FLOORING

FLOORING

❑Floor covering is a term to generally describe

any finish material applied over a floor structure
to provide a walking surface.
❑Flooring is the general term for a permanent
covering of a floor, or for the work of installing
such a floor covering. Both terms are used
interchangeably but floor covering refers more to
loose-laid materials.
❑Materials almost always classified as floor
covering include carpet, area rugs, and resilient
flooring such as linoleum or vinyl flooring.
Materials commonly called flooring include wood
flooring, laminated wood, ceramic
tile, stone, terrazzo, and various seamless
chemical floor coatings.
 STEPS OF FLOORING
1. BASE- Lay Base Coat Of 100 Mm Thick In The Ratio Of Cement Concrete
1:8:16 ( 1 Part Of Cement, 8 Parts Of Fine Sand And16 Parts Of Brick
Blast) Or 1:4:8 On Compacted Earth Under The Floor. The base is same for
all types of floors.

1. FINSHING- Then finishing of the floor is carried on, for different flooring
materials. As we will discuss here the finishing of terrazzo, brick, stone and
TYPES
cement OF floor.
concrete FLOORING
• CARPETS AND RUGS
• VINYL FLOORING
• WOODEN FLOORING
• STONE FLOORING
• BRICK FLOORING
• GLASS FLOORING
 CARPETS AND RUGS
⮚THE TERMS “CARPET” DENOTES A LARGE FLOOR COVERING THAT
CAN BE CUT TO SUIT ANY ROOM.

⮚THE “RUG” MEANS A LOOSE-LAID PIECE OF SIZE AND DESIGN

DETERMINED BY THE FLAT WEAVE RUGS
MAKER.

PILE TYPES OF YARNS

RUGS & CARPETS & RUGS &FIBERS
CARPET

MECHANICALLY PRODUCED
CARPETS
 FLAT WEAVE RUGS & CARPETS
⮚USED TWO BASIC THREADS
i)The wrap ii) The weft
⮚COLOUR CHANGES ARE ACHIEVED BY
WEAVING THE STRIPES.
⮚LENDS BY MECHANIZATION THAN KNOTTING &
MACHINE-MADE ‘KELIMS’.
⮚USES OF STRONG MODERN
CHARACTER,FIGURES&FLORAL PATTERN AND
PATTERN OF GEOMATRIC.
⮚SIZES:-120*80 ,180*120 AND 240*150 cm.
⮚USE IN AREA:HALLWAYS &PLAYROOMS.
 PILE RUGS & CARPETS
⮚USED THREE TYPES OF THREADS
i)The wrap ii)the weft iii)the pile
⮚EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF KNOTS PER SQUARE
CENTIMETER OF SURFACE AREA i.e4-8 KNOT TO 36-50
KNOT.
⮚MADE WITH TRADITIONAL PATTREN.
⮚SIZES:-120cm OF RUGS and 300 &350cm OF CARPETS.
⮚PRODUCED IN:
PAKISTAN,INDIA,TURKEY,IRAN,MOROCCO AND SPAIN.
 MECHANICALLY PRODUCED CARPET
⮚IT IS COMBINATION OF WOOL AND SYTHETIC FIBERS.
⮚MADE IN HIGHEST GRADE 80/20 WOOL/NYLON BLEND.
⮚USE IN DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT AREA i.e the top & bottom of stairs and in flooring
in offices.
⮚AVAILABLE IN PLAIN & VARIEGATED COLOURS
⮚SIZES :-50*50 cm.
 VINYL FLOORING
This flooring product
❑Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is a finished flooring material
used primarily in commercial and institutional applications. is mostly used in
❑Vinyl tiles are composed of colored vinyl chips formed into INTERIOR Work and
solid sheets of varying thicknesses (1/8” is most common) by also photo laborites,
heat and pressure and cut into 12” squares. airport, drg. Room,
❑ Tiles are applied to a smooth, leveled sub-floor using a bedroom, offices
specially formulated vinyl adhesive that remains tacky but does water proof used in
not completely dry. bathrooms.
❑Tiles are typically waxed and buffed using special materials.

Flooring in kitchen Flooring in toilet

Flooring in drg. room
INSTALLING VINYL
FLOOR
Vinyl floor tilesTILES
one of the most versatile floors available . It is quiet and
warm underfoot, easy to clean like other hard surfaces. It is great around
water easy in installing.
MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE
JOB
Vinyl tiles, Adhesive, Trowel, Tape measure
Utility knife, Self-leveling compound
Step 1- Measure the Floor
Floor roller, Hammer, Chalk lineStep 2- Prepare the Room
Step 3- Center the Tile
Step 4- Cut to Fit
Step 5- Finish Up
 VINYL FLOORING
BENEFITS
▪ One of the main benefits of vinyl flooring is that it is easy to install and cost effective
and durable as well.
▪ the maintenance cost as well as effort is quite low
▪ vinyl flooring is that it is water resistant and provides a great support to the feet.
▪ It is attractive in appearance.
▪ This type of flooring is quick to install and replace, so you can change it as and when
you so desire, without much difficulty
▪ Because of the wide variety available in the market today, you can choose any
PRECAUTIONS
products.
▪ You can indulge in regular vacuuming of your vinyl floor, to keep it
free of dirt.
▪ Using a polish, which has been specifically made for such type of
flooring,
▪ Do not use any abrasive scrubbing tools for cleaning a vinyl floor
▪ Never ever use detergents.
 TILES
❑Tiles are often used to form wall
or floor coverings, and can range
from simple square tiles to
complex mosiacs .

❑ Tiles are most often made from

ceramic with a hard glaze finish ,
but other materials are also
commonly used, such as glass
Types of tiles:
,marble, granite ,slate
reformed ceramic slurry.
and

❖CEREMIC TILE
❖VETIFIED TILES
❖PORCELAIN TILE
 INSTALLATIO
N shoe molding.
• Remove any baseboards and
• Level the
subfloor.
• Install the
underlayment.
• Spread the adhesive with the smooth side of
the trowel. Make sure it covers the area evenly
and does not cover your reference lines.
• Lightly press and twist the ceramic when
setting to make sure the adhesive sticks. Don't
push so hard that the adhesive is forced out
from
• Onceunder
a rowthe ceramic.
is in
place, level the tile
with a rubber mallet
and level.
• Groutin
g• Finishing
Touches
 CERAMIC TILES

❑ High wear resistance with low density.

❑ Corrosion resistance at high temperatures.

❑Resistance to plastic deformation.

❑ Easy to clean and water-proof.

❑Harder and stiffer than steel, more heat and corrosion resistant than meatls and polymers.

❑Resistant to stains and spillages.

❑Their incombustibility prevents spread of fire.

 ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES
• Aesthetically far much more
better than any other flooring, as
it is available in various shades and
textures.
• Easy to maintain.
• Laying is easy and less time taking.
• Available in various sizes thus no
cutting required.
• Tiles are fire resistant.
 VITRIFIED TILES
Vitrified tiles are ceramic tiles with high percentage of vitrification and less amount of water absorption.
Vitrification is nothing but a development of glass phase inside the tile during firing process. This is mainly
due to melting of some constituent in the body.
Porcelain Rustic Tile Crystalline Double Loading Porcelain Tile

Glazed Porcelain Tile

Porcelain polished tiles

 MARKET SURVEY
BRAND SIZE/SQ FEET RATE/SQ FEET

KAJARIA 2×2,3×3,4×4 42/-

OREVA 2×2,3×3,4×4 35/-
MICRO 2×2,3×3,4×4 36/-
REGENT 2×2,3×3,4×4 38/-
ORIENT 2×2,3×3,4×4 35/-
CENGRES 2×2,3×3,4×4 40/-
TYPES OF WOODEN
FLOORING
This type of flooring is generally use for special
purpose floor example auditorium, hospital etc.
There are different type of wooden flooring:-

▪ STRIP FLOORING :- this type of flooring

consists of narrow and thin strip of wood
joined to each other by tongue and groove
joint.

▪ PLANKED FLOORING :- in this type of

flooring , wider planks are used and these are
also tongued and grooved.
▪ HEAVY WOOD BLOCK
FLOORING :-
▪ these are made up of thicker
pieces of wood cut in short
lengths ranging from 5 to 10 cm.
So as form block which are set
with the ends of the grains
exposed.

FABRICATED WOOD BLOCK :-

▪ these consist of small square of
rectangular block with tongue
and groove joints all side.
▪ All these style are available in solid wood and in laminated wood,
which is a thin veneer layer laminated to layer of wood so that it can
be sanded and refined several times.
▪ Laminated wooden flooring is better suited to moisture – prone
area such as the kitchen.
▪ Wood being a natural material, it expands and contracts with
changes in temperature and humidity. Therefore proper installation
leaves a margin for this movement.
▪ We have many pre-laminated inter locking panel flooring in
smooth, matt and rough finishing. It is a high quality interior product,
which is most effectively being used in interiors.
▪ Hardness of wooden flooring is comparable to marble and the
former is available in up to 45 different colours and shades.
 PRECAUTIONS
• You should vacuum or sweep your wooden floor since small stone
and gritty dirt will scratch your floor quickly.
• Always keep mats or rugs in the door ways leading to a room with
wooden flooring. These doormats should be cleaned regularly .
• The wooden floor can be wiped with a dampened sponge.
Immediately followed by wiping with a dry terry towel cloth.
• Another coat of surface finish should be applied to the wooden
flooring when the cleaning the shine, or when the cleaning no longer
restore the shine or when the floor has been heavily used.
• Excess water damages wood, so avoid wetting the floor.
• Exposer to the sun can cause the wooden floor to warp, or change
INSTALLATION OF WOODEN
FLOORING
STONE FLOORING
MARBLE • Variety of marble available is
tremendous:
Albeta
Dungri
Aranga
Kumari
Chak dungri

• Costliest and best marble is the

Makrana white: Very soft, snow white
and high quality finishing.

• Chittor brown, Jaisalmer Yellow,

Udaipur green, Baroda green, Teak Grain
marble, Banswana.
GRANITE
• Many types and colors of granite.
• Durable and natural with visible
coarse grains.
• Expensive as compares to marble.
• Slip resistant.
• Hardest type of stone- very difficult
to cut and polish
• Once polished gives a mirror finish
• Can resist a lot of wear and tear.
• Available in 20 mm thick slabs and 9
mm thick tiles.
• Places in India – Rajasthan, Jhansi,
Black granite from Bangalore
SLATE
• Resistant to wearing, discoloring or
fading.
• Rugged and rustic yet cool and
charming
• Easily washable with water and
soap.
• Less expensive than good marble.

KOTAH AND
SANDSTONE used as
hard flooring suited for pathways,
 INSTALLATION
• Ensure that the tiles are of regular shape
• Base mortar 1:5 or 1:6 with low water cement ratio.
• Min. thickness of base mortar is 25mm
• Fix the marble tiles temporarily then press it using wooden handle
of the hammer to bring them in a level.
• After fixing them in pattern remove the tiles and spread white
cement slurry(2:1) and refix the tiles.
• Press with wooden handle.
• Fill up joints with white cement.
• First grinding min. after 5 days of fixing.
• Apply white cement slurry over marble floor after first grinding and
cure for a day.
• Minimum 3 grindings required.
Types of stones used in flooring

MARBLE

GRANITE
 BRICK FLOORING
▪ Brick products have been used for many centuries throughout the world for
applications such as roads, flooring, monuments, side walks and building
structures.

▪ Bricks are considered to be the oldest manufactured building material that has
been trusted throughout history because of its durability, versatility and
practical attributes.

▪ Here in india standard size of brick is used in flooring which is used in wall
construction.
 PATTERNS FOR BRICK
FLOORING

RUNNING BOND HERRINGBONE BASKET WEAVE

RUNNING ANIXED
STACK MD
STACK BOND PIN WHEEL
HERRINGBONE PROMENADE

RUNNING BOND PIN WHEEL

 ADVANTAGES

There are various reasons for the benefits that brick flooring products
provide in visual terms, their strength and ability and their practical
purposes. Here are some of the benefits of what brick flooring will
provide
• They when
provide used as
elegance paving:
and
character with the old world look
rustic charm
• They are fade resistant
• They resist wear and tear
• They are slip resistant
• They are recycled products, so you
are helping the environment
• They are very durable with long
lasting attributes
• They are fire resistant
• They are maintenance free
• They will not crack or chip
APPLICATIO
N
 GLASS FLOORING
• Glass floors are made with transparent glass
when it is useful to view something from above
or below; whereas translucent glass is used when
there is no need to view through. In either case,
toughened glass is usually chosen, for its
durability and resistance to breakage.

• Glass as a flooring material is used in both

residential and commercial structures. Special
hollow glass blocks known as '"glass pavers" are
often used in combination with a metal frame.
Glass floors are often lit from below with natural
 INSTALLATION
• Floor panels are constructed of laminated
layers of tempered, annealed, or heat-
strengthened glass.

• Laminated glass flooring requires a rigid support

with a deflection of L/500

• Minimum support depth should be 20-

30mm.joints should be more than 4mm.wide
joints used of 6mm.
• Glass flooring is very expensive to replace once installed
• To maintain the aesthetic beauty of glass flooring, it is important to
keep the panel clean. A soft, clean, non-abrasive cloth and a mild
detergent, or non-abrasive glass cleaning solution is suitable for
cleaning.
• After cleaning, rinse immediately with clean water and remove any
excess water from the panel surface. Do not use abrasive cleaners,
bleach, scouring powder or pads which can scratch and damage
glass flooring.

▪ As a rule of thumb heat strengthened glass is approximately twice as

“strong” as annealed or ordinary float glass, and fully toughened
glass is roughly four to five times as strong.
▪ using fully toughened glass would dramatically reduce the thickness
of the
Cement Concrete floor
Terrazzo Flooring

Terrazzo is a composite material, poured

in place or precast, which is used for floor
and wall treatments. It consists of chips
of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other
suitable material, poured with a
cementitious binder (for chemical
binding), polymeric (for physical binding),
or a combination of both. Metal strips
often divide sections, or changes in color
or material in a pattern. Additional chips
may be sprinkled atop the mix before it
sets. After it is cured it is ground and
polished smooth or otherwise finished to
produce a uniformly textured surface.
"Terrazzo" is also often used to describe
any pattern similar to the original terrazzo
floors.[1]
Mosaic flooring
Mosaic flooring is a type of decorative
flooring typically consisting of small,
individual pieces of stone, tiles and
beads, glass, or other materials arranged
in a pattern to create a unified surface. It
often creates a unique and visually
appealing look in interior spaces such as
bathrooms, kitchens, and entryways.
Prepare the surface
a. The surface for the mosaic should be stable, solid, and free of dirt, grease, loose paint, or wallpaper. It may need
to be scuffed up with sandpaper or scoring so that the adhesive sticks. The substrate should also be compact and
free of cracks.
Cut the tiles
a. Cut the tile sheets to fit around power sockets, and use a wet saw or manual tile cutter to fill in gaps. Grind or sand
the cut edges to make them smoother.
Mix the mortar
a. Use mortar instead of concrete, as it's smoother and adheres better to stones. Mix mortar in small batches,
covering an area of 3–4 square feet at a time.
Grouting
a. Grouting seals the mosaic pieces together, giving the project a professional finish and helping it last longer.
Apply a protective sealant
a. Sealing the mosaic waterproofs it, improves the adhesive's sticking power, and stain proofs the final piece.