
communication.

1. Basic Everyday Vocabulary

●​ Personal Information (name, age, nationality, gender)
●​ Family Members (mother, father, siblings, relatives)
●​ Numbers and Colors (1–100+, primary & secondary colors)
●​ Days, Months, and Telling Time
●​ Common Objects (household items, furniture, school supplies)
●​ Food and Drinks (fruits, vegetables, meals, beverages)
●​ Weather and Seasons (sunny, rainy, winter, monsoon)
●​ Basic Places and Directions (city places, left/right, near/far)
●​ Greetings and Polite Expressions (hello, please, thank you)

2. Body and Health

●​ Parts of the Body (internal and external)
●​ Health and Illnesses (fever, cold, injury)
●​ Symptoms and Treatment (pain, medicine, doctor visit)
●​ Personal Hygiene and Care Products

3. Home and Living

●​ Types of Homes (apartment, cottage, bungalow)
●​ Rooms and Household Vocabulary (kitchen, bathroom, appliances)
●​ Furniture and Decor (sofa, curtain, lamp)
●​ Garden and Outdoor Vocabulary (tools, plants, actions)
4. Nature and Environment
●​ Animals (pets, wild animals, sea creatures)
●​ Plants and Trees (types and parts)
●​ Natural Elements (mountains, rivers, weather phenomena)
●​ Environmental Issues (pollution, recycling, conservation)

5. People and Society

●​ Occupations and Professions (doctor, teacher, engineer)
●​ Personality Traits and Emotions (happy, shy, confident)
●​ Social Relationships (friendship, family ties, colleagues)
●​ School and Education Vocabulary (subjects, classroom terms)

6. Clothing and Fashion

●​ Types of Clothes (formal, casual, traditional)
●​ Accessories and Footwear
●​ Fabrics, Colors, and Patterns
●​ Describing Appearance and Style

7. Food, Cooking, and Dining

●​ Food Categories (dairy, grains, meats, sweets)
●​ Cooking Verbs (boil, fry, bake)
●​ Kitchen Utensils and Appliances
●​ Restaurant and Dining Vocabulary
●​ Taste, Texture, and Cooking Methods

8. Travel and Transport

●​ Modes of Transport (bus, train, flight, bike)
●​ Vehicle Parts and Maintenance
●​ Travel Vocabulary (tickets, airport, baggage)
 ●​ Maps, Navigation, and Directions
●​ Accommodation and Tourist Activities

9. Leisure, Hobbies, and Entertainment

●​ Sports and Physical Activities
●​ Games and Pastimes (board games, hobbies)
●​ Music and Musical Instruments
●​ TV, Film, and Genres
●​ Books, Literature, and Media Platforms

10. Technology and Daily Life

●​ Gadgets and Devices (smartphone, computer)
●​ Internet and Social Media Vocabulary
●​ Emails and Online Communication
●​ Apps, Software, and Digital Terms

11. Business, Work, and Office Vocabulary

●​ Workplace Roles and Departments
●​ Office Equipment and Supplies
●​ Business Meetings and Communication
●​ Employment and Job Applications
●​ Money and Finance Vocabulary

12. Special Topics and Cultural Vocabulary

●​ Festivals and Celebrations (Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Halloween)
●​ Travel Experiences and Adventures
●​ Science and Space (planets, inventions, exploration)
●​ Politics, Government, and Law
●​ Art, History, and Religion Vocabulary
13. Advanced Communication Vocabulary
●​ Expressing Opinions, Preferences, and Beliefs
●​ Debate and Argument Language (agree/disagree, pros/cons)
●​ Degrees of Certainty (probably, definitely, maybe)
●​ Suggestions, Requests, and Advice
●​ Formal and Informal Tone Vocabulary
●​ Idioms, Phrasal Verbs, and Figurative Language

This list ensures a full range of vocabulary development—from survival English to professional
and expressive fluency—making it ideal for learners at every stage.
Book 3: Mastering English Language
Skills & Real-Life Application
A complete guide to developing fluency through skills, strategies, usage, and communication.

1. Core Language Skills

A. Listening

●​ Active vs. Passive Listening

●​ Listening for Gist, Details, and Inference
●​ Understanding Accents, Tone, and Intonation
●​ Practical Strategies: Note-Taking, Predicting, Clarifying

B. Speaking

●​ Pronunciation: Sounds, Stress, Rhythm, and Intonation

●​ Developing Fluency and Accuracy
●​ Real-Life Speaking: Greetings, Small Talk, Expressing Opinions
●​ Public Speaking: Presentations, Debates, Group Discussions
●​ Simulation: Role-Plays, Interviews, Storytelling

C. Reading

●​ Reading Strategies: Skimming, Scanning, Intensive Reading

●​ Comprehension for Main Ideas and Supporting Details
●​ Understanding Text Structure and Purpose
●​ Critical and Analytical Reading

D. Writing

●​ Paragraph Structure and Development

●​ Writing Emails, Letters (Formal and Informal)
●​ Essays, Reports, Reviews, and Narratives
●​ Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Editing, and Proofreading
2. Language Structures & Functions
A. Structural Foundations

●​ Sentence Types: Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex

●​ Clauses: Main and Subordinate
●​ Phrases: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Prepositional
●​ Word Formation and Morphemes

B. Functional Language Use

●​ Making Requests, Suggestions, and Offers

●​ Expressing Agreement, Disagreement, and Opinions
●​ Apologizing, Complaining, and Giving Advice
●​ Describing, Narrating, Comparing, and Contrasting

3. Practical Language Tools

A. Pronunciation & Phonetics

●​ English Sounds: Vowels, Consonants, Diphthongs

●​ Word Stress, Sentence Stress, and Rhythm
●​ Connected Speech: Linking, Elision, Intrusion

B. Spelling & Punctuation

●​ Spelling Patterns and Rules

●​ Common Spelling Confusions
●​ Punctuation Marks and Usage Rules (., !, ?, :, ;, —, etc.)

C. Idiomatic and Natural Language

●​ Common Idioms and Expressions

●​ Phrasal Verbs in Context
●​ Collocations: Natural Word Pairings
●​ Synonyms, Antonyms, and Nuanced Meaning

D. Register & Style

●​ Formal vs. Informal English

●​ Academic, Business, and Conversational Styles
 ●​ Adjusting Tone and Politeness According to Context

4. Study Skills & Learning Strategies

●​ How to Use a Dictionary and Thesaurus Effectively
●​ Making Study Plans and Learning Goals
●​ Self-Assessment and Reflection Tools
●​ Note-Taking Techniques (Mind Maps, Cornell Method)
●​ Learning through Media: Podcasts, News, Books

5. English Language Exams & Assessment

●​ Test Formats: Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing
●​ Exam Types: IELTS, TOEFL, Cambridge English, etc.
●​ Test-Taking Strategies and Time Management
●​ Sample Questions and Mock Tasks

6. Culture and Context in Language

●​ Understanding Cultural Nuance and Politeness
●​ English Around the World: Accents, Slang, and Varieties
●​ Social Taboos and Communication Norms
●​ Using English in Multicultural Settings

7. Basics of Teaching English (For Aspiring Trainers)

●​ Introduction to ELT (English Language Teaching) Methods:
○​ Grammar-Translation
○​ Direct Method
○​ Audio-Lingual
○​ Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
●​ Adapting for Age, Ability, and Need
●​ Planning Lessons and Managing a Classroom
●​ Motivation, Feedback, and Assessment Principles
Summary:
This final book bridges grammar and vocabulary with language fluency, practical skills, exam
readiness, and teaching knowledge. It prepares learners not just to know English, but to live,
use, and share it confidently—in school, at work, or in global communication.
 1.​ Parts Of Speech

Lesson 1: Noun (संज्ञा)

Definition:

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.

Types of Nouns (with simple examples):

1.​ Proper Noun – Specific name​

Example: Ram, India, Mumbai​
(Always starts with a capital letter.)​

2.​ Common Noun – General name​

Example: boy, country, city​

3.​ Collective Noun – Group name​

Example: team, family, crowd​

4.​ Abstract Noun – Feelings or ideas​

Example: love, honesty, fear​

5.​ Material Noun – Substances or materials​

Example: gold, water, wood​

Examples in Sentences:

●​ Ram is a good boy. (Ram = proper noun, boy = common noun)

●​ The team won the match. (team = collective noun)
●​ Honesty is the best policy. (honesty = abstract noun)
●​ This ring is made of gold. (gold = material noun)

Lesson 2: Pronoun (सर्वनाम)

Definition:

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.

Why we use pronouns:

Instead of saying:

●​ Ram is a student. Ram is smart. Ram studies well.​

We say:
●​ Ram is a student. He is smart. He studies well.

Common Pronouns:

●​ I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, my, your, his, their etc.

Types of Pronouns (basic):

1.​ Personal Pronouns – I, you, he, she, it, we, they

2.​ Possessive Pronouns – my, your, his, her, our, their, its
3.​ Reflexive Pronouns – myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves
4.​ Demonstrative Pronouns – this, that, these, those
5.​ Interrogative Pronouns – who, whom, whose, what, which
6.​ Relative Pronouns – who, which, that
7.​ Indefinite Pronouns – someone, anyone, everyone, nobody, everything

Examples in Sentences:

●​ He is my brother. (he = personal pronoun)

●​ This is my book. (my = possessive pronoun)
●​ She did it herself. (herself = reflexive pronoun)
●​ These are my shoes. (these = demonstrative pronoun)
●​ Who is calling? (who = interrogative pronoun)

Lesson 3: Verb (क्रिया)

Definition:

A verb is a word that shows action or state of being.

Types of Verbs:

1.​ Action Verbs – show physical or mental action​

Examples: run, eat, write, think, play​
Sentence: She runs every morning.​

2.​ Be Verbs / Linking Verbs – show state or condition​

Forms: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being​
Sentence: He is a doctor.​
 3.​ Helping Verbs – help main verbs (also called auxiliary verbs)​
Examples: is, am, are, was, were, has, have, will, shall, can, could, should​
Sentence: She is eating lunch.​

4.​ Modal Verbs – show ability, possibility, permission, or necessity​

Examples: can, could, may, might, should, must​
Sentence: You must study daily.​

Examples in Sentences:

●​ I eat an apple. (action verb)

●​ He is tired. (linking verb)
●​ They have finished the work. (helping + main verb)
●​ We can go now. (modal verb)

Verbs are the heart of a sentence—no sentence is complete without a verb.

Lesson 4: Adjective (विशेषण)

Definition:

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun. It adds quality, quantity, color, size,
shape, etc.

What adjectives answer:

●​ What kind? – beautiful, tall, honest

●​ How many? – two, many, several
●​ Which one? – this, that, first

Types of Adjectives (basic):

1.​ Descriptive Adjective – Describes quality​

Example: He is a smart boy.​
 2.​ Quantitative Adjective – Tells how much/how many​
Example: She has two books.​

3.​ Demonstrative Adjective – Points out something​

Example: This car is new.​

4.​ Possessive Adjective – Shows ownership​

Example: My pen is lost.​

5.​ Interrogative Adjective – Asks a question​

Example: Which movie do you like?​

Examples in Sentences:

●​ She has a red dress. (red = describes the color of the dress)
●​ They have three dogs. (three = shows quantity)
●​ That house is big. (that = demonstrative adjective)
●​ His bag is heavy. (his = possessive adjective)

Adjectives help us give more information about nouns.

Lesson 5: Adverb (क्रिया विशेषण)

Definition:

An adverb is a word that describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It tells how, when,
where, or to what extent something happens.

What adverbs answer:

●​ How? – quickly, happily, slowly

●​ When? – now, today, yesterday
●​ Where? – here, there, everywhere
●​ To what extent? – very, too, quite

Types of Adverbs (basic):

 1.​ Adverbs of Manner – Describe how something is done​
Examples: slowly, quickly, carefully​
Sentence: She sings beautifully.​

2.​ Adverbs of Time – Describe when something happens​

Examples: now, later, yesterday​
Sentence: I will see you tomorrow.​

3.​ Adverbs of Place – Describe where something happens​

Examples: here, there, everywhere​
Sentence: The children are playing outside.​

4.​ Adverbs of Degree – Describe to what extent something happens​

Examples: very, too, enough​
Sentence: She is very kind.​

5.​ Adverbs of Frequency – Describe how often something happens​

Examples: always, never, often​
Sentence: He always wakes up early.​

Examples in Sentences:

●​ She runs quickly. (quickly = manner)

●​ They will arrive tomorrow. (tomorrow = time)
●​ I saw her there. (there = place)
●​ He is too tired to go out. (too = degree)

Adverbs help us modify or clarify the action in a sentence.

Lesson 6: Preposition (पर्व

ू सर्ग)

Definition:

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and
another word in the sentence. It often shows location, direction, time, or place.

What prepositions show:

●​ Place/Position – where something is

 ●​ Direction – where something is going
●​ Time – when something happens

Common Prepositions:

●​ In – in the room, in the park

●​ On – on the table, on the wall
●​ At – at the door, at school
●​ Under – under the bed
●​ Over – over the rainbow
●​ To – go to the market
●​ From – come from the store
●​ By – near the house
●​ With – with my friends
●​ Between – between the chairs
●​ During – during the meeting
●​ After – after the class

Examples in Sentences:

●​ The book is on the table. (on = shows position)

●​ She is going to the store. (to = shows direction)
●​ The meeting is at 5 PM. (at = shows time)
●​ The cat is under the table. (under = shows position)
●​ They walked with their friends. (with = shows relationship)

Prepositions help us understand where or when things happen in a sentence.

Lesson 7: Conjunction (संयोजक)

Definition:

A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses together in a sentence. It helps
in connecting ideas and making sentences more fluid and meaningful.

Types of Conjunctions:
 1.​ Coordinating Conjunctions – Join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.​
Common coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so​
Example: I like tea and coffee.​
Example: She is smart but lazy.​

2.​ Subordinating Conjunctions – Join a dependent clause (a part of a sentence that can’t
stand alone) with an independent clause (a complete sentence).​
Common subordinating conjunctions: because, although, since, if, when, while​
Example: I stayed home because it was raining.​
Example: Although he was tired, he finished his work.​

3.​ Correlative Conjunctions – Work in pairs to join equal parts of a sentence.​

Common correlative conjunctions: both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but
also​
Example: Either you come with us, or you stay home.​
Example: Both my brother and I are going.​

Examples in Sentences:

●​ I want to go to the park, but it's raining. (but = coordinating conjunction)

●​ She went to the party because she was invited. (because = subordinating conjunction)
●​ Neither the dog nor the cat is hungry. (neither...nor = correlative conjunction)

Conjunctions help us connect ideas and make sentences more complex.

Lesson 8: Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द)

Definition:

An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion or sudden feeling. It is

often followed by an exclamation mark. Interjections are typically used in spoken language or
informal writing to convey feelings like surprise, joy, anger, or excitement.

Types of Interjections:

1.​ Exclamatory Interjections – Express sudden feelings or emotions.​

Examples: Wow! Oh! Ah! Hey! Ouch!​
 Sentence: Wow! That’s amazing!​

2.​ Relief or Surprise Interjections – Express relief or surprise.​

Examples: Phew! Oh!​
Sentence: Phew! That was close!​

3.​ Greeting Interjections – Used for greeting or addressing someone.​

Examples: Hi! Hello!​
Sentence: Hello! How are you?​

4.​ Pain or Discomfort Interjections – Express pain, discomfort, or regret.​

Examples: Ouch! Oh no!​
Sentence: Ouch! That hurt!​

Examples in Sentences:

●​ Wow! That was incredible!

●​ Ah! I understand now.
●​ Hey! Wait for me!
●​ Oops! I made a mistake.
●​ Oh no! I forgot my keys.

Interjections add emotion and impact to our speech and writing, making it feel more
expressive.

Lesson 9: Determiner (निर्धारण शब्द)

Definition:

A determiner is a word that introduces a noun and clarifies it in some way. It provides more
information about the noun it precedes, such as whether it's specific or general, how many, or
whose it is.

Types of Determiners:

1.​ Articles – Define whether the noun is specific or general.​

 ○​ Definite article: the (refers to something specific)
○​ Indefinite articles: a, an (refer to something in general)
○​ Examples:
■​ I saw a dog. (any dog, not specific)
■​ The dog is barking. (a specific dog)
2.​ Demonstratives – Show which noun is being referred to.​

○​ This, that, these, those

○​ Examples:
■​ This car is mine.
■​ I like those shoes.
3.​ Possessives – Show ownership or possession of a noun.​

○​ My, your, his, her, its, our, their

○​ Examples:
■​ My book is on the table.
■​ Is that your pen?
4.​ Quantifiers – Indicate quantity or amount.​

○​ Some, any, few, many, several, all, more, enough

○​ Examples:
■​ Many people attended the event.
■​ Do you have any questions?
5.​ Numbers – Specify the exact number of a noun.​

○​ One, two, three, first, second, etc.

○​ Examples:
■​ I have two brothers.
■​ The first prize goes to her.
6.​ Interrogatives – Used in questions to ask about nouns.​

○​ Which, what, whose

○​ Examples:
■​ Which book do you want?
■​ Whose phone is this?

Examples in Sentences:

●​ A cat is sitting on the wall. (a = indefinite article)

●​ The house is big. (the = definite article)
●​ This book is interesting. (this = demonstrative determiner)
●​ I lost my wallet. (my = possessive determiner)
●​ Several people arrived late. (several = quantifier)
 ●​ Three students passed the exam. (three = number determiner)
●​ Which way is the station? (which = interrogative determiner)

Determiners give us specific information about the noun and help make the meaning clearer
in a sentence.

Lesson 2 . Tenses

"120 Sentences to Learn All 12 Tenses"

1.​ Simple Present

2.​ Present Continuous
3.​ Present Perfect
4.​ Present Perfect Continuous
5.​ Simple Past
6.​ Past Continuous
7.​ Past Perfect
8.​ Past Perfect Continuous
9.​ Simple Future
10.​Future Continuous
11.​Future Perfect
12.​Future Perfect Continuous

1. Simple Present

1.​ I go to school every day.

2.​ She writes in her diary.
3.​ They play football on Sundays.
4.​ He eats an apple daily.
5.​ We watch TV in the evening.
6.​ The sun rises in the east.
7.​ My brother reads a lot.
8.​ Water boils at 100°C.
9.​ Dogs bark.
10.​He always helps others.
2. Present Continuous

1.​ I am reading a book.

2.​ She is cooking dinner.
3.​ They are playing cricket now.
4.​ We are watching a movie.
5.​ He is studying for his exam.
6.​ The children are dancing.
7.​ I am writing a letter.
8.​ She is calling her friend.
9.​ We are cleaning the house.
10.​It is raining outside.

3. Present Perfect

1.​ I have finished my homework.

2.​ She has written three books.
3.​ They have gone to the market.
4.​ We have seen that movie.
5.​ He has started his own business.
6.​ The train has arrived.
7.​ I have eaten lunch.
8.​ She has cleaned the room.
9.​ We have won the match.
10.​It has stopped raining.

4. Present Perfect Continuous

1.​ I have been studying for two hours.

2.​ She has been writing since morning.
3.​ They have been playing since 3 p.m.
4.​ We have been working all day.
5.​ He has been sleeping for 8 hours.
6.​ The baby has been crying.
7.​ I have been learning English.
8.​ She has been waiting for you.
9.​ We have been traveling.
10.​It has been raining nonstop.
5. Simple Past

1.​ I went to the park yesterday.

2.​ She wrote a poem last night.
3.​ They played football.
4.​ We watched a movie.
5.​ He ate a mango.
6.​ The sun set at 6 p.m.
7.​ I met him last week.
8.​ She called me in the morning.
9.​ We cleaned the room.
10.​It rained heavily.

6. Past Continuous

1.​ I was reading a novel.

2.​ She was cooking when I came.
3.​ They were playing in the garden.
4.​ We were watching TV at 8 p.m.
5.​ He was studying for the test.
6.​ I was walking alone.
7.​ She was listening to music.
8.​ They were fighting over a toy.
9.​ We were planning a trip.
10.​It was raining all evening.

7. Past Perfect

1.​ I had finished my homework before dinner.

2.​ She had written five pages.
3.​ They had left before we arrived.
4.​ We had seen that movie already.
5.​ He had gone to the office.
6.​ I had eaten lunch earlier.
7.​ She had cleaned the house.
8.​ They had reached the station.
9.​ We had completed the work.
10.​It had rained all day.
8. Past Perfect Continuous

1.​ I had been studying for two hours.

2.​ She had been writing since morning.
3.​ They had been playing all afternoon.
4.​ We had been working hard.
5.​ He had been sleeping since 9 p.m.
6.​ The baby had been crying.
7.​ I had been waiting for him.
8.​ She had been painting the wall.
9.​ They had been building the house.
10.​It had been snowing for hours.

9. Simple Future

1.​ I will go to school tomorrow.

2.​ She will write a story.
3.​ They will play cricket.
4.​ We will watch a film.
5.​ He will eat dinner at 8.
6.​ The sun will rise at 6 a.m.
7.​ I will meet him today.
8.​ She will call you later.
9.​ We will clean the house.
10.​It will rain tomorrow.

10. Future Continuous

1.​ I will be reading at 8 p.m.

2.​ She will be cooking dinner.
3.​ They will be playing football.
4.​ We will be watching a match.
5.​ He will be studying for the exam.
6.​ I will be walking to school.
7.​ She will be dancing on stage.
8.​ They will be traveling.
9.​ We will be working on the project.
10.​It will be raining in the evening.
11. Future Perfect

1.​ I will have finished the work by 5 p.m.

2.​ She will have written the letter.
3.​ They will have played the match.
4.​ We will have completed the project.
5.​ He will have eaten his meal.
6.​ I will have gone by then.
7.​ She will have cleaned the room.
8.​ They will have arrived.
9.​ We will have solved the problem.
10.​It will have stopped raining.

12. Future Perfect Continuous

1.​ I will have been studying for 2 hours.

2.​ She will have been writing since morning.
3.​ They will have been playing all day.
4.​ We will have been working since noon.
5.​ He will have been sleeping for hours.
6.​ The baby will have been crying.
7.​ I will have been waiting for you.
8.​ She will have been painting the house.
9.​ We will have been building the project.
10.​It will have been raining for 3 days.

Lesson 3: Sentence Structure

1. Subject and Predicate:

●​ A sentence has two main parts: subject and predicate.

●​ Subject is what or who the sentence is about.
●​ Predicate tells something about the subject.
○​ Example: She (subject) is reading a book (predicate).

2. Direct and Indirect Objects:

●​ Direct Object receives the action directly.

○​ Example: He wrote a letter. (letter = direct object)
●​ Indirect Object receives the direct object.
○​ Example: He gave her a letter. (her = indirect object)
3. Complements:

●​ Subject Complement renames or describes the subject.

○​ Example: She is a teacher. (teacher = subject complement)
●​ Object Complement renames or describes the object.
○​ Example: They elected him president. (president = object complement)

4. Sentence Types:

●​ Declarative: Makes a statement. (She is happy.)

●​ Interrogative: Asks a question. (Is she happy?)
●​ Imperative: Gives a command. (Be happy.)
●​ Exclamatory: Expresses strong feeling. (How happy she is!)

5. Sentence Forms:

●​ Simple: One independent clause. (She sings.)

●​ Compound: Two independent clauses joined. (She sings, and he dances.)
●​ Complex: One independent + one or more dependent clauses. (She sings when she is
happy.)
●​ Compound-Complex: Two or more independent + at least one dependent clause. (She
sings, and he dances when he is happy.)

6. Sentence Errors:

●​ Fragment: Incomplete sentence. (Because I was late.)

●​ Run-on: Two sentences joined without punctuation. (She sings he dances.)
●​ Comma Splice: Two sentences joined with a comma. (She sings, he dances.)

Lesson 4: Clauses and Phrases

1. Clauses:

●​ Independent (Main) Clause: Can stand alone. (I like apples.)

●​ Dependent (Subordinate) Clause: Cannot stand alone.
○​ Noun Clause: Acts like a noun. (What she said was true.)
○​ Adjective (Relative) Clause: Describes a noun. (The man who came is my
uncle.)
○​ Adverbial Clause: Acts like an adverb. (I’ll come when I finish work.)

2. Phrases:

●​ Noun Phrase: Acts like a noun. (The tall man)

●​ Verb Phrase: Main verb + helping verbs. (is running)
 ●​ Adjective Phrase: Describes a noun. (full of joy)
●​ Adverb Phrase: Describes a verb. (with great speed)
●​ Prepositional Phrase: Starts with a preposition. (on the table)
●​ Gerund Phrase: Begins with a gerund (verb+ing used as noun). (Swimming in the sea is
fun.)
●​ Infinitive Phrase: Starts with "to" + verb. (To read books is useful.)
●​ Participial Phrase: Begins with a present/past participle. (Running quickly, he escaped.)

Lesson 5: Voice and Mood

1. Voice:

●​ Active Voice: Subject does the action. (She wrote a letter.)

●​ Passive Voice: Subject receives the action. (A letter was written by her.)
○​ Passive in different tenses:
■​ Present Simple: The letter is written.
■​ Past Simple: The letter was written.
■​ Present Perfect: The letter has been written.
■​ Future: The letter will be written.
■​ Past Perfect: The letter had been written.
■​ etc.

2. Mood:

●​ Indicative: States facts or asks questions. (She is smart.)

●​ Imperative: Gives commands. (Close the door.)
●​ Subjunctive: Expresses wishes, doubts, or hypothetical situations. (If I were you...)

Here are your simplified and clear lessons on Sentence Structure, Clauses & Phrases, and
Voice & Mood. You can now review, revise, or expand these lessons anytime.

Lesson 6: Conditionals

1. Zero Conditional:

●​ Structure: If + present simple, present simple

●​ Use: Facts or general truths.
○​ Example: If you heat water, it boils.

2. First Conditional:

●​ Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb

 ●​ Use: Real future possibility.
○​ Example: If it rains, we will stay home.

3. Second Conditional:

●​ Structure: If + past simple, would + base verb

●​ Use: Unreal or imaginary present/future situations.
○​ Example: If I had wings, I would fly.

4. Third Conditional:

●​ Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle

●​ Use: Unreal past, regrets.
○​ Example: If she had studied, she would have passed.

5. Mixed Conditionals:

●​ Combines different time frames.

○​ Example: If I had studied (past), I would be successful now (present).

6. Inverted Conditionals (without "if"):

●​ More formal/literary. Subject-verb inversion is used.

○​ Zero: Should you need help, call me.
○​ Second: Were I rich, I would travel the world.
○​ Third: Had she known, she would have left earlier.

Lesson 7: Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech

1. Reporting Statements:

●​ Direct: She said, “I am tired.”

●​ Indirect: She said (that) she was tired.

2. Reporting Questions:

●​ Yes/No: He asked, “Are you happy?” → He asked if I was happy.

●​ Wh-questions: She asked, “Where do you live?” → She asked where I lived.

3. Reporting Commands and Requests:

●​ Command: He said, “Sit down.” → He told me to sit down.

●​ Request: She said, “Please help me.” → She asked me to help her.

4. Changes in Reported Speech:

 ●​ Verb Tense: (usually shift one step back)
○​ is → was, have eaten → had eaten, will go → would go
●​ Pronouns:
○​ “I love you,” he said. → He said he loved me.
●​ Time and Place Words:
○​ now → then, today → that day, here → there, tomorrow → the next day

5. Common Reporting Verbs:

●​ say (no indirect object): She said that...

●​ tell (needs indirect object): She told me that...
●​ ask (for questions/requests): He asked me if...
●​ advise: He advised me to study.
●​ suggest: She suggested going out.

The lessons on Conditionals and Reported Speech have been created with clarity and depth.

Lesson 8: Agreement

1. Subject-Verb Agreement:

Singular/Plural Subjects:

A singular subject takes a singular verb, and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

Example (Singular): She runs every day.

Example (Plural): They run every day.

Indefinite Pronouns:

Some indefinite pronouns are always singular (e.g., everyone, someone, each, nobody), while
others are plural (e.g., few, many, several).

Example (Singular): Everyone is invited.

Example (Plural): Several are coming to the party.

Collective Nouns:
A collective noun refers to a group of individuals but can be treated as singular or plural,
depending on the context.

Example (Singular): The team is practicing.

Example (Plural): The team are arguing among themselves.

Compound Subjects:

When two or more subjects are joined by "and," they take a plural verb. When connected by "or"
or "nor," the verb agrees with the nearest subject.

Example (And): John and Mary are friends.

Example (Or/Nor): Neither the teacher nor the students were prepared.

---

2. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement:

Gender Consistency:

A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender.

Example: The girl lost her keys.

Example (Masculine): The boy lost his keys.

Number Consistency:

A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number (singular or plural).

Example (Singular): Each of the students has his or her book.

Example (Plural): All of the students have their books.

Lesson 9: Modifiers

1. Adjective vs. Adverb Usage:

●​ Adjective: Describes a noun (person, place, thing, or idea).​

○​ Example: She is a smart student.

○​ smart describes the noun student.
●​ Adverb: Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It often ends in -ly.​

○​ Example: She sings beautifully.

○​ beautifully describes the verb sings.

2. Order of Modifiers:

●​ When there are multiple modifiers, they follow a specific order: Quantity → Opinion →
Size → Age → Shape → Color → Proper adjective → Purpose.
○​ Example: Three small red antique chairs.

3. Dangling Modifiers:

●​ A dangling modifier is a descriptive word or phrase that doesn’t clearly or logically modify
the noun in the sentence.
○​ Incorrect: Walking through the park, the flowers were beautiful.
○​ Corrected: Walking through the park, I noticed the beautiful flowers.

4. Misplaced Modifiers:

●​ A misplaced modifier is placed too far from the word it modifies, making the meaning
unclear.
○​ Incorrect: She almost drove her car for six hours.
○​ Corrected: She drove her car for almost six hours.

5. Squinting Modifiers:

●​ A squinting modifier is unclear because it could modify either the word before or the
word after it.
○​ Incorrect: She almost drove her car six hours.
○​ Corrected: She drove her car for almost six hours.

Lesson 10: Special Structures

1. Existential Sentences:

●​ There is / There are are used to introduce the existence of something.

 ○​ Example (Singular): There is a book on the table.
○​ Example (Plural): There are two chairs in the room.

2. Cleft Sentences:

●​ It-Clefts: Focuses on a particular part of the sentence by using It was... who/that...​

○​ Example: It was John who solved the problem.

●​ Wh-Clefts: Uses a wh-word to emphasize a part of the sentence.​

○​ Example: What he said was interesting.

3. Emphatic Structures:

●​ Do/Does/Did + Base Verb: Used to emphasize a statement.

○​ Example (Present): I do like the movie.
○​ Example (Past): She did enjoy the meal.

4. Inversion:

●​ In Questions: The auxiliary verb comes before the subject.​

○​ Example: Are you ready?

●​ In Conditional Omissions: The auxiliary verb is placed before the subject when the if
clause is omitted.​

○​ Example: Had I known, I would have helped.

●​ For Emphasis: Used to emphasize an idea.​

○​ Example: Never have I seen such a beautiful sight.

Lesson 11: Punctuation and Capitalization

1. Punctuation:

●​ Period (.): Used at the end of a declarative sentence.​

○​ Example: She is reading a book.

●​ Comma (,): Used to separate items in a list or clauses in a sentence.​

○​ Example: I bought apples, bananas, and oranges.

●​ Semicolon (;): Used to separate closely related independent clauses.​

○​ Example: I wanted to go for a walk; it started raining.

 ●​ Colon (:): Used to introduce a list, explanation, or quote.​

○​ Example: She brought the following items: bread, butter, and cheese.
●​ Apostrophe ('): Used for contractions or possession.​

○​ Example (Contraction): I can’t go.

○​ Example (Possession): That is John’s book.
●​ Quotation Marks (“”): Used to show direct speech or quotations.​

○​ Example: She said, “I will be late.”

●​ Parentheses (): Used to add additional information.​

○​ Example: She loves reading (especially mystery novels).

●​ Dash (—) and Hyphen (-):​

○​ Dash (—): Used to separate phrases or add emphasis.

■​ Example: She was nervous—no, terrified—before the speech.
○​ Hyphen (-): Used to join words or parts of words.
■​ Example: She wore a well-worn jacket.

2. Capitalization:

●​ First Word of Sentence: Always capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence.​

○​ Example: This is a sentence.

●​ Proper Nouns: Capitalize names of people, places, brands, etc.​

○​ Example: I visited New York last summer.

●​ Titles and Headings: Capitalize the main words in titles.​

○​ Example: The Great Gatsby is a famous novel.

●​ Days, Months, Holidays: Always capitalize the names of days, months, and holidays.​

○​ Example: Christmas is in December.

Here’s a detailed lesson on Stylistic and Formal Grammar:

Lesson 12: Stylistic and Formal Grammar

1. Formal vs. Informal Usage

 ●​ Formal usage is used in professional, academic, or serious contexts. It avoids slang,
contractions, and overly casual language.​

○​ Example (Formal): We appreciate your prompt response to our inquiry.

○​ Example (Informal): Thanks for getting back to us so quickly!
●​ Informal usage is used in everyday conversations, emails, or casual settings. It includes
contractions, slang, and a more relaxed tone.​

○​ Example (Informal): I’m gonna grab some food later.

2. Parallelism (in Lists and Structure)

●​ Parallelism means keeping the structure of elements in a sentence consistent. This is

important in lists and comparisons to ensure clarity and balance.​

○​ Example (Correct Parallelism): She likes reading, writing, and painting.

○​ Example (Incorrect Parallelism): She likes reading, to write, and painting.
●​ Parallel Structure in Sentences:​

○​ Incorrect: The manager is experienced in managing people, solving problems,

and she can handle tough situations.
○​ Correct: The manager is experienced in managing people, solving problems,
and handling tough situations.

3. Sentence Variety and Rhythm

●​ Sentence variety refers to using different sentence structures (simple, compound,

complex) to create interest and avoid monotony.​

○​ Example: The sun set behind the mountains. The colors were vivid. Birds flew in
the sky.
●​ Rhythm is achieved by balancing sentence lengths and types, making the writing sound
smooth and dynamic.​

○​ Example: He rushed to the station. The train was waiting. He stepped inside just
as it departed.

4. Cohesion (Connectors and Transitions)

●​ Cohesion refers to the use of connectors (e.g., and, but, therefore) to link ideas
smoothly and help the text flow.​

○​ Example: She studied hard for the test; therefore, she passed with flying colors.
●​ Transition Words/Phrases: These help to move smoothly between ideas.​
 ○​ Additionally, Moreover, However, On the other hand, For example, In conclusion.

5. Coherence (Logical Order and Clarity)

●​ Coherence is achieved when ideas are logically ordered and the text is easy to follow.
This can be improved by organizing paragraphs clearly, using topic sentences, and
connecting ideas effectively.​

○​ Example: In the first paragraph, we discuss the causes of the issue. In the
second, we address its impact. Finally, we suggest solutions.
●​ Example of Coherence:​

○​ Inadequate Coherence: He went to the store. The car broke down. He fixed it
himself.
○​ Good Coherence: He went to the store to buy groceries. On the way, his car
broke down. He managed to fix it himself and continued his journey.

6. Register and Tone (Academic, Conversational, etc.)

●​ Register refers to the level of formality or informality in language use. It adjusts based
on the context, audience, and purpose.​

○​ Academic Register: More formal, precise, and structured language.

■​ Example: The study presents findings that are critical to understanding
the current economic trends.
○​ Conversational Register: More informal, relaxed, and conversational.
■​ Example: So, the study shows some interesting stuff about the economy.
●​ Tone refers to the writer's attitude toward the subject or audience. It can range from
formal, professional, and serious, to casual, humorous, or friendly.​

○​ Formal Tone Example: We regret to inform you that your application has been
unsuccessful.
○​ Informal Tone Example: Hey! We just wanted to let you know that your
application didn’t make it this time.