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### *1. General Overview and Location*
This toposheet represents a region in the *Allahabad District* (now Prayagraj) in the Indian state of
*Uttar Pradesh, and prominently features the **Yamuna River* flowing across the central portion of
the map. The sheet number is *63 G/11/5, and it is mapped to a scale of **1:25,000*, which means
that 1 cm on the map represents 250 meters on the ground. This high-resolution scale provides
considerable detail about natural and man-made features.
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### *2. Physical Geography*
One of the most striking features of this map is the *Yamuna River, which flows from west to east
and clearly bifurcates the map into two distinct zones. The river is shaded in light blue, and its width
and gentle meandering indicate a mature stage of river flow. The **southern side* of the Yamuna
shows flatter terrain with scattered vegetation and agricultural fields, while the *northern side*
displays more *rugged terrain* with *contour lines* indicating elevation changes, valleys, and
uplands.
The contour lines on the northern half suggest a slightly *hilly terrain* with undulating landscapes,
whereas the southern part appears *plainer and more agriculturally active*. These features are
typical of the Gangetic plains, where the northern plateau slowly descends toward the river valley.
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### *3. Settlements and Human Habitation*
The map shows *numerous villages and habitations* scattered across both sides of the Yamuna. The
habitations are marked with clusters of small black squares or dots, and several names are visible,
though some may be hard to read due to resolution. These villages are connected by a network of
roads and footpaths, represented by single and double lines, indicating the scale and development
of the transportation system in this rural setting.
You can also notice *cultivated areas*, marked with stippled patterns (tiny dots) primarily on the
southern bank of the river, which suggests that this area is more fertile and utilized for agriculture,
likely supported by river irrigation.
---
### *4. Transportation and Communication*
The toposheet reveals a network of *roads, with **metalled roads (pucca)* and *unmetalled roads
(kutcha)* distinguishable through different line styles. These roads connect the various villages and
lead toward larger roads or highways off the map’s edges. There may also be symbols for *cart
tracks* and *footpaths*, important for local transportation in rural areas.
No railway lines are clearly visible on this sheet, suggesting that either they lie outside this specific
section or are not present in this local region.
---
### *5. Land Use and Vegetation*
Vegetation is marked in green shades, mostly found in patches—likely representing *orchards,
**forest areas, or **tree plantations*. These are more concentrated on the northern bank, possibly
due to the uneven terrain being unsuitable for farming. The southern side, in contrast, seems more
dominated by agriculture, as indicated by large tracts of cultivated land.
Additionally, *sand banks and riverine islands* are visible in the Yamuna, especially near bends—
common in large rivers, where sediment deposits form over time.
---
### *6. Water Bodies and Drainage*
Apart from the Yamuna River, there are smaller *tributaries, **streams, and **drainage channels*
marked throughout the map, particularly feeding into or diverging from the Yamuna. These are
essential for understanding the *drainage pattern* and *flood risks* during monsoon seasons. Some
*wells* or *tanks* (small ponds) might also be represented by blue circles or other standard
symbols.
---
### *7. Cultural and Man-Made Features*
The map includes several *symbols* denoting man-made features such as *temples, **mosques,
**rest houses, or **bridges. These are usually indicated by cross, star, or rectangle icons depending
on their nature and religious/cultural affiliation. **Embankments, **canals, and **boundary lines*
are also visible, highlighting both administrative boundaries and water management systems.
You may also find *survey benchmarks* and *spot heights* indicated with specific elevation values,
which help in understanding the gradient and slope of the land.
---
### *8. Technical and Marginal Information*
The bottom and side margins of the map provide technical details, including the *legend (key)* to
the map symbols, *scale bars, **map grid references, and the **survey date (1972-73). This gives
insight into the **accuracy and age* of the data, which is important for historical comparison or
academic research.
There's also a red stamp indicating the source, most likely from the *Survey of India, and a note that
this is the **first edition*, confirming it was among the earliest formal mappings of this region at
this scale.
---
### *Conclusion*
This toposheet offers a rich tapestry of geographical and human features of a rural part of Uttar
Pradesh along the Yamuna River in the Allahabad district. From the natural elevation and river flow
to human settlement, transportation, and land use, the map provides a comprehensive picture of
the area’s topography and development. It’s not only a useful navigation and planning tool but also a
historical record of the landscape during the early 1970s.
