CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background information
A contraceptive is an agent used to prevent conception until the planned time. Contraceptives
were discovered as early as 1640 in the UK which were the condoms. During those ancient days
the pull-out method was mostly used and herbs were used as methods of birth control. This did
not stop unintended pregnancies and also miscarriages due to the herbal concoctions. In the 1600
when barrier methods were introduced the levels of pregnancies reduced at a notable rate. In
early 1800 the US had the highest birth rates with an average of 8 children for each woman but
after the steady use of contraceptives the average children to a woman became 3. This led to a
law called Comstock Act which banned sale and use of contraceptives and outlawed abortion. In
1909 the first intrauterine device was introduced. In 1950, Planned Parenthood of America,
Gregory Princes and John Rock created the first birth control pills (Alemayehu et al.,2012).
By 2000 in the entire world the contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated to be at 67% from
previous 63% as per the 2000 revision of the United Kingdom population. Sexually active young
women need access to family planning, support from the government, peers, and media about
contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Kenya as a country has been on the rise in the
use of contraceptives. The government has been trying to increase the contraceptive prevalence
rate (CPR) which currently is at 43.5% for all women and 59.8% for women in a union or
married women (Alemayehu et al.,2012).
The use of modern contraceptives also known as family planning begun in Europe and United
States of America in the early 20th century. Importantly, its fundamental aim and purpose was to
liberate the female society from health and social outcomes of unwanted and unplanned
pregnancies. Later on, as noted by Audu et al., (2006) after being organized in the first world
countries, the use of modern contraceptives reached the third world nations in the late 1950s with
India being the first third world country to put it into practice. It is important to indicate that after
the initial introduction of the modern contraceptives in the third world country, it was viewed as
a mode of alleviating the amount of pressure of rapid growth in population on economic
developments. In the last few decades, the primary aim of modern contraceptives has widened to
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encompass both health and social consequences of unplanned pregnancies as well as adding the
objective of promoting women welfare.
Even though women are viewed as the only beneficially of modern contraceptives, there is too
little attention and concern that has been accorded by the community and the government to
assess the consequences they have on their lives. The vital hypothesis about use of family
planning is that they are a major catalyst for women change and modern contraceptives have
enhanced the quality of lives among women of childbearing age. An estimate of about 400
million women of childbearing age in the world are currently using modern contraceptives in the
third world country and about half a billion women are under the programs of family planning
(Audu et al.,2006). More significantly, the consequences of modern contraceptives have been
noted by the adoption of women on family planning practices or by the deployment as family
planning service providers. Previous researches have been made to examine the role of women
and status in the influence of the use of modern contraceptives and their fertility. This research
will examine and discuss the opposite casual direction which is the knowledge, attitude, and
practices influencing the utilization on modern contraceptives among women of age between 15
to 50.
1.2 Problem statement
Globally, according to data study recorded from demographic and health surveys on the
utilization of modern contraceptives among women aged between 15 to 50, the number of
women who are currently using these procedures is about 700 million (Beson et al.,2018). As a
result, this is a prevalence rate of about 49 percent. Additionally, it is projected that by 2030,
there will be an additional of about 70 million using the modern contraceptives.
Increased levels for unwanted and unplanned for pregnancies among women is still the great
problem facing Africa and the third world countries as well as the underdeveloped countries.
However, even the developed countries in Africa are still under this pressure but not as much as
the developed countries around other continents since the modern contraceptives are easily
accessible and abortions have been made legal and level of awareness is higher.(Agha et al.,
2021) .
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In the sub-Saharan region, as noted by Audu et al., (2006), there is a prevalence rate of 24.66%
women in the rural areas and 25.26% in the urban areas using the modern contraceptives.
Locally, the overall prevalence of women using modern contraceptives in Kenya is estimated to
be at 53.7%.The findings in this study are in agreement and almost equivalent to the estimated
prevalence rate of rural women using modern contraceptives (Alemayehu et al.,2012). It has an
overall prevalence of 26%. This indicates a very low utilization of modern contraceptives
compared to the large population of women aged between 15 to 50.
Utilization of modern contraceptives is still minimal in Kenya and middle-income countries,
although population growth and fertility are still deemed very high (Jabeen et al.,2011). It is
important to indicate that there is low utilization of modern contraceptives around women of age
between 15 to 50 in Kenya and trends sum up that it remains to be low in the coming years
(Agus et al.,2019). The side effects of modern contraceptives are one major cause of low uptake
and known barriers among these women as well as perceived norms in the sub-Saharan countries
and community belief.
Women around Tumutumu are not an exception in this plague of unwanted pregnancy hence the
research to try to dig out more on use of contraceptives since it’s the main way of controlling the
menace. Notably, most of these side effects that trigger to low utilization of modern
contraceptives among women around Tumutumu include thrush also known as vaginal yeast
infections, sore breasts, nausea, as well as headaches. Additionally, as noted by Alemayehu et
al., (2012) modern contraceptives such as the female hormonal contraceptives can lead to risk of
thrombosis or blood clots, mood swings, and spotting between periods as well as reduced sexual
desires.
1.3 Justification statement
Initially the use of contraceptives was not highly embraced like it is right now. The use of
modern contraception is currently more effective considering the increase of sexual activities
among people who are not married (Audu et al.,2006). With the increase in number of unwanted
pregnancies which is mostly among the young youths, this research will help identify those
factors leading to the increase in the above and will increase knowledge to both the health
providers and also the clients to make informed decisions.
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1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 Broad objectives
To determine the knowledge, attitude and practices influencing the utilization of modern
contraceptives among women of reproductive age 15-50 attending MCH/FP clinic in Tumutumu
hospital.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
1. To determine level of knowledge on utilization of modern contraceptives among women
attending MCH/FP at PCEA Tumutumu hospital.
2. To determine the medical and nursing practices that influence utilization of modern
contraceptives at PCEA Tumutumu MCH/FP clinic.
3. To determine the attitude of women on utilization of modern contraceptives at PCEA
Tumutumu MCH/FP clinic.
1.5 Research questions
1. What is the knowledge level on modern contraceptives among women who attend
MCH/FP CLINIC at PCEA Tumutumu hospital?
2. What are the practices in MCH/FP CLINIC at PCEA Tumutumu that affect utilization of
modern contraceptives?
3. What is the attitude of women of childbearing age 15-50 who attend MCH/FP CLINIC at
PCEA Tumutumu HOSPITAL on the modern contraceptives’ usage?
1.6 Significance of study
This study will help identify the challenges facing the current provision of modern
contraceptives. The young women will be more informed which will help reduce the unwanted
pregnancies among them and also prevention of STIs and Human Immune Deficiency Virus
(HIV). To the government it will be of help when making government policies on contraception.
To me as a researcher more knowledge will be acquired hence adding more skills.
This research study will offer benefit to the manufactures and health care providers of modern
contraceptives. More significantly, this is because they will be able to use the results of the study
to cope up with the challenges that might be leading to the low utilization of modern
contraceptives among women aged between 15 to 50. Additionally, the study will provide
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knowledge and enlighten young women on the importance of using modern contraceptives which
might be preventing them from retrieving and embracing the use family planning procedures.
This study will also benefit medical care providers understand the plans that manufactures of
modern contraceptives have towards the improvement of their products in ensuring they have
minimal or no side effects to users.
It is important to indicate that research of this kind is equally essential because it is going to
enlighten the members of the public and the government on the role the modern contraceptives
play in preventing unplanned and unwanted pregnancies. Notably, the results of this study may
be used by the government of Kenya to find ways of helping the health care facilities on
improving the quality of modern contraceptives and educate the society on the importance they
have in reducing unplanned pregnancies. Both the national and county government in
collaboration with the ministry of education can use the results of this study to come up with
policies to ensure that women and families using modern contraceptives have an ample
environment to live in without being discriminated since the study will offer recommendation
and explicit changes on the challenges they are facing. Consequently, the government can use the
findings of this study find out ways of providing security that users encounter.
This study will form part of the references from which researchers can get information about the
effects of low utilization of modern contraceptives among young women in Kenya and the sub-
Saharan areas.
1.7 Assumptions of the study
The information given by the women in questions is true based on their level of knowledge and
as per the questions asked.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter the main discussion will be based on the literature that relates to the factors in
general and broad ways that affect the utilization of modern contraceptives by young women.
Additionally, the chapter will precisely focus on the extent to which education levels, attitude,
cultural practices and health care practices affects modern contraceptives utilization.
The utilization prevalence of modern contraceptives has been largely embraced by young
mothers and this is after the development and introduction of modern contraceptives and
establishment of organized family planning programs (Agha et al.,2021) The utilization of health
facilities is also a major concern as most of the methods are offered in the health care facilities
hence young women must visit the facilities to access contraceptives.
2.2 Theoretical framework
Modern contraceptives use is considered to have a complex interaction between many factors
including individual, social, and health service provider’s factors among others. Several
theoretical models have been developed in the recent past to help explain the science behind
contraceptives use. These models include the Health Belief Method (HBM), Theory of Reasoned
Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).
2.2.1 Health Belief Method (HBM)
The Health Belief Model was done by Rosenstock in the 1980s which is a cognitive
interpersonal framework that views humans as rational beings who use a multidimensional
approach to decision making regarding whether to perform a health behaviour and people take
some action on illness if they think they are susceptible’ if consequences are severe and if the
benefits of actions outweigh the costs (Hall, 2012). According to this model personal perception
such as continued seriousness in early pregnancies perceived obstacles, and perceived
advantages are more likely to influence preventative procedures such as the use of modern
contraceptives. As a result, this can serve as an obstacle in preventing as particular condition
such as unplanned pregnancy among women of age between 15 to 50. Additionally, continued
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barriers obstacles such as problems in accessing sexual and health productive services can hinder
the use of modern contraceptive.
The health belief model promotes the capability of weighing the benefits of utilizing modern
contraceptives and making reasonable changes when confronting medical risks. According to
Hall, (2012), An illustration of this model is a young woman of engaging in unprotected
intercourse who must initially perceive those sexual practices involves outcomes such as
(susceptibility) unintended pregnancies. Notably, these consequences could turn to be negative
including having a child and school dropout to support raising her child (severity). Finally, the
prescribed interventions such as using the modern contraceptives and finishing school program
could turn beneficial before becoming a parent and outweighing the potential side effects such as
gain in weight or potential loss of status in the society (Jabeen et al.,2011). Consequently, the
health belief model provides a clear framework for understanding the probable outcomes of a
person’s decisions to make use of available health care services including use of modern
contraceptive.
2.2.2 Theory of reasoned action
This theory illustrates that the behavior of a woman to accept or reject the use of modern
contraceptives is determined by their intention to perform the act and that this objective is in turn
a function their own attitude towards the subjective and behavior norms. Most importantly,
according to Taylor et al., (2006), the theory explains the association between women behaviors
and attitudes towards as well within their action in the utilization of modern contraceptives. The
behavior of Women aged between 15 to 50 around Tumutumu and Kenya at large to utilize
modern contraceptives is mainly based and predicted by their preexisting behavioral and attitude
intentions. Notably, the theory of reasoned action explains that a woman’s behavior towards the
utilization of modern contraceptives is determined by function of intention and perceived
control. This function of intention is itself an attitude towards the application and the utilization
of the family planning procedures.
The theory sufficiency assumption on the attitude and knowledge on women utilization of
modern contraceptives holds that summing up any other variable and side effects set the
behavioral determinants that neither improve nor increase the prediction of behavior. These
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beliefs and determinants model the women perceptions of the action as well as the position to
take on utilization of these contraceptives and the intention to perform or not perform the act. For
instance, if a woman believes that the utilization of modern contraceptives is not acceptable
within their social ethnic groups, she is more likely to fail to engage in the activity of using the
contraceptives. Overall, the theory of reasoned action is based on external variables, subjective
norms, the intention to perform the behavior, attitude, and the behavior itself (Taylor et al.,2006).
Consequently, these factors play a major role when acknowledging the power of attitudes
towards the utilization of modern contraceptives.
2.2.3 Theory of planned behavior
This is a psychological theory that links the behavior to beliefs on women aged 15 to 50 on their
attitude as well as knowledge towards the utilization of modern contraceptives. It maintains that
the core factors of perceived behavior, subjective norms and attitude together model the intention
of women behavioral intentions in engaging utilization of family planning procedures. According
to the theory, the knowledge and attitude towards the utilization of modern contraceptives is
directly influenced by the results of using the birth control methods, the evaluation of these
results, and the beliefs about the expectation of others regarding her utilization of birth control
procedures (Agus et al.,2019). More significantly, the utilization of modern birth control
procedures is influenced by the perceived power about the modern contraceptives may impede or
facilitate the knowledge and attitude of women on using or utilizing the control procedures.
The theory of planned behavior on the utilization of modern contraceptives makes assumptions
that women behave rationally either when under the family planning process or not. It is
important to state that these acts as indicated by the theory are not consciously or actively
regarded during decision making. However, they form a great part of backdrop in the process of
making decisions on the utilization and embracement of moder contraceptives. Importantly, the
theory posits that the intentions to utilize modern contraceptives among women aged between 15
to 50 leads to their behavior. However, as the study indicates intentions sometimes do not
guarantee the behavior of women in using the modern birth control procedures. For example, as
Agus et al., (2019) connotes, some women may decide to go by their own emotions hence
influencing the strength of the association between behavior and intentions to utilize the use of
modern contraceptives.
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2.3 Empirical Framework
This section is a review of studies done by other researchers on the level of knowledge on the use
of modern contraceptives as well as cultural view of their use.
2.3.1 Level on knowledge on modern contraceptives
Decision making consists of three elements; knowledge, motivation and assessment of fertility
regulation. Knowledge should always be accompanied by perceptions regarding accessibility of
the contraceptives and availability of the method according to Davis and Blake model. (1956).
According to Jabeen et al., (2011), inadequate knowledge about contraception is the main reason
for unwanted pregnancies among young women in the developing countries which cements the
myths and misconceptions that people have.
A study done among women who enrolled for HIV trial vaccine indicated that lack of knowledge
on different methods was among reasons for not using contraceptives and also misconceptions of
FP methods have led to inconsistent use resulting to undesired pregnancy (Tukue et al.,2020).
Many times, the young engage into sexual activities as they transit to adulthood before getting
enough information on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This increases the risks of
unwanted pregnancies and HIV/AIDS (Tukue et al., 2020).
A study done in 2019 by International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health
6(2):793 under WHO showed that in this present study knowledge of family planning methods
were higher. Female sterilization and use of condoms is the widely known and practiced method
of all contraceptives methods followed by oral pills and iucds. It also showed that atleast88% of
women were aware of 2 or more methods while 12% knew only one method.
2.3.2 Medical and nursing practices on contraceptive use
The mode at which nurses teach the patients on the use of modern contraceptives is one major
nursing practice that influence the utilization of these family planning procedures. Instilling
major instructions on the use of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age is a
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key practice among nurses in family planning consultation clinics. More significantly, it is
important to teach women of childbearing age when they are on contraceptives of the time to
administer and use the contraceptives. Notably, this will help remember their routine which is
essential in keeping their hormonal levels steady. (Jabeen et al, 2012) M. According to Tukue et
al., (2020), the use of visual aids and calendars is a major nursing practice that has led to high
increased utilization of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age. As a result, it
has led to nurse’s capabilities in explaining how different modern contraceptive work and the
procedures of administration.
It is important to indicate that nursing practices on the assessment on OB and gynecological past
history of patients is another major medical practice that influence the utilization of modern
contraceptives. These medical practices include any past pregnancies status, sexually transmitted
infections records, that might have been triggered by the use of contraceptives. More
importantly, as noted by Agus et al., (2019), these medical practices help to subjectively and
effectively asses the needs, desires, preferences, as well as the feelings of the women or patients
regarding the utilization of modern contraceptives. Additionally, in primary medical care
practices, nurses regularly provide much basic advice and modern contraceptive care to women
of childbearing age which is a prominent practice the influences their decision in the utilization
of family planning procedures.
2.3.3 Attitude of women on modern contraceptives.
The health women in the reproductive age have been a major attitude and factor influencing the
utilization of modern contraceptives. Consequently, due to the numerous health complications
that come with childbearing, women have an attitude of turning to utilization of modern
contraceptives to control their fertility. It is important to indicate that most believe that they
avoid health sicknesses and hazards that can trigger to maternal fatality. Notably, according to
Alemayehu et al., (2012), about 80% of women of reproductive age agree that the use of modern
contraceptives minimize death risk as pregnancy can lead to women’s life. However, the long-
term effects of modern contraceptives use such as childbirth complications and infertility have
triggered negative attitudes towards the utilization of family planning methods. Consequently,
the side effects of modern contraceptives such dizziness, nausea, and heavier bleeding harbor
fear resulting a negative attitude towards contraceptive utilization on women.
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Women’s attitude towards the utilization of modern contraceptives is often influenced by
experiences such as pregnancy and education. Researches indicate that women of reproductive
age who have high education levels tend to use and utilize modern contraceptives as they do not
want to have many children in the near future (Beson et al.,2018). It is important to indicate that
factors such as inaccessibility of health care services and social cultural beliefs among women of
reproductive age plays a huge role in the attitude of women on the utilization of modern
contraceptives. In some places there are socio-cultural factors that brings stigmatization on use of
contraceptives by young people preventing them from accessing the methods. In some
communities’ women are designated roles of child bearing hence contraceptives would not be
allowed in such places. It becomes hard for women to get contraceptives services where they
have to seek permission from their spouse since they cannot make their own decision. Mohamed
et al., 2022).
2.4 Summary of literature review
The literature review provides a discussion on the knowledge and attitudes of women on the
utilization of modern contraceptives. In the viewpoint of author’s reviewed and within the
background of the presentstudy, the utilization of modern contraceptives is based on the several
theories. These theories include the theory of reasoned action, health belief model and the theory
of planned behavior. The health belief model illustrates that continued barriers obstacles such as
problems in accessing sexual and health productive services can hinder the utilization of modern
contraceptive among women. The theory of reasoned action indicates that the low utilization of
modern contraceptives is influenced by their intention to perform the act and that this objective is
in turn a function their own attitude towards the subjective and behavior norms. On the other
hand, the theory of planned behavior indicates that the knowledge and attitude towards the
utilization of modern contraceptives is directly influenced by the results of using the birth control
methods, the evaluation of these results, and the beliefs about the expectation of others regarding
her utilization of birth control procedures.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter involves discussion on study area, study design, study population, targetpopulation,
the research criteria, variables, sampling methods, sampling size, data collection and procedures,
data analysis and presentation and ethical considerations providing the framework for the
research
3.1 STUDY DESIGN
A descriptive cross-sectional study design will be applied to target the women of ages 15-50
about their modern contraceptives’ knowledge, attitude and practice because it will be able to
discover and describe new facts about the situation as it naturally occurs without any
manipulations hence it will provide answers to the questions the researcher will be interested in.
3.2 STUDY APPROACH
The researcher will use quantitative approach to collect quantifiable data that can be generalized
to the entire study population. A descriptive research survey design will be used to help ensure
less biasness and maximizing of reliability of the evidence and data collected. This type requires
no follow up and also is convenient in terms of resources and time.
3.3 STUDY AREA
The study will take place in mch/fp clinic at pcea Tumutumu Hospital. It is under the outpatient
department. The hospital serves people from the area and other far areas like people from
Karatina, Nanyuki, Kirinyaga and Nyeri. The MCH/FP clinic is located past the hospital’s gate
which leads to the wards and on he left there is a 2-sorey building labeled maternity ward and the
clinic is temporally situated as awaiting the completion of the new hospital complex where it will
be transferred to. The hospital also offers other services like medical, surgical, gynecological,
renal, intensive care unit, dental, ophthalmological and funeral services.
The MCH/FP clinic operates from Monday to Friday starting from 8.00 am to 4.30 pm. The main
economic activities of the community around the hospital are agriculture involving small scale
farming and livestock keeping.
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3.4 STUDY POPULATION
The target population is women of age 15-50 years attending MCH/FP clinic at PCEA
Tumutumu Hospital who are approximately 60.
3.5 SAMPLING TECHNQUE AND PROCUDURE
A probability random sampling method will be used as each subject has an equal chance to be
selected for data collection. Any mother of age 15-50 who will be available at the time of data
collection and who will give consent will be chosen. Convenience sampling saves time and
money, allows utilization of any available participant. Its advantages include its efficiency and
less expensive.
3.6 SAMPLE SIZE
The Fischer’s formula will be used to collect the appropriate sample size. (fisher’s et al cited by
Mugenda and Mugenda 1999)
N=Z2PQ/D2
Where;
N=desired sample size (target population >10,000)
Z=standard deviation set as 1.962
P=estimated proportion of the respondent with character of interest (0.5)
Q=1-p (1-0.5) =0.5
D=level of significance set as 0.5
2
1.962 × 0.5 ( 0.5 )
n=
0.052
N=384
When target population is less than 10,000 the formula to be used is
Nf= n/1+n/N) where n=desired sample while N=estimate of the population
Nf=384/ (1+384/60) =52
3.7 ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
3.7.1 INCLUSION CRITERIA
1. The subject must be in PCEA Tumutumu MCH/FP clinic
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2. The subject must be a woman of ages 15-50
3.7.2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Anyone not willing to participate will be excluded
3.8 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS AND PROCEDURES
Data will be collected using structured questionnaires which will be administered to the
respondents.The selection of this tool will be guided by the nature of data to be collected, the
size and objective of the study. The questionnaires will be given to selected participants who will
fill the questions which will include open and closed ended questions. The researcher will be
present in case of any difficultyi.e. Clarification or language interpretation. The researcher will
ensure they are correctly filled and should also ensure an informed consent to the respondents
and also ethical considerations are followed.
3.7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
Validity refers to the accuracy which the research instruments accurately measures what it was intended
to measure. The researcher will also pretest instruments to be used for the study to ensure consistent and
accurate results.
Reliability refers to the consistency with which the results of a study can be replicated or reproduced.
The researcher will develop questionnaires and distribute them in the Kaiyaba dispensary
MCH/FP Clinic.
The pilot sample according to GAY 1996 is 10% sample size.
Therefore, 10% of sample size 52 =5 respondents.
3.8 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
Once data is collected, it will be analyzed to help obtain a meaningful finding and conclusions.
This will be done by calculating percentages and tabulating. The collected will be analyzed both
manually and electronically.
Data will be presented using tables, pie charts and bar graphs.
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3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
All information shall be considered confidential
Subject’s names will not be included in the data collection tools
An informed written consent will be obtained before obtaining information from the
participants/institutions which are PCEA TUMUTUMU HOSPITAL and Kaiyaba
Dispensary.
A formal letter will be written to National Commission for Science, Technology and
Innovation (nacosti) which is a body assigned to give permits to do research or rather
give research license.
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REFERENCES
Alemayehu, M., Belachew, T., & Tilahun, T. (2012). Factors associated with utilization of long
acting and permanent contraceptive methods among married women of reproductive age
in Mekelle town, Tigray region, north Ethiopia. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 12(1), 1-
9.
Agha, S., Morgan, B., Archer, H., Paul, S., Babigumira, J. B., & Guthrie, B. L. (2021).
Understanding how social norms affect modern contraceptive use. BMC Public
Health, 21(1), 1-11.
Agus, Y., Pamungkasari, E. P., & Soemanto, R. B. (2019). Theory of planned behavior:
determinants of the use of modern family planning method. Journal of Maternal and
Child Health, 4(5), 369-379.
Audu, B. M., Yahya, S. J., & Bassi, A. (2006). Knowledge, attitude and practice of natural
family planning methods in a population with poor utilisation of modern
contraceptives. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 26(6), 555-560.
Beson, P., Appiah, R., & Adomah-Afari, A. (2018). Modern contraceptive use among
reproductive-aged women in Ghana: prevalence, predictors, and policy
implications. BMC women's health, 18(1), 1-8.
Hall, K. S. (2012). The health belief model can guide modern contraceptive behavior research
and practice. Journal of midwifery & women's health, 57(1), 74-81.
Jabeen, M., Gul, F., Wazir, F., & Javed, N. (2011). KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND
PRACTICES OF CONTRACEPTION IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE. Gomal
Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(2).
Tukue, D., Gebremeskel, T. G., Gebremariam, L., Aregawi, B., Hagos, M. G., Gebremichael,
T., ... & Arefaine, Z. G. (2020). Prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive
utilization among women in the reproductive age group in Edaga-hamus Town, Eastern
zone, Tigray region, Ethiopia, June 2017. PloS one, 15(3), e0227795.
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Taylor, D., Bury, M., Campling, N., Carter, S., Garfied, S., Newbould, J., & Rennie, T. (2006).
A Review of the use of the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Reasoned Action
(TRA), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Trans-Theoretical Model (TTM)
to study and predict health related behaviour change. London, UK: National Institute for
Health and Clinical Excellence, 1-215.
Izale ,K.,Govender,I.,Fina,J.P.,&,J(2014).Factors influence contraceptive use among women in
Vanga health district ,Democratic Republic of Congo. African journal of primary health
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Ajayi, A., Adeniyi,O,V. &Akpan, W.(2018).Maternal health care visits as predictors of
contraceptive use among childbearing women in a medically underserved state in
Nigeria. Journal of health, population and nutrition, 37(1), 19.
Podolsyki, V., Gemzell-Danielsson, K., &Marions, L.(2018). Contraceptive experience and
perception, a survey among ukranian women. BMC women’s health, 18(1), 159.
Mohamed, A, F., & Sundberg, L.R.(2022). ”Using contraceptives is abandoning our culture”: A
qualitative study of contraceptive use among Somali Women in Finland. Sexual
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100718.
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APPENDIX 1:
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
TITLE: KNOWLEDGE,ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES INFLUENCING UTILIZATION
OF MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE 15-
50 ATTENDING MCH/FP CLINIC IN PCEA TUMUTUMU HOSPITAL.
The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice influencing utilization
of modern contraceptives among women of reproductive age 15-50 attending mch/fp clinic in
pcea Tumutumu Hospital.
Participation in the study is voluntary and the respondent is allowed to withdraw from the study
at any time without penalty. The participant's name will not appear anywhere and identity will be
withheld while the study is being conducted, reported, and published.
The research findings and their copies will be found at the PCEA Tumutumu School of Nursing
library upon completion of the study. The findings will be used for future reference and study
purposes only.
The study will be explained to the client and it will be their will to participate. The researcher
will explain this study to the subjects and obtain informed consent.
After carefully listening to the explanation from the researcher, I do understand the contents and
purpose of the study; I hereby consent to participate in the study.
Subject’s signature------------------------ Date------------------
The researcher will explain this study to the subjects and obtain informed consent.
Researcher’s signature------------------- Date--------------------
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APPENDIX II; QUESTIONNAIRE
Instructions
1. Do not write your name.
2. Tick your answer in the box provided.
3. Respond to questions appropriately and write where necessary.
SECTION 1: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1. What is your age? --------------------
2. Marital status of respondents.
□ Married
□ Single
□ Widowed
□ Others (specify)_____________________
3. What is the highest level of education you have obtained?
□ Primary
□ Secondary
□ Technical college
□ University
□ Others (specify)
4. What is your occupation?
□ Self employed
□ Formally employed
□ Others (specify)
5. What is your religion?
□ Christian
□ Muslim
□ Others (specify)
6. Number of children-----------
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SECTION 2; KNOWLEDGE ON MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES
1. Name the types of contraceptives that you know.
2. What does a contraceptive prevent?
□ Pregnancy
□ HIV/AIDS
□ STIS
□ All above
3. Have you ever used contraceptives before? Yes, no. If yes which one?
4. Which one are you currently using if any?
5. What are some side effects of contraceptive use are you familiar with?
6. Who should take the role of contraceptive use between partners?
□ Male
□ Female
□ Both
SECTION 3; ATTITUDE ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE
1. Family planning is safe for me
□ Agree
□ Disagree
□ I have no idea
2. I think family planning has side effects
□ Agree
□ Disagree
□ I have no idea
3. Using contraceptive is easy and economical for me as a woman?
□ Yes
□ No
4. I am satisfied with the family planning program?
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□ Strongly agree
□ Agree
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SECTION 4; PRACTICES ON CONTRACEPTIVE USE
1. Which method do you prefer most?
□ Oral methods
□ Injectables
□ Condoms
□ Natural methods
2. What factors do you consider when choosing a contraceptive?
□ Personal health
□ Cost
□ Check up requirements
□ Couple preferences
□ Others (specify)
3. Use of contraceptives is tolerable to me
□ Strongly agree
□ Agree
4. Is your reason for use recommended to you by health professionals?
□ Yes
□ No
5. Do you choose one contraception over the other after counseling from health
professionals?
□ Yes
□ No
6. Do you want to use contraceptives in the future?
□ Yes
□ No
7. What is the reason you don’t want to use contraceptives?
□ Still want more children
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□ Fear of side effects
□ Prohibition by family/spouse
□ Others
APPENDIX 111: BUDGET AND BUDGET JUSTIFICATION
BUDGET
ITEM QUANTITY AMOUNT
Ruled papers 1 Ream 200
Stationery(rubbers, pens, 1 250
pencils)
Questionnaires and computing 400
Typesetting and printing 3 books 2000
Transport 300
Miscellaneous 400
TOTAL = 3 550
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