MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION (MUMBAI)
A

PROJECT

ON

“U TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION’’

SUBMITTED BY,

Sr.
Name of Student Enrollment No. Seat No.
No.
1 Sandhiksha Sunil Bhosale 2209930163 236247

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF,

Prof. Waghmare O.L

BRAHMDEVDADA MANE POLYTECHNIC, BELATI,

SOLAPUR
(2024-2025)
 Certificate
This is to certify that the project report entitled “U TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION ‘’
has been successfully completed by:

Sr.
Name of Student Enrollment No. Seat No.
No.
1 Sandiksha Sunil Bhosale 2209930163 236247

as partial fulfilment of Diploma course in electrical engineering under the

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai during the academic
year 2024-2025.
The said work has been assessed by us and we are satisfied that the same is up
to the standard envisaged for the level of the course. And that the said work may be
presented to the external examiner.

Prof. Waghmare O.L Prof. Chougule .L .B Dr. Joshi S. B.

PROJECT GUIDE H.O.D. PRINCIPAL

(Name & Sign of External Examiner)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With deep sense of gratitude we would like to thanks all the people who have
lit our path with their kind guidance. We are very grateful to these intellectuals
who did their best to help during our project work.
It is our proud privilege to express deep sense of gratitude to,

Dr. Joshi S. B., Principal of Brahmdevdada Mane Polytechnic, Solapur for

his comments and kind permission to complete this project. We remain indebted
to Prof. CHOUGULE. L. B. H.O.D. of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(EE) Department for their timely suggestion and valuable guidance.
The special gratitude goes to our guide Prof. O.L.WAGHMARE
and staff members, technical staff members of Electrical Engineering
Department for their expensive, excellent and precious guidance in completion
of this work. We thank to all the colleagues for their appreciable help for our
working project.
With various industry owners or lab technicians to help, it has been our
endeavor to throughout our work to cover the entire project work.
We are also thankful to our parents who providing their wishful support for our
project completion successfully.
And lastly we thanks to our all friends and the people who are directly or
indirectly related to our project work.

SANDIKSHA SUNIL BHOSALE

U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

We all are living in 21st century now and the population growth is increasing in a sharper rate. As the

population is increasing day by day the chances of accident occurring is also increasing. Prevention of this

meeting accidents are of great concern today.

The main cause of all these accidents are negligence , negotiation of safety measures etc. As technology is

getting advanced in a greater speed safety measures also being modified but still accidents are still

happening.

Earlier various steps were taken to prevent those accidents but still accidents were occurring at a higher

rate. GPS(Global Positioning System) and GSM(Globalization Management System) wereintroduced but

both of these were useful after accidents had happened as GPS is used to give information regarding the

location and GSM is useful for sending messages from the users mobile to indicate the authority that

accident happened.

Buzzer and LEDs are used for indicating that accidents occurred but our proposed model is an exception to

all this as it prevents the accident from occurring and thus saving lives. Our proposed model is an

indication system that indicates accident may occur so that we can take necessary measures to avoid these

accidents. Thus this is a one step towards life saving and its also on wehumans how we take care of our

own safety asafety comes along with us.

The constantly growing transport sector has resulted in an increase of the accidents every day. The

accident mainly occurs due to our carelessness and breaking of traffic rules. Indirect left-turn treatments

have been increasingly used as design alternatives to address problems that are associated with left-turn

egress maneuvers from side streets or driveways at two-way stop-controlled intersections .

Page 1
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

In this project, the proposed system aims to avoid collisions between vehicles mainly occurring in U-turn

bends, hair-pin bends, short corners, blind curves, etc., by alerting the vehicle drivers about the accidents

that might occur.

If case of any vehicle breakdown or repair of the vehicle, the interrupt signal will be sent to the control

room thereby the problems can be solved. The accidents due to the negligence of the driver are prevented

by warning him through the buzzer and light indication.

This system makes use of infrared sensor and other embedded systems. An accident avoidance system is

an automobile safety system designed to reduce the severity of an accident. Many studies about the

operational and safety effects of U-turns at signalized and non-signalized intersections have been

conducted. Past results from researches have no evidence to prove that U-turns at signalized intersections

present major safety or operational problem.

On detecting the vehicle approaching from the other side the system provides a warning to the driver to

avoid the mishap. By allocating the right of way to different sets of mutually compatible traffic

movements during distinct time intervals the traffic signals have been effectively used to manage

conflicting requirements for the use of road space.

Considerable work has been done to develop various approaches in order to boost traffic efficiency, which

can be categorized as fixed-time, traffic responsive and predictive control ones. However, few researches

have been found to deal with heavy vehicle U-turns. This system focuses on providing an alternative

design for accommodating a safe U-turn at a signalized intersection.

Page 2
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

In developing country accident is main cause of death. The intensity of deaths are more in curved roads i.e

mainly in U-Turn, Hairpin bend roads and mountain narrow roads. In this case the driver can’t see the

vehicle coming from the other side.

Because of which thousands are losing their lives in accident. The solution for this problem is alerting the

driver about the vehicle coming from the other side.

This is done by keeping the ir sensor on one side of the road before the curve and keeping LED light after

the curve, so that vehicle coming from the one side of the road is sensed by the ir sensor and LED light

glows at opposite side and buzzer start beeping sound.

By looking at the LED light driver become alert and slow down the speed of vehicle.

Fig 1: Drivers cannot see the vehicles on the side

Page 3
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Aravinda B, Chaithralakshmi C, Deeksha, Ashutha K[1] from their report, it is concluded Accident

prevention in U-turn, S-turn, hilly Ghats and mountain roads using modern sensor technology, Which uses

Aurdino UNO, Ultrasonic sensor, RF module LED etc.

2. R.Saranya, R.Arun Kumar [2] This paperconclude that, JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory

Volume XIV, Issue VIII, AUGUST 2021 ISSN : 0731-6755 Page No: 201 Accidents may takes place in

various factors drunk and driving, Texting while driving, Speeding, Distractions, Sleeping while driving.

Among Drowsiness is reason for most of the accidents. While driving at the speed of 100km/hr.driver falls

sleepy within 4 seconds the buzzer will enables.

3. Ranga Sreedhar Galla [3] has studied the basic aim oftheir paper is to reduce accidents on hilly and

slippery roads.In curve roads the other road end of vehicle cannot seen bydriver. At night time

accidentsmay happens by intensity ofhead light from opposite side of vehicles.

Also, the lightintensity problem occurs both curved roads and mountain roads; Thousands of people lose

their lives. The solution forthis problem is alerting the driver about the vehicle comingfrom opposite side.

This is done by keeping an ultrasonicsensor in one side of theroad before the curve and keeping aLED

light after the curve, so that if vehicle comes from one end of the curve sensor senses and LED light

glowsat the opposite side.

Page 4
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

4. Kartik Venkata Mutya, Sandeep Rudra [4] has studied that road traffic accidents are being recognized

as a major public health problem in numerous countries with alarmingly increasing fatalities in developing

countries. Careless driving as a result of excessive waiting and blind corners is attributed as one of the

most important factor for all road accidents.

An estimated 1.2 million people lose their lives in road traffic crashes every year, and another 20 to

50million are injured. A docile, economical mechanism top revent these road accidents is the need of the

hour. It is hoped that the mechanism presented in this article would help in alleviating this concern

especially in correspondence with large vehicle accidents on highways by being easily implemented in low

and middle income countries.

Page 5
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The mountain roads have numerous turns and blind spots. These spots are so dangerous at times that they

cause accidents if not manoeuvred properly. Our system is such a system which will be beneficial in roads

like these and will also reduce the number of accidents that occur often.

Here we are considering hairpin curves where the driver of a vehicle has no idea whether there is any other

vehicle coming from the other side or not. Thus, our system when fixed at these dangerous curves will

have proximity sensors, signals (RGB LED) and a counter, to aid the drivers.

The proximity sensor senses the vehicles, and the counter keeps the count of vehicles present in that

particular turn, coming from a particular direction. Based on the data of the counter, the signal will change

its color.

Page 6
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4

Main Components

 Single channel relay module = 2

 IR sensors = 2

 LEDs

 Buzzers

 Power Supply

 Connecting wires

Page 7
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Power Supply

Figure 4.1 Power Supply

Page 8
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply, often enclosed in

a case similar to an AC plug. Other common names include plug pack, plug-in adapter, adapter

block, domestic mains adapter, line power adapter, wall wart, power brick, wall charger, and power

adapter.

External power supplies are used both with equipment with no other source of power and with battery-

powered equipment, where the supply, when plugged in, can sometimes charge the battery in addition to

powering the equipment.

Use of an external power supply allows portability of equipment powered either by mains or battery

without the added bulk of internal power components, and makes it unnecessary to produce equipment for

use only with a specified power source; the same device can be powered from 120 VAC or 230 VAC

mains, vehicle or aircraft battery by using a different adapter.

Another advantage of these designs can be increased safety; since the hazardous 120 or 240 volt mains

power is transformed to a lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet and the appliance that is handled by the

user is powered by this lower voltage.

Originally, most AC/DC adapters were linear power supplies, containing a transformer to convert the

mains electricity voltage to a lower voltage, a rectifier to convert it to pulsating DC, and a filter to smooth

the pulsating waveform to DC, with residual ripple variations small enough to leave the powered device

unaffected. Size and weight of the device was largely determined by the transformer, which in turn was

determined by the power output and mains frequency. Ratings over a few watts made the devices too large

and heavy to be physically supported by a wall outlet.

Page 9
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

The output voltage of these adapters varied with load; for equipment requiring a more stable voltage,

linear voltage regulator circuitry was added. Losses in the transformer and the linear regulator were

considerable; efficiency was relatively low, and significant power dissipated as heat even when not driving

a load.

Early in the twenty-first century, switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) became almost ubiquitous for

this purpose. Mains voltage is rectified to a high direct voltage driving a switching circuit, which contains

a transformer operating at a high frequency and outputs direct current at the desired voltage. The high-

frequency ripple is more easily filtered out than mains-frequency. The high frequency allows the

transformer to be small, which reduces its losses; and the switching regulator can be much more efficient

than a linear regulator. The result is a much more efficient, smaller, and lighter device. Safety is ensured,

as in the older linear circuit, because a transformer still provides galvanic isolation.

A linear circuit must be designed for a specific, narrow range of input voltages (e.g., 220–240 VAC) and

must use a transformer appropriate for the frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz), but a switched-mode supply

can work efficiently over a very wide range of voltages and frequencies; a single 100–240 VAC unit will

handle almost any mains supply in the world.

However, unless very carefully designed and using suitable components, switching adapters are more

likely to fail than the older type, due in part to complex circuitry and the use of semiconductors.

Unless designed well, these adapters may be easily damaged by overloads, even transient ones, which can

come from lightning, brief mains overvoltage (sometimes caused by an incandescent light on the same

power circuit failing), component degradation, etc.

Page 10
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

A very common mode of failure is due to the use of electrolytic capacitors whose equivalent series

resistance (ESR) increases with age; switching regulators are very sensitive to high ESR (the older linear

circuit also used electrolytic capacitors, but the effect of degradation is much less dramatic). Well-

designed circuits pay attention to the ESR, ripple current rating, pulse operation, and temperature rating of

capacitors.

Many inexpensive switched-mode AC adapters do not implement adequate filtering and/or shielding for

electromagnetic interference that they generate. The nature of these high speed, high-energy switching

designs is such that when these preventative measures are not implemented, relatively high energy

harmonics can be generated, and radiated, well into the radio portion of the spectrum. The amount of RF

energy typically decreases with frequency; so, for instance, interference in the medium wave (US AM)

broadcast band in the one megahertz region may be strong, while interference with the FM broadcast band

around 100 megahertz may be considerably less. Distance is a factor; the closer the interference is to a

radio receiver, the more intense it will be. Even WiFi reception in the gigahertz range can be degraded if

the receiving antennae are very close to a radiating AC adapter.

A determination of if interference is coming from a specific AC adaptor can be made simply by

unplugging the suspect adapter while observing the amount of interference received in the problem radio

band. In a modern household or business environment, there may be multiple AC adapters in use; in such a

case, unplug them all, then plug them back in one by one until the culprit or culprits is found.

Page 11
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

JUMPER WIRES

Fig. 4.2 Jumper Wires

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire or cable) is an electrical

wire, or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply

"tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or

test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering.

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in a breadboard,

the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment .

Page 12
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

5v Relay Module

Fig.4.3 5v Relay Module

This is a LOW Level 5V 2-channel relay interface board, and each channel needs a 15-20mA

driver current. It can be used to control various appliances and equipment with large current. It is

equiped with high-current relays that work under AC250V 10A or DC30V 10A. It has a standard

interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller .

Features

 Relay Maximum output: DC 30V/10A, AC 250V/10A

 2 Channel Relay Module with Optocoupler LOW Level Triger expansion board, which is
compatible with arduino

 Standard interface that can be controlled directly by microcontroller ( 8051, AVR, *PIC, DSP,
ARM, ARM, MSP430, TTL logic)

 Relay of high quality loose music relays SPDT. A common terminal, a normally open, one
normally closed terminal

 optocoupler isolation, good anti-jamming

Page 13
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Schematic

VCC and RY-VCC are also the power supply of the relay module. When you need to drive a

large power load, you can take the jumper cap off and connect an extra power to RY-VCC to

supply the relay; connect VCC to 5V of the MCU board to supply input signals.

Input:

VCC : Connected to positive supply voltage (supply power according to relay voltage)

GND : Connected to negative supply voltage

IN1: Signal triggering terminal 1 of relay module

IN2: Signal triggering terminal 2 of relay module

Output:

Each submodular of the relay has one NC(nomalclose), one NO(nomalopen) and one

COM(Common). So there are 2 NC, 2 NO and 2 COM of the channel relay in total. NC stands

for the normal close port contact and the state without power; No stands for the normal open port

contact and the state with power. COM means the common port. You can choose NC port or NO

port according to whether power or not.

Page 14
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Experiment Principle:

When a low level is supplied to signal terminal of the 2-channel relay, the LED at the output terminal will

light up. Otherwise, it will turn off. If a periodic high and low level is supplied to the signal terminal, you

can see the LED will cycle between on and off.

Working Priciple

See the picture below: A is an electromagnet, B armature, C spring, D moving contact, and E

fixed contacts. There are two fixed contacts, a normally closed one and a normally open one.

When the coil is not energized, the normally open contact is the one that is off, while the

normally closed one is the other that is on.

Add a certain voltage to the coil and some currents will pass through the coil thus generating the

electromagnetic effect. So the armature overcomes the tension of the spring and is attracted to the

core, thus closing the moving contact of the armature and the normally open contact (or you may

say releasing the former and the normally closed contact). After the coil is de-energized, the

electromagnetic force disappears and the armature moves back to the original position, releasing

the moving contact and normally closed contact. The closing and releasing of the contacts results

in power on and off of the circuit.

Page 15
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

IR Sensor

Fig 4.4 IR Sensor

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the

surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.

These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a

passive IR sensor.

Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of

radiations are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply an

IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR

light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the

resistances and these output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings.

An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion as well as the presence of

an object due to intervention or interruption. These type of sensors measure only infrared radiation,

rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor.

Page 16
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types

of radiations are invisible to our eyes that can be detected by an infrared sensor. The emitter is simply

an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR

light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the

resistances and these output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

An IR sensor is a device which detects IR radiation falling on it. There are numerous types of IR

sensors that are built and can be built depending on the application. Proximity sensors (Used in Touch

Screen phones and Edge Avoiding Robots), contrast sensors (Used in Line Following Robots) and

obstruction counters/sensors (Used for counting goods and in Burglar Alarms) are some examples,

which use IR sensors.

Working Mechanism

An IR sensor is basically a device which consists of a pair of an IR LED and a photodiode which are

collectively called a photo-coupler or an opto-coupler. The IR LED emits IR radiation, reception and/or

intensity of reception of which by the photodiode dictates the output of the sensor. Now, there are so many

ways by which the radiation may or may not be able to reach the photodiode.

Direct incidence

We may hold the IR LED directly in front of the photodiode, such that almost all the radiation emitted,

reaches the photodiode. This creates an invisible line of IR radiation between the IR LED and the

photodiode. Now, if an opaque object is placed obstructing this line, the radiation will not reach the

photodiode and will get either reflected or absorbed by the obstructing object. This mechanism is used in

object counters and burglar alarms.

Page 17
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Indirect Incidence

High school physics taught us that black color absorbs all radiation, and the color white reflects all

radiation. We use this very knowledge to build our IR sensor. If we place the IR LED and the photodiode

side by side, close together, the radiation from the IR LED will get emitted straight in the direction to

which the IR LED is pointing towards, and so is the photodiode, and hence there will be no incidence of

the radiation on the photodiode. Please refer to the right part of the illustration given below for better

understanding. But, if we place an opaque object in front the two, two cases occur:

Reflective Surface

If the object is reflective, (White or some other light color), then most of the radiation will get reflected by

it, and will get incident on the photodiode. For further understanding, please refer to the left part of the

illustration below. Non-reflective Surface If the object is non-reflective, (Black or some other dark color),

then most of the radiation will get absorbed by it, and will not become incident on the photodiode. It is

similar to there being no surface (object) at all, for the sensor, as in both the cases, it does not receive any

radiation.

Page 18
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Buzzer

Fig 4.5 Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric (piezo for short).

Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as

a mouse click or keystroke.

Page 19
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Light Emitting Diode

Fig. 4.6 LED Structure Fig. 4.7 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is p-n junction diode that emits

light when activated. The long terminal is positive and the short terminal is negative. When a suitable

current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,

releasing energy in the form of photons.

This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the

photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1

mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted lowintensity infrared

light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as

those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of

low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared

wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Page 20
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

LEDs are versatile semiconductor with a number of attributes which make them perfect for most

applications. Their features include:

 Long Life: LEDs can last over 100,000 hours (10+ years) if used at rated current

 No annoying flicker as we experience with fluorescent lamps.

 LEDs are impervious to heat, cold, shock and vibration.

 LEDs do not contain breakable glass.

 Solid-State, high shock and vibration resistant

 Extremely fast turn on/off times

 Low power consumption puts less load on the electrical systems increasing battery life.

CAUTIONS:

LEDs produce a focused light source and extra care should be used for your eyes ,though intensity is not

very high. While testing the LEDs a resitance must be applied to it.Also, being a semiconductor device,

they are sensitive to static charges.

Page 21
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 5

Advantages

 Avoid accidents in curve roads, mountainroads and hill roads.

 Save thousands of lives.

 Easily implementable

 Fully automated(No person is required tooperate).

 Installation Cost is very less

Page 22
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 7

FUTURE SCOPE

 Arrangements to protect the sensor frombeing damaged critically.

 Decrease the size of unit so that it occupiessmall place and easily kept in narrow roads.

 Implementing the system to detect number ofvehicles and velocity of vehicle.

Page 23
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 8

Conclusion

The purpose of this project is to save thousands of precious lives and decrease the number

of accidents in curve roads. This is possible by alerting the driver by means of LED light and

buzzer which glows when vehicles comes from the other side of the curve. The vehicle is detected

by the help of IR sensor. By this we can save thousands of lives in the curve roads.

Page 24
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

CHAPTER 8
References

1. International journal of innovative research in electrical, electronic and instrumentation and control

engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 6, June 2016 ―Sensor Based Accident Prevention System‖ by Aravinda,

Chaithralakshmi, Deeksha, Ashutha.

2. Jessen Joseph Leo., R. Monisha., et.al. : Vehiclemovement control and accident avoidance in hilly track,

IEEE Int. Conf. on Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS).pp. 1-5(2014).

3. Ki-Hyeon Kim., Dong-Hoon Yum., et.al. : Improving driver's visual field using estimation ofcurvature,

IEEE Int. Conf. on Control Automationand Systems (ICCAS).pp. 728-731(2010).

4. Duy Tran, Weihua Sheng., et.al. : A Hidden Markov Model based driver intention predictionsystem,

IEEE Int. Conf. on Cyber Technology inAutomation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER).pp. 115-

120(2015).

5. Jiang Yuying., Wu Yazhen., et.al. :A surveillance method for driver's fatigue and distraction based on

machine vision, IEEE Int. Conf. on Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering

(TMEE).pp.727 – 730(2011).

6. Ashutha K., Ankitha K., "Smart Shopping cartusing embedded system and wireless module", Recent

Patents on Computer Science (CSENG), UAE, Vol. 8, pp. 1-6, January 2016.

7. Ashutha K., Shetty Arpitha., ET. Al "Novel wireless data communication for fisherman", International

journal of computer science and mobilecomputing (IJCSMC), Vol. 5, Issue 4, pp. 511- 517, April 2016.

Page 25
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

8. Ashutha K., Ankitha K., "Error Minimization in BCH Codes", International Journal of Innovative

Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering (IJIREEICE), Vol. 4, Issue5,

pp. 402-405, May 2016.

9. Ashutha K., Ankitha K., "Error Minimization in BCH Codes", International Journal of Innovative

Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering (IJIREEICE), Vol. 4, Issue5,

May 2016.

10. World Health Organization, ―Global status reporton road safety 2015,‖

11. World Health Organization, ―Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020 seeks to save millions of

lives,‖

12. Wegman, ―The future of road safety: A worldwide perspective,‖ IATSS Research, vol. 40, no. 2, pp.

66–71, 2017. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar ·

13. World Health Organization, ―Save LIVES - Aroad safety technical package,‖ 2017.

14. W. E. Marshall, ―Understanding internationalroad safety disparities: Why is Australia so much

safer than the United States?‖ accident analysis &prevention, 2018.

15. Wang, X. Wu, M. Abdel-Aty, and P. J. Tremont,―Investigation of road network features and safety

performance,‖ Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol.56, 2013.

16. European road assessment program (Euro RAP),―European Road Safety Atlas‖.

Page 26
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Page 27
U-TURN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

Page 28