Mod 3

1.Elaborate the role of ergonomic factors in product design?

2. Analyze the ergonomic factors that need to be considered in the design of a chair?

3. Explain how the design for assembly affects the product design with the help of two examples

4. Summarize the environmental impacts a product faces over its life cycl 5. Illustrate the
importance of an e thropometry in ergonomic design with an example

6. Analyse the role of aesthetics in product design

7. Identify the importance of ergonomics in product development

8. Explain the guidelines of design for manufacturing

9. Explain the procedure of design for assembly

10. Identify a product in which the maintenance of the product is considered in its design Explain

11. Explain the process of designing a product with environment friendly

Answers

Here are the answers to your questions:

1. Ergonomic factors are important in product design because they can affect the comfort,
safety, and productivity of the user. When designing a product, it is important to consider
the physical and mental capabilities of the user, as well as the environment in which the
product will be used. For example, a chair should be designed to provide good lumbar
support and a comfortable seat height for the user. A computer monitor should be
positioned at eye level to prevent neck and shoulder pain. And a tool should be designed
to fit comfortably in the user's hand to prevent injuries.

2. The ergonomic factors that need to be considered in the design of a chair include:

o The height of the seat should be adjustable to accommodate users of different

heights.

o The backrest should provide good lumbar support.

o The armrests should be adjustable to provide support for the user's arms.

o The seat should be made of a material that is comfortable to sit on for long
periods of time.
 o The chair should be stable and not tip over easily.

3. Design for assembly (DFA) is a systematic approach to product design that considers
the ease of assembly during the design process. DFA can help to reduce manufacturing
costs, improve product quality, and shorten the time to market. Two examples of how
DFA can affect product design are:

o Using modular components that can be easily assembled.

o Using snap-fit connectors instead of screws or bolts.

4. The environmental impacts a product faces over its life cycle include:

o The materials used to manufacture the product.

o The energy used to manufacture, transport, and use the product.

o The waste generated when the product is disposed of.

5. Anthropometry is the study of the measurements of the human body. It is important in

ergonomic design because it can be used to ensure that products are designed to fit the
physical capabilities of the user. For example, a chair should be designed to provide
adequate legroom for users of different heights.

6. Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste. It is important in
product design because it can affect the user's perception of the product and their
willingness to use it. For example, a product that is aesthetically pleasing is more likely
to be used than a product that is not.

7. Ergonomics is important in product development because it can help to improve the

safety, comfort, and productivity of the user. Ergonomic design can also help to reduce
manufacturing costs, improve product quality, and shorten the time to market.

8. The guidelines of design for manufacturing (DFM) include:

o Using standard parts and components.

o Designing for easy assembly.

o Designing for easy disassembly for repair or recycling.

o Using materials that are easy to work with.

9. The procedure of design for assembly (DFA) includes:

 o Identifying the steps involved in assembly.

o Analyzing each step to determine how it can be made easier.

o Making changes to the design to improve the ease of assembly.

10. A product in which the maintenance of the product is considered in its design is a car.
Cars are designed with easy-to-access parts and tools so that they can be easily
maintained by the owner.

11. The process of designing a product with environment friendly features includes:

o Using recycled materials.

o Designing for easy disassembly and recycling.

o Using energy-efficient components.

o Using water-based or low-VOC paints.

Mod 3

1. Define Value Engineering. Explain the application of the value engineering concept
with the help of case study

2. How the cost of a product is determined? Explain with suitable example

3. List the objectives and advantages of value engineering

4.Compare between fixed cost and variable cost associated in an industry

5. A Company produced 1,500 chairs. To produce 1,500 chairs, the company incurred
costs of: $13,000 on wood $2,500 on wages for carpenters and $750 on wages for
security guards to overlook the manufacturing facility $120 for a bag of nails to hold the
chairs together $500 for factory rent and utilities Calculate the per unit cost of chair.

6. Explain the importance of psychology principles in product design.

7. Explain the objectives of economic analysis

8. Explain the steps in value analysis with an example

9. Explain qualitative and quantitative economic analysis
 Answers

1. Value engineering (VE) is a systematic approach to improving the value of goods and
services by using an examination of function, cost, and quality. VE is a team-based
approach that uses creativity and innovation to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs
without sacrificing performance.

VE can be applied to new and existing products, services, and processes. It can be
used to reduce costs, improve quality, or both. VE has been used successfully in a wide
variety of industries, including manufacturing, construction, government, and healthcare.

Here is a case study of how VE was used to reduce the cost of a new product:

A company was developing a new type of electronic device. The initial design of the
device was very complex and expensive to manufacture. The company used VE to
analyze the design and identify ways to reduce costs without sacrificing performance.
As a result of VE, the company was able to reduce the cost of the device by 25%.

2. The cost of a product is determined by a number of factors, including the cost of

materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead. The cost of materials is the cost of the
raw materials used to make the product. The cost of labor is the cost of the wages paid
to the workers who make the product. Manufacturing overhead is the cost of all other
expenses associated with manufacturing the product, such as rent, utilities, and
insurance.

Here is an example of how the cost of a product is determined:

A company produces a product that sells for $100. The cost of materials for the product
is $50. The cost of labor for the product is $25. The cost of manufacturing overhead for
the product is $25. The total cost of the product is $100.

3. The objectives of value engineering are to:

• Reduce costs without sacrificing performance

• Improve quality

• Increase customer satisfaction

 • Improve the competitive position of the company

The advantages of value engineering include:

• Reduced costs

• Improved quality

• Increased customer satisfaction

• Improved competitive position

• Increased employee morale

• Increased innovation

4. Fixed costs are costs that do not change with the volume of output. Variable costs are
costs that change with the volume of output.

Here is a table that compares fixed costs and variable costs:

Cost Fixed or Variable

Rent Fixed

Utilities Fixed

Insurance Fixed

Wages Variable

Materials Variable

drive_spreadsheetExport to Sheets
 5. The per unit cost of the chair is $9.00.

The total cost of producing 1,500 chairs is $16,875. The per unit cost is calculated by
dividing the total cost by the number of units produced.

6. Psychology principles can be used in product design to influence how customers

perceive and interact with products. For example, color can be used to create a certain
mood or atmosphere, and shape can be used to convey a sense of luxury or
affordability.

Here are some examples of how psychology principles can be used in product design:

• Using bright colors to create a sense of excitement or energy

• Using warm colors to create a sense of comfort or coziness

• Using cool colors to create a sense of sophistication or elegance

• Using geometric shapes to create a sense of modernity or sophistication

• Using organic shapes to create a sense of naturalness or simplicity

7. The objectives of economic analysis are to:

• Determine the economic feasibility of a project

• Compare the costs and benefits of different projects

• Make decisions about resource allocation

Economic analysis can be used to evaluate a wide variety of projects, including new
product development, plant expansions, and mergers and acquisitions.

8. The steps in value analysis are:

9. Define the function of the product.

10. Identify the cost of the product.

11. Identify alternative ways to achieve the function of the product.

 12. Evaluate the alternatives and select the one that provides the best value.

13. Implement the change and monitor the results.

Here is an example of how value analysis was used to improve the design of a product:

A company was producing a product that was very complex and expensive to
manufacture. The company used value analysis to identify ways to simplify the design
of the product. As a result of value analysis, the company was able to reduce the cost of
the product by 25%.

9. Qualitative economic analysis is a type of economic analysis that uses qualitative data,
such as expert opinion, to make decisions. Quantitative economic analysis is a type of
economic analysis that uses quantitative data, such as financial statements, to make
decisions.

Qualitative economic analysis is often used when there is not enough quantitative data
available to make a decision. Quantitative economic analysis is often used when there
is a lot

3 mark question and solutions from 3rd and 4th module

1.Differentiate between fixed cost and variable cost

2.Explain the term anthropometry

3.What are the important principles of ergonomics

4.Explain environmental impacts a product creates over its life cycle

5.How does value analysis work

6. Explain about the methods used in economic analysis

7.List out the factors considered for design for environment

8.Identify three products where aesthetic factors are least important. Justify

9.Identify three products where ergonomic factors are dominant in its design

Answers

1. Fixed cost is a cost that does not change with the number of units produced. For
example, rent and insurance are fixed costs. Variable cost is a cost that changes with
the number of units produced. For example, the cost of materials and labor are variable
costs.
2. Anthropometry is the study of the measurements of the human body. It is used in
ergonomics to design products that are safe and comfortable for people to use.
3. The important principles of ergonomics are:
o Fit the job to the person, not the person to the job. This means designing
products that are easy for people to use, regardless of their size, strength, or
abilities.
o Reduce the amount of physical effort required to do a job. This can be done by
using ergonomic tools and equipment, and by designing jobs that are efficient
and well-organized.
o Prevent injuries. This can be done by designing products that are safe to use,
and by providing training on how to use them safely.
4. The environmental impacts a product creates over its life cycle include:
o The resources used to produce the product. This includes the materials used, the
energy used, and the water used.
o The pollution created during production. This includes air pollution, water
pollution, and noise pollution.
o The waste created during production. This includes hazardous waste, solid
waste, and liquid waste.
o The energy used to transport the product. This includes the energy used to
transport the raw materials to the factory, the energy used to transport the
product to the store, and the energy used to transport the product to the
customer's home.
o The pollution created during use. This includes air pollution, water pollution, and
noise pollution.
o The waste created during use. This includes hazardous waste, solid waste, and
liquid waste.
 o The energy used to dispose of the product. This includes the energy used to
recycle the product, the energy used to incinerate the product, and the energy
used to landfill the product.
5. Value analysis is a systematic approach to identifying and eliminating unnecessary costs
from a product or service. It is a process of looking at the product or service from the
customer's perspective and identifying ways to improve it without sacrificing quality.
6. The methods used in economic analysis include:
o Cost-benefit analysis is a method of comparing the costs and benefits of a
project.
o Return on investment (ROI) is a measure of the profitability of an investment.
o Net present value (NPV) is a measure of the present value of all future cash
flows from an investment.
o Internal rate of return (IRR) is the rate of return that makes the NPV of an
investment equal to zero.
7. The factors considered for design for environment are:
o Reduce the use of resources. This can be done by using recycled materials, by
designing products that are durable and can be repaired, and by designing
products that are easy to disassemble and recycle.
o Reduce pollution. This can be done by using energy-efficient materials and
processes, by designing products that produce less waste, and by designing
products that are easy to maintain and repair.
o Extend the product's life. This can be done by making the product durable and
easy to repair, and by providing information on how to maintain and repair the
product.
o Make the product easy to recycle. This can be done by using recyclable
materials, by designing products that are easy to disassemble, and by providing
information on how to recycle the product.
8. Three products where aesthetic factors are least important are:
o Tools are designed for function, not for looks.
o Machinery is designed to be efficient, not to be stylish.
o Equipment is designed to be durable, not to be fashionable.
9. Three products where ergonomic factors are dominant in its design are:
o Office furniture is designed to be comfortable and to promote good posture.
o Cars are designed to be easy to use and to provide a safe and comfortable ride.
o Computers are designed to be easy to use and to prevent injuries.