VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANASANGAMA,BELAGAVI-590018

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“BAMBOO STICK REINFORCED CONCRETE”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

C MANOJA 4GE22CV404
SADANANDA N 4GE22CV427
SUSHMA K P 4GE21CV026
PRATHIKSHA K S 4GE22CV421

Under the Guidance of

Dr. THEERTHANANDA M P
Associate Professor, Civil Engg. Dept.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

CHAMARAJANAGARA

2024-25
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ABSTRACT

A comparative study of the experimental results of the properties concrete with variable
percentage of ratios natural fiber with Concrete. The Bamboo was used in structural element like
supports, columns, roofs etc. and in the construction of the building. For the construction work
concrete is used as the basic materials. The concrete is strong in compression but fragile in the tensile
strength. It has become involved in making concrete using natural materials. Bamboo fibre with high
tensile strength is expected to contribute significantly to quick growth, large growth distribution and
low-cost earthquake-resistant construction and seismic retrofit skill. This thesis explores the
mechanical properties of reinforced concrete made of bamboo fibre. In order to study the basic
concrete properties such as compressive power, split tensile strength, this research was carried out to
study the basic concrete properties such as compressive strength and split tensile strength by adding
in volume of concrete at 0.5%,1.0% and 1.5%,with concrete and finally the results were compared
with conventional concrete and bamboo fiber concrete.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………3-4
1.1 Objectives of the project work

CHAPTER -2: LITERATURE SURVEY …………………………..…….…...5-6

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature review
2.3 Summary of Literature Survey
CHAPTER-3: METHODOLOGY ………………………….……….………..7-18
3.1 Cement
3.2 Coarse aggregate
3.3 Fine aggregate
3.4 Water
3.5 Bamboo
3.6 Bamboo fiber
3.6.1 Properties of bamboo fiber
3.7 Mix calcultion
CHAPTER-4: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS…………………….………..18-45
4.1 Test on cement
4.1.1 Specific gravity cement
4.1.2 Standard consistency cement
4.1.3 Fineness of cement
4.2 Test on Coarse aggregate
4.2.1 Specific gravity Coarse aggregate
4.2.2 Water absorption Coarse aggregate
4.2.3 Grain size analysis Coarse aggregate
4.3 Test on Fine aggregate
4.3.1 Specific gravity Fine aggregate
4.3.2 Grain size analysis Fine aggregate
5.1 Mix calculation
5.2 Test on Fresh concrete
5.3 Test on Hardened Concrete
CHAPTER-5: TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………….46-53
6.1 Tests on cubes
6.1.2 Compressive strength test
6.1.3 Summary of compressive strength analysis
CHAPTER-6: CONCLUSION ………………………………………………..…..54
CHAPTER-7: REFERENCE ..…………………………………………………….55

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CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:
The building industry indirectly plays a major role in environmental damage, so it is our
responsibility to find more environmental techniques of construction for development. One of the
solutions is to search for a new material that can be recycled and reused. Therefore, it is necessary to
go for a new material that is naturally available such as bamboo, glass, agricultural product, coconut
shell, rice husk, ceramic, silica, crump rubber etc., Bamboo is one of the renewable natural resource
known to us. But sufficient care has not been given to investigation and change in bamboo. Due to the
beneficial physical characteristics of bamboo, research has been made of bamboo as fiber material in
concrete. With the development of science and technology, new techniques are implemented for
treating of bamboo to make it durable and more working in terms of construction materials. In this
project bamboo will be used in concrete to study of strength characteristics.
Concrete is commonly used as the base of infrastructure in most countries. Concrete has the
requisite construction properties, such as its ability to withstand large compressive stresses. Concrete
is mostly used because it is cheap and readily available. Since it has low tensile strength, the use of
concrete is limited. For this reason, it is strengthened and the tensile strength properties of the concrete
are improved.

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1.2 Objectives of the Project work

• Improved tensile strength: Bamboo fibers can enhance the tensile strength of concrete,
which is traditionally a weak point for this construction material. By incorporating bamboo
fibers, the concrete becomes more resistant to cracking and can withstand greater tensile forces.
• Enhanced durability: Bamboo fibers can improve the durability and lifespan of concrete
structures. The fibers help reduce the formation and propagation of cracks, leading to a more
resilient and long-lasting material
• Sustainability and environmental benefits: Bamboo is a highly renewable and sustainable
resource. By utilizing bamboo fibers as reinforcement in concrete, it reduces the reliance on
non-renewable materials such as steel or synthetic fibers. This can lead to a lower carbon
footprint and a more environmentally friendly construction approach.
• Cost-effectiveness: Bamboo fibers can offer cost advantages over traditional
reinforcement materials like steel. Bamboo is often more affordable and readily available in
many regions, making it a cost-effective alternative.

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CHAPTER-2:

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Commonly concrete used as a building material, it's very important to create the event of
construction, cost-effective material. Because of expensive prices and for low-cost housing and
temporary structure steel is very difficult to obtain for developing countries. Around the world, many
researchers are starting to explore the utilization of low-cost reinforced material as building
construction material. Bamboo is one of the important substitutes among all possibilities. Bamboo
is the fastest growing plant which we are using as a building material. It is an easily available and
naturally growing plant in many parts. Transportation and harvesting cost is very less for bamboo.
Manufacturing cost is very less compared to steel. Bamboo encompasses a good lastingness and light-
weight weight. Bamboo features a good water absorption capacity it should reduce the mechanical
properties and causes structural failure. there's have to control the water abortion of bamboo.
there's have to use proper seasoning method to scale back the water absorption. Bamboo is in a
position to resist more tension than compression. the fireplace resistance is extremely good thanks
to the high content of silicate acid.
This section presents a literature review spanning the range of the complex biology of Bamboo
forunder standing to prior research conducted on mechanical behaviour and different applications of
the bamboo.
A Study reported in International Standard Organization (ISO) (1999) provides the first draft for
International Standard that applies to Bamboo structure based on their performance and on limit state
design. The limit states are defined as states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design
performance stipulations.The twp limit states are split into ultimate limit states and serviceability limit
states.
Bamboo fibre bundles have a potential ability to work as the reinforcement of polymer matrix.
The tensile strength of the bamboo fibre bundle is as high as that of jute fibre. Both the tensile strength
and Young‟s modulus of the improved BFcEC increased about 15 and 30%, respectively, in
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comparison with the conventional BFEC. High weight content of bamboo fibre enables the bamboo
composites to increase their strength in the most effective way,when the bamboo fibre is modified in
To the cotton shape‟.The bamboo fibre bundles need to be mechanically modified in to
the„cottonshape ‟after the steam explosion method is applied,in order to benefit from bamboo fibre‟s
potential function as reinforcement of plastics. Housing industry is one of the most energy consuming
activities on earth. Concrete, steel, wood, glass, plastic and many other materials have been used for
construction. In Thailand, most housing structures have been built by using steel-reinforced concrete.
Whenever the cost of steel imported from abroad is on the rise, housing prices will tend to be on the
rise as well.As a result,many researchers have been trying to find out alternative materials to substitute
the steel in reinforced concrete practices. Bamboo is one of the interesting renewable materials,
particularly in tropical- countries, that could be used as such a structural material substitution. Chembi
and Nimityongskul (1989) reported its use in Corresponding author construction of water tanks.
Ghavami (1995) studied it for reinforcement of lightweight concrete beams.
Jindal and Varada Rajulu et al. [2] developed short bamboo fibres reinforced epoxy composites
and studied their performance. Efforts are being made to make the natural fibres reinforced
thermoplastic composites. Unfortunately, at melting point of thermoplastics, most of natural fibres
may degrade thermally. They also developed the short bamboo fibre reinforced styrenated polyester
composites and studied their void content, weight reduction and mechanical properties.

2.2 LITERETURE REVIEW

• Sanjeev Gill, Dr. Rajiv Kumar, bamboo can be utilized as reinforcement in concrete.
Bamboo may be a cheap substitute for steel because it grows much faster and could be a renewable
source after 4-5 years. The strength of bamboo is directly affected by water absorption. The
lastingness of bamboo is sweet so it will be used as reinforcement. The behavior of bamboo as
a reinforcement is that the same as a plain steel bar.
• Pratish Kumar Singh, Aashish Jodhani, Abhay Pratap Singh, vertical position is more
durable than in horizontal it has been proved. If heat, either dry or applied the pressure
bamboo can be permanently bent.the sort of coating will rely upon the seasoning material is employed.
A brush coat or dip coat of emulsion is beneficial for the treatment of bamboo. Bamboo ferroconcrete
beam design is comparable to steel reinforcing design

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• Anurag Nayak, Arehant S Bajaj, Abhishek Jain, Apoorv Khandelwal, Hirdesh Tiwari, In
construction work bamboo can replace by timber and other material. As reinforcing material
when seasoned bamboo is used it should receive a waterproofing coating to cut back swelling when to
bear with concrete. Bamboo will swell before the concrete sufficient strength if we do not use a
proper coating. As compared to the steel bamboo reinforcement technique is cheap

• Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta, Dr. Rajiv Ganguly, Ankit Singh Mehra, Bamboo is a very
lightweight material because of its incredibly low density. By increasing nodes, water absorption
capacity is also increased. But tensile stress increase by increasing the number of nodes.

• Atul Agarwal, Bhardwaj Nanda, DamodarMaity, Adhesive material has good resistance to
water, oil and many other solvent. It observes that adhesive bonding strength at the interface
of the bamboo concrete composite is higher

2.3 SUMMARY OF LITERETURE

As a reinforcement in R.C.C. structure bamboo can use as an occasional housing or temporary
structure. Bamboo can bear enduringness up to 370 N/mm2. It is in between 120N/mm2 to 370 N/mm2.
Mechanical properties of bamboo are reduced due to its water absorption capacity. By weight
water content capacity of bamboo is between 50%-60%. Proper seasoning treatment should be
required to scale back the water absorption capacity. If we use bituminous paint, epoxy, and coal tar
then the seasoning of bamboo is excellent. Bamboo needs to apply epoxy to bond with concrete
because bamboo has low bond stress with concrete. Epoxy should apply by brush in a thin coat, the
thickness of the epoxy can fluctuate the bonding with concrete. It can be used as reinforcement because
the behavior of bamboo is quite the same as steel. Bamboo reinforcement concrete design is nearly the
same as R.C.C. steel beam. Bamboois light in weight due to it slow density.

REFERENCE REVIEW

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The behavior of bamboo as a reinforcement

1. Sanjeev Gill, Dr. Rajiv Kumar,
is that the same as a plain steel bar.

Pratish Kumar Singh, Aashish Jodhani, Bamboo ferroconcrete beam design is

2.
Abhay Pratap Singh, comparable to steel reinforcing design.

Anurag Nayak, Arehant S Bajaj,

Abhishek Jain, Apoorv Khandelwal, In construction work bamboo can
3.
Hirdesh Tiwari, replace by timber and other material.

Bamboo is a very lightweight material

Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta, Dr. Rajiv because of its incredibly low density.
4. Ganguly, Ankit Singh Mehra, By increasing nodes, water absorption
capacity is also increased.

Atul Agarwal, Bhardwaj Nanda, It observes that adhesive bonding

5. DamodarMaity, strength at the interface of the bamboo
concrete composite is higher.

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CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 CEMENT
A binder, or substance that can bind other materials together and set and solidify, is
something like cement, which is used in building. The two most crucial forms of cement are
employed in the creation of mortar for masonry work and concrete, which combines cement with
aggregate to create a sturdy building material. Calcium silicate, aluminates, and ferrites
compounds, which combine calcium, silicon, aluminium, and iron in ways that will react with
water, make up this combination. By burning limestone (a source of calcium) with clay and shale
(a source of silicon, aluminium, and iron), and then mixing the resulting substance, known as
clinker with a sulphate source (most frequently gypsum), ordinary Portland cement and
comparable materials are created.
Many cutting-edge innovations are employed in contemporary cement kilns to reduce fuel
usage per ton of clinker produced. Large, intricate, and naturally dusty industrial facilities
like cement kilns have emissions that need to be managed. For a particular amount of concrete, all
the different materials are required, but the cement is the most expensive to create. For a ton of
clinker to be produced and subsequently ground into cement, even the most sophisticated and
effective kilns need between 3.3 and 3.6 Gigajoules of energy. Used tyres are the most popular
trash that may be used to fire a variety of kilns. Cement kilns are able to burn difficult-to-use fuels
effectively and completely because of the extremely high temperatures and extended amounts of
time spent at those temperatures. According to IS: 12269- 1987, ordinary Portland cement of grade
43 is utilized.

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Fig 3.1 Cement

Cement is a binding material in the concrete that sets, solidifies, and binds to other materials to
behave as a single unit which is a concrete.

Fig 3.2 OPC of Grade53

The cement used in this dissertation work was BIRLA SUPER ordinary Portland cement of 53
grade.

Tests on Cement:

The following test on Cement were carried out in the laboratory confirming to IS 12269:1987.

1. Specific Gravity
2. Standard Consistency

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3.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

Concrete requires aggregates, which are inert granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed
stone, in addition to water and Portland cement. Aggregates must be free of absorbed chemicals, clay
coatings, and other fine contaminants that might cause concrete to degrade in order to make a suitable
concrete mix. The two different kinds of aggregates, fine and coarse, make up 60 to 75 percent of the
total volume of concrete. Natural gravel and sand are often extracted by digging or dredging from a pit,
river, lake, or ocean floor. By crushing quarry rock, boulders, cobbles, or large-size gravel, crushed
aggregate is created. In addition to being a suitable supply of aggregate, recycled concrete has been
successfully utilised in granular sub-bases, soil-cement and in new concrete.
Aggregate is treated after harvesting, including crushing, screening, and washing to ensure
optimum cleanliness and gradation. If more improvement is required, a benefaction procedure like
jigging or heavy media separation can be performed. The aggregates are handled and stored after
processing to reduce segregation, deterioration, and contamination. aggregates have a significant impact
on newly mixed and hardened characteristics, mixing ratios, and affordability. As a result, choosing the
right aggregates is crucial to the overall quality of the concrete.

Fig 3.3 Coarse Aggregate

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3.3 FINE AGGREGATE

The specific gravity of fine aggregate generally falls within the range of 2.2 to 2.8. However, the
specific gravity can vary depending on factors such as the type of sand (e.g., river sand, crushed sand),
mineral composition, and moisture content.
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce
shrinkage and effect economy. They occupy about 70-80 percent of the volume of the concrete. Aggregates
shall consist of naturally occurring (crushed or uncrushed) stones, gravel and sand or combination thereof.
They shall be hard, strong, durable, clear and free from veins and adherent coating; and free from injurious
amounts of disintegrated pieces, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious substances. As far as possible,
flaky and elongated pieces should be avoided. Aggregates can be mainly classified into fine aggregates and
coarse aggregates.
IS 383- 1970 defines fine aggregates as “Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS sieve and
contains only so much coarser material as permitted.” It may be:
i. Natural sand: Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which has
been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
ii. Crushed stone sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone. iii. Crushed gravel sand:
line aggregate produced by crushing natural grave

Fig 3.4 Fine Aggregate (M-sand )

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3.4 WATER

Water used for building projects often has the same quality as water used for drinking. Water is
an essential component of the entire lifespan of concrete, thus it must be used with the utmost care
throughout construction. This is done to make sure the water is essentially free of contaminants
including suspended particulates, organic matter, and dissolved salts that might harm the concrete's
qualities, particularly its setting, hardening, strength, and durability. The water must be pure and free of
any organic materials, sewage, sugar, molasses, or oils. Regular testing or monitoring of the water
quality for construction is required since it has an impact on the overall strength of the concrete.

Fig 3.5 Water.

Water plays a crucial role in the properties and performance of concrete. Hydration: Water is
essential for the chemical reaction known as hydration, which occurs between cement and water. During
hydration, cement particles react to form a strong and durable binder called cement paste. This paste binds
the aggregate particles together, resulting in the solidified structure of concrete.

Workability: Water is responsible for providing workability to concrete. The workability refers to the ease
with which concrete can be mixed, placed, compacted, and finished. The right amount of water ensures that
the concrete mixture is fluid enough to be properly mixed and easily placed in formwork, allowing for
proper compaction and consolidation.

Strength development: The water-to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) is a critical factor influencing the strength of
concrete. The w/c ratio determines the amount of water available for hydration. It directly affects
thecompressive strength, tensile strength, and overall durability of the hardened concrete. A lower w/c
ratio generally results in higher strength, as long as the mixture is properly cured.
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Curing: Adequate moisture is necessary for the curing process of concrete. Curing involves maintaining the
concrete in a moist environment for a specific period to allow the hydration reactions to proceed and the
concrete to gain strength. Curing helps prevent premature drying and shrinkage, enhances durability, and
improves the long-term performance of concrete.

Shrinkage and cracking control: Water content influences the drying shrinkage of concrete. Excessive
drying shrinkage can lead to cracking and reduced durability. By controlling the water content and
providing proper curing, the risk of shrinkage and cracking can be minimized.

Durability: Water plays a significant role in the durability of concrete. Proper curing and sufficient
moisture availability help in the development of a denser and more durable concrete matrix. Adequate
water content in concrete helps to resist chemical attacks, minimize permeability, and enhance
resistance to freeze-thaw cycles.

Worksite conditions: Water is crucial for adjusting the concrete mix to account for onsite conditions.
Factors such as ambient temperature, humidity, and the moisture content of aggregates can vary at different
construction sites. Adjusting the water content in the concrete mixture helps maintain workability and
achieve the desired consistency during placement.

It's important to note that while water is vital for concrete, excessive water content can be detrimental.
Using excessive water, beyond what is necessary for hydration and workability, can lead to increased
porosity, reduced strength, and increased permeability of the hardened concrete. Proper
control and management of water content are essential to achieving a balanced and high-quality
concrete mix.

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3.5 BAMBOO

Bamboo is a type of fast-growing perennial grass that belongs to the family Poaceae. It is known
for its strength, flexibility, and sustainability, making it a versatile material with various applications.
Here are some key features and uses of bamboo:

Fig 3.6 Raw Bamboo

1. Growth and Sustainability: Bamboo is one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, capable of
reaching maturity in just a few years. It is a highly renewable resource as it regrows from its extensive
root system after harvesting without the need for replanting. This rapid growth and
sustainability make bamboo an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional materials.
2. Versatility: Bamboo can be utilized in various forms, such as solid bamboo poles, laminated
bamboo boards, and bamboo fibers. It can be processed into different products including furniture,
flooring, paneling, textiles, paper, kitchen ware, and even as a sustainable alternative in the production
of biofuels.

3. Environmental Benefits: Bamboo has excellent environmental credentials. It absorbs carbon

dioxide and releases more oxygen compared to other plants, helping to mitigate climate change.
Bamboo also has a shallow root system that helps soil erosion and improves water retention.
Additionally, it requires minimal pesticides or fertilizers for growth, making it a more eco-friendly
choice compared to many conventional crops.

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3.6 Bamboo Fiber

Fig.3.7 Bamboo Fiber

Locally available bamboos were taken and bamboo fibres were taken out by mechanical method.
Bamboo fibres of three different lengths and 1.2 mm diameter were taken. The lengths of fibres were
45mm and corresponding aspect ratio was 38.

Table3.4 Physical Properties of Bamboo Fibre

Sl. No. Property Value

1 Tensile strength (Mpa) 350-500

2 Elastic modulus (Mpa) 10

3 Density(g/cc) 1.1

4 Elongation at break(%) 11

5 Specific gravity 0.87

6 Water absorption(%) 10.42

7 Thickness (mm) 1.2

As per IS 6874(2008): method of test and properties of bamboo

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3.6.1 PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBER

1. Strength and Durability: Bamboo has impressive strength and durability, often rivaling or
surpassing that of many hardwoods. It has a high tensile strength and is resistant to bending and
compression, making it suitable for use in construction, furniture, and other structural applications.

2. Flexibility: Bamboo is known for its flexibility, allowing it to bend without breaking.This property
makes it an excellent choice for structures that need to withstand wind, earthquakes, or other dynamic
forces.

3. Fast Growth: Bamboo is one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth. Some species can grow up to
1 meter per day under optimal conditions. This rapid growth allows for a quick and sustainable supply
of raw material.

4. Sustainability: Bamboo is highly sustainable due to its rapid growth and regenerative properties.
It does not require replanting after harvesting, as it regrows from its extensive root system.
Additionally, bamboo produces a significant amount of oxygen and absorbs large quantities of
carbon dioxide, contributing to its positive environmental impact.

5. Eco-friendly: Bamboo cultivation requires fewer resources compared to many other crops. It does
not require pesticides, herbicides, or excessive water for growth. Bamboo also has a positive impact
on soil erosion control, as its extensive root system helps stabilize the soil.

6. Aesthetics: Bamboo has an appealing aesthetic with its natural color variations and distinctive
grain patterns. It is often used for decorative purposes and can enhance the visual appeal of various
products and environments.

7. Lightweight: Despite its strength, bamboo is relatively lightweight compared to other materials
such as steel or concrete. This makes it easier to handle, transport, and work with in construction and
manufacturing processes.

8. Thermal Insulation: Bamboo exhibits natural thermal insulation properties, providing resistance
to heat transfer.

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3.7 MIX CALCULATION

Following are the key steps involved in the mix design of concrete:

1. Requirements and Specifications: Understand the specific requirements and specifications for the
concrete, which may include strength requirements, exposure conditions (e.g., weather, chemicals),
workability requirements, and any project-specific considerations.

2. Selection of Materials: Choose suitable materials, including cement, aggregates (coarse and fine), water,
and any required admixtures, based on the project specifications and available options.

3. Target Strength: Determine the desired compressive strength of the concrete based on the structural
requirements and the intended use of the concrete.

4. Water-to-Cement Ratio (w/c ratio): Select an appropriate water-to-cement ratio based on the target
strength and the anticipated exposure conditions. The w/c ratio affects the workability, strength, and
durability of the concrete.

5. Mix Proportions: Determine the proportions of cement, aggregates, and water in the concrete mix. The
proportions are typically determined by weight or volume. The selection of proportions is based
on the desired strength, workability, and durability, considering the properties of the materials being
used.

6. Admixtures: If necessary, choose and include admixtures in the mix design. Admixtures are added to
improve specific properties of the concrete, such as workability, setting time, strength, or durability.
Common admixtures include water reducers, accelerators, retarders, and air-entraining agents.

7. Trial Batches and Testing: Prepare trial batches of the concrete mix using the determined proportions
and conduct tests to evaluate the fresh and hardened concrete properties. This may involve testing
workability (e.g., slump test), compressive strength, and other relevant properties.

8. Adjustments: Based on the test results from the trial batches, make any necessary adjustments to the mix
proportions to achieve the desired concrete properties. This may involve finetuning the w/c ratio,
adjusting the proportions of aggregates, or modifying the use of admixtures.

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CHAPTER-4

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS

4.1 Tests on Cement :

The following test on Cement were carried out in the laboratory confirming to IS 12269:1987.

1. Specific gravity
2. Standard consistency

4.1.1 Specific Gravity :

Specific gravity indicates the quality of cement. If cement has any other matter
(i.e.,impurities)other than cement, its sp.gr.varies.If the specific gravity of impurity is less, then specific
gravity of cement will be less. If it is higher, then specific gravity of cement will also be more.

The specific gravity test on cement was conducted using the Density bottle method.The specific
gravity of cement was obtained as 3.04g/cc,but as per IS : 2720- part3, the Specific gravity of cement
should be 3.15g/cc .So,the Specific gravity of cement obtained was acceptable. The results are tabulated
in Table 3.1.

Fig: 4.1 Le-chatelier flask

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Calculations:
Sample weight of cement = 64 grams Displaced volume in le - chatelier flask=21cm

Density of cement = Mass of cement / Displaced volume = 64/21 = 3.04 g/cm3

Specific Gravity of cement sample = Density of cement/Density of water = 3.04/1.0= 3.04

RESULT:

The specific Gravity of cement is 3.04 ( IS 4031 (Part 11): 1988 ). The value ranges between 3 – 3.16

4.1.2 Standard Consistency:

For determination of the initial and final setting times, neat cement paste of a standard consistence is
required .Hence for any given cement the water content of the paste which gives standard consistency is
determined.

Standard consistency on cement was conducted using vicat apparatus method. Standard consistency
on cement obtained as 32% as per (IS 4031 (part 4) 1988) The results are tabulated

Fig 4.2 Vicat plunger

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Table 4.1Standard consistency of cement

Percentage of Quantity of water Vicat plunger

Sl . No
water added(ml) penetration(mm)

1 26% 104 ml 36

2 28% 112ml 28

3 30% 120 ml 16
4 32% 128 ml 7

RESULT:

The Standard consistency of cement = 32% ( IS 4031 (Part 4): 1988 - Determination of Standard
Consistency of Cement ). The value ranges between 26% - 33%.

4.1.3 Fineness of cement

The fineness of cement is a measure of cement particles and is denoted as terms of the specific surface
area of thecement.
The fineness test of cement of test is done by sieving cement sample through standard IS sieve.The weight
of the cement particles whose size is greater than 90 microns is determined and the percentage of retained
cement particle are calculated. This is known as the fineness of cement.

Fig 4.3 Sieve apparatus

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Table 4.2 fineness of cement

Weight of cement Weight of Fineness of cement

SL.No
sample Residue(w2gm) (w2/w1)x100

1 100 4 4%

RESULT:

The Fineness of cement = 4% As per IS 4031(part 1): 1996. The standard value of the fineness
of cement is less than 10%

Table 4.3 Physical characteristics of cement

Sl No. Tests Result

1. Specific gravity 3.04
2. Standard consistency 32%
3. Fineness 4%

4.2 Tests on coarse aggregate:

The following test on coarse aggregate were carried out in the laboratory confirming to IS 12269:1987.

i. Specific Gravity
ii. Standard Consistency

4.2.1 Specific Gravity Coarse aggregate:

The specific gravity of an aggregate is defined as the ratio of the solid mass in a given volume of
sample to the mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature.

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Specific gravity is required for calculating the yield of concrete or the quantity of aggregate required for a
given volume of concrete, and it gives valuable information on its quantity and properties.
Specific gravity test on aggregates was conducted using Pycnometer method (for 10mm down aggregates)
Specific gravity of aggregates for 10mm down.

Fig. 4.4 Coarse Aggregate

Calculations:
Weight of Pycnometer (W1)=0.456kg

Weight of Pycnometer with coarse aggregate (W2) =1.040 kg

Weight of Pycnometer with coarse aggregate +water(W3)=1.718kg

Weight of Pycnometer with water (W4) = 1.344 kg

Specific Gravity= W2−W1

W2−W1−(W3−W4)

=1.04-0.45/[(1.04-0.45)-(1.718-1.344)]=2.78

RESULT:
The Specific Gravity of Coarse is 2.78 (IS 2386 (Part 3): 1963.). The value ranges between 2.5 - 3

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4.2.2Water absorption test:

Aggregates having more water absorption are more porousin nature and are generally
considered unsuitable unless they are found to be acceptable based on strength, impact and hardness
tests.

Water absorption test on aggregates was conducted using wire basket method. The water
absorption value obtained for this aggregate as 4.68%. The water absorption value obtained for
this aggregate as 4.68%. The results are tabulated in Table 3.5results are tabulated in Table
3.5

Fig 4.5 Water Absorption

Water Absorption (%)= ((W2 -W1)/W1) × 100

Where:
W1=Weight of oven-dry aggregates(in kg)
W2=Weight of surface – dry aggregates after 24 hours of immersion
(inkg)

Calculation Example:
W1 (Oven-dry weight) = 10.0 kg
W2 (Surface-dry weight) = 10.468kg
Water Absorption (%) = ((10.468 -10.0)/ 10.0) ×100
=(0.468 / 10.0) ×100 = 4.68%

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RESULT:
The Water Absorption of Coarse is 4.68% ( IS 4031 (Part 1): 1996 ). The value ranges between
less than 10%

Table 4.4 Representation of Observations

Sl. No. Description Observed Value(kg)

1. 10.0
Weight of oven-dry aggregate(W1)
2. Weight of surface-dry aggregate (W2) 10.468
3. Water absorption(%) 4.68

GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

Experiment was done as per IS 2386-Part I-1963, IS: 383-1970 and the results are tabulated in
Table4.1. The gradation curve is shown in Figure 4.5. Weight of sample taken, W=5000g

Table 4.5: Results of sieve analysis conducted on Sample

Weight Cumulative
Percentage
Is sieve size retained on % retained
retained on % Finer
in mm each on each
each sieve
sieve(g) sieve

40 0 0 0 100

25 0 0 0 100

20 980 980 19.6% 0.4

12.5 3.170 4150 63.4% 1.7

10 770 4920 15.4% 1.6

4.75 80 5000 1.6% 00

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4.3 Tests on Fine aggregate:

The following test on coarse aggregate were carried out in the laboratory confirming to IS 12269:1987.

1. Specific gravity
2. Grain size analysis
4.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGRIGATES
The experiment was carried out as per IS : 2386 part-III-1963 and IS 383.

Observation and calculation

Table 4.6: Tabular column

Details Trial 1

Weight of Pycnometer,(W1 gms) 491

Weight of Fine aggregate +
1293
Pycnometer, (W2 gms)
Weight of Fine aggregate+ water +
2018
Pycnometer, (W3 gms)

Weight of Water+ Pycnometer, (W4gms) 1526

Specific Gravity
2.58
G=(W2-W1)/(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)

As per code IS 2386-Part III -1963, the specific gravity of fine aggregate ranges from 2.65 to 2.68.
The obtained value is 2.54 is within the range.

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Fig 4.6 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

4.3.2 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

Experiment was done as per code IS 2386-Part I-1963, IS:383-1970 and the results are tabulated
in Table 4.2 and table 4.3 respectively.
Sample 1
Weight of sample taken, W = 2kg

Table 4.7 : Results of sieve analysis conducted on Sample 1

Weight Cumulative
Retained on
retained on % retained on
I.S sieve size each sieve % passing
each sieve(g) each sieve

4.75 mm 0.0 00 00 100

2.36 mm 30 30 1.5 98.5

1.18 mm 550 580 27.5 71

600 micron 520 1100 26 45

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300 micron 450 1550 22.5 22.5

150 micron 240 1790 12 10.5

Pan 210 2000 10.5 0

4.4 MIX CALCULTION

ANNEXURE 1
Mix design of concrete grade M20

1. PROPORTIONING STIPULATIONS
Grade of concrete, fck = 20 N/mm2
Type of Cement = Ordinary Portland cement53Grade
Max. nominal size of aggregate = 20mm
Condition of exposure = moderate (Table 5 & Table 3 IS456)
Workability = 50 mm (Slump)
Max. content of cement = 450kg/m3 (cl. 8.2.4.2 - IS456:2000)
Min. content of cement = 300kg/m3 (cl. 8.2.4.2 - IS456:2000)
Max. water-cement Ratio = 0.62
Type of aggregates = Curshed Aggregates
Fine aggregates = Zone ii

2. MATERIAL DATA
Cement grade = OPC grade 53
Specific gravityCement = 3.04
Coarse aggregate = 2.78
Fine aggregate = 2.60
Water absorption Coarse aggregate = 4.68 %

3. MIX PROPORTION TARGET

STRENGTH
f’ck = f ck + (1.65*S) Where,
f’ck = 28 days target average comp.strength

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fck = 28 days characteristic compressive strength
S =standard deviation
From table 2 (IS 456), S= 4 N/mm2
Therefore f’ck= 26.5 N/mm2
f’ck> 20 N/mm2

4. APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT

According to table 3, the expected amount of entrapped air for 20mm
nominal max. size of aggregate in normal (non-air-entrained) concrete= 1%

5. WATER - CEMENT RATIO SELECTION

Free w/c ratio required for the target strength of 26.6 N/mm2= 0.55
(Fig.1 - IS 10262:2019)
Maximum value prescribed for mild exposure condition for RCC
for 20mm aggregate size (Table 5, IS 456:2000)= 0.55

6. WATER CONTENT SELECTION

According to table 4, for 50 mm slump & 20mm aggregate, water content= 186kg

7. CEMENT CONTENT CALCULATION

Ratio of water & cement = 0.55
Cement Content =338.18 kg/m3
Minimum value of cement prescribed for mild exposure condition for RCC and for 20mm aggregate
(Table 5 - IS 456:2000) = 300 kg/m3
Max cement content = 450kg/m3
Hence SAFE

8. VOLUME OF FINE AGGREGATE AND COARSE

The volume of coarse aggregate proportionate corresponding to w/c
ratio 0.5, aggregate size of 20 mm and for FA of zone II is = 0. 62
For w/c ratio = 0.55, volume of coarse aggregate = 0.61
Volume of fine aggregate = 0.39

9. MIX CALCULATION
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a. Total volume = 1m3
b. Entrapped air in wet concrete volume = 0.01 m3
c. Cement volume =
Cement mass/(Cement specific gravity*1000) = 0.1112 m3
d. Volume of water =
Water mass/(Cement specific gravity *1000) = 0.186 m3

e. All in aggregate volume =

(a - b) - (c + d) = 0.705 m3
g. Mass of Coarse Aggregate =
e*(CA volume*CA specific gravity*1000) = 1173.58 kg
h. Mass of Fine Aggregate =
e*(FA volume*FA specific gravity*1000) = 731.30 kg

10. MIX PROPORTION

Cement = 338.18 kg/m3
Water = 186 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 731.30kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1173.58kg/m3
Water cement ratio = 0.55
Mix ratio 1:2.16:3.47

Using the dry volume for 12 cubes (0.06237 m³) and the mix proportions calculated earlier, the quantities
of materials are:

Cement Content:
Cement = 338.18 kg/m³ × 0.06237 m³ = 21.09 kg

Water Content:
Water = 186 liters/m³ × 0.06237 m³= 11.60 kg

Fine Aggregate (Zone II):

Fine aggregate = 0.06237 × 731.30 kg/m³ = 45.61 kg/m3

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Coarse Aggregate :
Coarse aggregate = 0.06237 × 1173.58 kg/m³ = 73.16 kg/m3

For 0.5% Bamboo Fiber:

0.5% × 21.09 kg = 0.105 kg
For 3 cubes, bamboo fiber required is 0.105 kg.

For 1.0% Bamboo Fiber:

1.0% × 21.09 kg = 0.211 kg
For 3 cubes, bamboo fiber required is 0.211 kg.

For 1.5% Bamboo Fiber:

1.5% × 21.09 kg = 0.316 kg
For 3 cubes, bamboo fiber required is 0.316 kg.

Casting of specimen
The experimental program is carried out in the following sequence:

➢ Mix proportion.
➢ Test on fresh concrete
➢ Test on Hardened concrete
➢ Casting of specimens.
➢ Curing of specimens.
➢ Testing of specimens.

Mix proportion
Mix proportion for concrete of M20 grade was designed for all specimens as per Indian Standard code
IS 10262: 2019. The details of concrete ingredients are given in the table

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Table 4.8 Mixture proportions of the concrete mixes

Sl. No. Materials Proportion

1 Cement(kg/m3) 338.18
2 Fine Aggregate(kg/m3) 676.37
3 Coarse Aggregate(kg/m3) 1019.2
4 Water (liters) 186
5 w/c ratio 0.55
6 stick
Length(mm) 60
Thickness(mm) 1
Aspect ratio 38

4.5 Test on Fresh Concrete

When concrete is in its plastic state it is known as a fresh concrete. Fresh concrete can be
easily moulded to a durable structural member. Workability indicates the ease or difficulty with
which the concrete is handled , transported and placed.The amount of water present in concrete
should be in proper ratio. Workability of concrete can be measured using slump cone test. For each
mix of different aspect ratio slump test were conducted.

i. Slump Test:

Slump test is the most simple and common test used for finding the flow ability of the
concrete. Flow ability of concrete is defined as the ability of the concretet of lowfreely in a horizontal
surface in the absence of obstacles without segregation. It also gives an assessment of filling ability.
The apparatus consists of Abrams cone, which is a trun crated cone having a base diameter of
200mm,top diameter of 100mm and a height of 300mm,a base plate, measuring tape and a trowel
.The procedure consists of firstly the inside portion of the cone made wet and is placed at the centre
of base plate Then the concrete is filled inside using a trowel with compaction to concrete. Concrete
is filled in 4 layers and after each layer compaction is given.When the on crete is fully filled the cone
is vertically lifted up. If there is no deformation the slump value will be zero.

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Fig: 4.7 Slump test on concrete

4.7 Tests on Hardened Concrete

1. Casting of specimens

12 cubes of dimension 150mm X 150mm X 150mm were cast, in that 3 cubes were without
Bamboo Fibers and 9 cubes were cast by varying percentage of Bamboo Fibres 0.5,1.0,1.5%
respectively.

a) Preparation of formwork
Form work is a mould used to bring concrete in to required structural shape.Non-absorbent Iron
were used for all the cubes. They were properly oiled before placing of the concrete as shown in the fig
3.4.2

Fig 4.8 Preparation of Moulds

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b) Mixing and Placing of Concrete for Specimens

An electronic weighing machine was used to batch the materials separately. A concrete mixer was
used to mix batched coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement and required amount of water to
get a homogeneous concrete of designed grade.

Fig 4.9 Mixing and casting of Moulds

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The performance of the concrete is influenced by the mixing. This means that a proper and good
practice of mixing can lead a better performance and quality of the concrete. The quality of concrete
is influenced by the homogeneity of the mix material. The mixingof concrete was carried out manually
in the concrete laboratory.
Before the concrete mixing begins,allof the mixmaterials were weighted and prepared according to
the M20grade of concrete. (1: 2.02: 3.01) (Cement: Fine Aggregates: Recycled coarse Aggregate Thev
various percentages of Bamboo fibres are taken with equivalent weights.

c) Apparatus and Procedure of Mixing

The procedure for mixing of concrete has been summarized as below as per IS 516-1959.

Before the placing of concrete, the concrete mould must be oiled for the ease of concrete
specimens stripping. The oil used is a mixture of diesel and kerosene. Special care was taken during
the oiling of the moulds, so that there no concrete stains are left on the moulds. The fresh concrete
must place into the concrete moulds for testing hardened properties. The dimensions of cube were
150mm x150mm x 150mm

The placing & compacting the concrete is as per IS: 516-1959. As given in code, immediately after
mixing the on crete was filled into the mouldsin3 layers .Each scoop of concrete placed is moved
around the top edge of the mould as the concrete slides, in order to ensure symmetrical distribution
layer is compact educing standard tamping bars with 25strokes per layer.

Where voids are left by the tamping bars,the sites of moulds are tapped to close the voids. After the to
player was compacted the surface of the concrete is finished with the top of mould, using a trowel.
After the leveling of the fresh concrete specimen was done,the concrete in the mould was left overnight
to allow the fresh concrete to set.

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1. Curing of specimens
After leaving the fresh concrete in the moulds to set overnight, after setting the concrete
specimens in the moulds were stripped.The identification of concrete specimens was done and the
moulds were cleaned and oiled for the next batch of concrete mix. All concrete specimens were
placed in the curing tank for 28 days to achieve and find hardened properties of concrete.

Curing is an important process to prevent the concrete specimens from losing of moisture
while it is gaining its required strength .After 28days of curing ,the concrete specimens were
removed from the curing tank to conduct test on hardened properties of concrete.

Fig 4.10 Curing of cubes for 28 day

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2. Testing of specimens
Experimental investigation on hardened concrete specimens includes Compressive test on
concrete cubes and Flexural Strengtht estoncement concrete prisms.
Concrete is a combination of Portland cement,water,fine aggregates and recycled coarse
aggregate.Normally, concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.There are many ways to
indicate the strength of concrete.The tests used to indicate the strength of concrete can be categorized
as destructive and non-destructive tests.The testing of the strength of concrete is very important in the
civil works. The engineers can compare the value of the testing to the designed value used for the
building structure. This is to make sure that the structure has been built well. All the test procedures
used was accordance with the Indian codes.
a) Density of Concrete specimens:

The density of a specimens is measured by measuring its mass and the length of its sides.
Density is the mass of an object divided by its volume.Density of ten has units of grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm3) or kilo newton per cubic meter (kN/m3).
The density of concrete specimens has been calculated by using following steps:

1. After the 28curing, the specimens are kept for drying for1hour under sun dry.

2. Then the weight and volume of specimens are taken.

3. Then density of specimens has calculated by using equation.

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡..............

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦= 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

b) Compressive strength test on concrete specimen

Compressive strength of concrete can be defined as the measured maximum resistance of a
concrete to axial loading . Compression test is the most common test used to test the hardened concrete
specimens because the testing is easy to make. The strength of the concrete specimens with
conventional ingredients of concrete and lime sludge as additive is indicated through the compression
test. The specimen dimension used in the compression test is 150mm x150mm x 150mm cube. The 28
days cube compressive strength results with out and with various percentages of lime sludgere

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placement has been conducted and tabulated. The compression test was carried out in the concrete
laboratory at Vanaja concrete block Manufactures. The compression testing procedures was according
to the Indian code IS: 516-1959.

Apparatus and Test Procedure of Compression Test

The apparatus and equipment’s used in the compression test according to IS:516-1959.
1. Testing Machine :200T Capacity compression testing machine.

2. Ruler:300mm long ruler to measure the height of specimen.

3. Balance: To measure the weight of the concrete specimens.

The Test Procedure is as Below:

1. Specimen stored in water is tested immediately on removal from the water and while they are still
in wet condition.
2. The dimensions of the specimens to the nearest0.2mm and their weight shall be noted before
testing.
3. The bearing surfaces of the testing machine shall be wiped clean and any loose sand or other
material removed from the surfaces of the specimen.
4. The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the center of thrust of the spherically
seated platen.
5. As the spherically seated block is brought to bear on the specimen, the movable portion shall be
rotated gently by hand so that uniform seating may be obtained.
6. The load shall be applied without shock and increased continuously at a rate of approximately
140kg/sq cm/min (14 N/sq mm / min) until the resistance of the specimen to the increasing load
breaks down and no greater load can be sustained.

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Fig: 4.11 Test setup for compressive strength of cube specimen

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CHAPTER: 5

TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Preamble:
Series of tests were carried out on the concrete to obtain the strength characteristics of concrete
with and with out Bamboo fibre as an additive which is in various percentages. This chapter discuss
on the results that obtained from the testing. The results are such as compression test with and without
Bamboo fibre have been tabulated.

Density test results:

Density of specimens has been calculate as prescribed 3.4.3(c).

Density test results for cubes:

To calculate the density of the concrete cubes, after 28 day of curing the cubes are air dried until
they are completely dry. Once dried, the cubes are then weighed in the weighing balance. The weight
of each cubes cast are noted. The volume of the cubes are calculated by taking the sides measurement.
Further calculations are done and the density of concrete is found by taking the average of the cubes
cast and the result is tabulated.

Fig 5.1 Weighing of concrete cube

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Table 5.1 Density of cubes with out bamboo fibre

Density
Sl Weight
Test Volume(m3)
no (kN) (kN/m3)

1 0.06801 22.67
Density of Concrete
2 0.06834 0.003 22.78

3 0.06879 22.93
Compressive strength N/mm2

Density kN/m3

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Table 5.2 Density of cubes with 0.5%of bamboo fiber

Sl Weight Density
Test Volume(m3)
no (kN) (kN/m3)

1 22.49
0.06747
Density of Concrete
2 0.003 22.79
0.06837
3 0.0666 22.20
Compressive strength N\mm2

Density kN/m3

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Table 5.3 Density of cubes with 1.0%of bamboo stick

Density
Sl Weight
Test Volume(m3)
no. (kN) (kN/m3)

1 0.06696 22.32
Density of Concrete
2 0.06627 0.003 22.09
3 0.06678 22.26
Compressive strength N\mm2

Density kN\m3

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Table 5.4 Density of cubes with 1.5% of bamboo stick

Density
Sl. Weight
Test Volume(m3)
no. (kN) (kN/m3)

1 0.06609 22.03
Density of
2 0.06522 0.003 21.74
Concrete
3 0.06522 21.74
Compressive strength N\mm2

Density kN\m3

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5.2 Compression test Results:

The cube compressive strength results of all the specimens and tabulated as below. The specimen
dimension used in the compression test is150mmx150mmx150mm cube. There were 12specimens used
in the compression test in gine very variant (i.e.,0%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5%) of mix proportions .The 28 days
cube compressive strength results have been tabulated and graphs are plotted.

Fig 5.2 Compressive strength of concrete cube

Fig 5.3 Cubes after testing

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Table 5.5 Compressive strength of concrete at 7days

No. of Area
% Results
Tests days Load(N) 2
RHA (mm ) (N/mm2)
curing
0 445000 19.77
0.5 Compressive 425000 18.88
7 22500
strength
1.0 393000 17.46
1.5 378000 16.8

Table 5.6 Compressive strength of concrete at 14days

No. of Area
% Results
Tests days Load(N)
RHA (mm2) (N/mm2)
curing
0 448000 19.91
0.5 Compressive 427000 18.98
14 22500
strength
1.0 389000 17.28
1.5 377000 16.75

Table 5.7 Compressive strength of concrete at 28days

No. of Area
% Results
Tests days Load(N)
RHA (mm2) (N/mm2)
curing

0 452000 20.08
Compressive
0.5 28 431000 22500 19.15
strength
1.0 398000 17.68
1.5 382000 16.97

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5.3 Summary of compressive strength analysis:

Compressive strength test was conducted without and with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% of Bamboo
fibre.12cubes have been tested in each variation. The results of each group have been tabulated in above
tables. The Compressive strength results of all the specimens and summary of mean compressive
strength are tabulated as below. The graph for mean compressive strength has been drawn with these
values.

Table 5.8 Compressive Strength Results

Result
Sl no. Specimen
(N/mm2)

1 Cubes with-out Bamboo stick 19.92

Cubes with 0.5% of Bamboo 19.03

2
stick
Cubes with 1.0% of Bamboo 17.47
3
stick
Cubes with 1.5% of Bamboo 16.84
4
stick

Table 5.9 Density of cubes with-out bamboo stick

Density
Sl Weight
Test Volume(m3)
no (kN) (kN/m3)
1 0.06801 22.67
Density of Concrete
2 0.06834 0.003 22.78

3 0.06879 22.93

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CONCLUSION

The project on bamboo stick reinforced concrete has demonstrated the potential of integrating
sustainable materials into conventional construction practices. Through extensive experimentation and
analysis, we have established that bamboo can serve as an effective reinforcement alternative to traditional
steel bars, offering several advantages, including reduced environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and
improved tensile strength.

The findings indicate that bamboo's natural properties, such as its high strength-to-weight ratio and flexibility,
contribute positively to the structural integrity of concrete. Our tests revealed that bamboo-reinforced concrete
beams exhibited comparable performance to those reinforced with steel, particularly in terms of load-bearing
capacity and durability.

Moreover, the use of bamboo aligns with current trends towards sustainable construction, promoting the
utilization of renewable resources and minimizing carbon footprints. This project highlights the importance
of exploring alternative materials in the quest for more environmentally friendly building solutions.

The incorporation of bamboo as a reinforcement material in concrete structures presents a promising avenue
for future research and development. Continued investigation into the long-term performance, treatment
methods, and scaling up of this approach could pave the way for broader adoption in the construction industry,
ultimately contributing to more sustainable building practices.

• The specimen which contains the cube without bamboo stick which gives the compressive strength
of 19.92 N\mm2
• The specimen which contains the cube with 0.5% bamboo stick which gives the compressive
strength of 19.03 N\mm2
• The specimen which contains the cube with 1.0% bamboo stick which gives the compressive
strength of 17.47 N\mm2
•
The specimen which contains the cube with 1.5% bamboo stick which gives the compressive
strength of 16.84 N\mm2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GEC CHAMARAJANAGAR Page 48

BAMBOO STICK REINFORCED CONCRETE 2024-25

REFERENCE

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pozzolanic nature of concrete with sintered clay using soft

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GEC CHAMARAJANAGAR Page 50