Architectural view in IoT:-
•The architectural view in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the high-level
structure and organization of components that make up an IoT system. It provides a
conceptual blueprint that outlines how various elements interact and work together to enable
the collection, processing, and utilization of data from connected devices. The IoT
architecture typically consists of several layers, each serving a specific purpose.
IoT architecture typically consists of several layers:-
•Perception Layer (Sensing Layer)
•Network Layer
•Middleware Layer
•Application Layer
•Business Layer (Enterprise Layer)
•Security and Privacy Layer
•Management and Control Layer
•Cloud and Edge Computing Layer
•Standards and Interoperability Layer
•User Interface Layer
Perception Layer (Sensing Layer):-
•This is the bottommost layer of the IoT architecture and involves the physical devices or
"things" equipped with sensors and actuators. These devices collect data from the
environment, such as temperature, humidity, motion, or other relevant parameters.
Network Layer:-
•The network layer facilitates the communication between IoT devices and enables the
transfer of data to and from the devices. It involves various communication protocols, such as
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol),
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and others.
Middleware Layer:-
•The middleware layer acts as an intermediary between the perception layer and the
application layer. It is responsible for tasks such as data aggregation, protocol translation, and
ensuring the seamless flow of data between devices and applications.
Application Layer:-
•The application layer is where the data collected from IoT devices is processed, analyzed,
and used to derive insights. Applications in this layer can range from simple data
visualization tools to complex analytics engines and machine learning algorithms.
Business Layer (Enterprise Layer):-
•This layer is concerned with the business logic and applications that leverage the insights
generated by the IoT system. It may involve integration with existing business processes,
decision support systems, and other enterprise-level applications.
Security and Privacy Layer:-
•Security is a critical consideration in IoT architectures. This layer includes mechanisms for
securing data transmission, authentication of devices, access control, encryption, and other
security measures to protect the integrity and confidentiality of IoT data.
Management and Control Layer:-
This layer is responsible for the overall management of the IoT system, including device
provisioning, configuration, software updates, and monitoring. It ensures the reliability and
availability of IoT devices and services.
Cloud and Edge Computing Layer:-
•Many IoT architectures leverage cloud computing for scalable storage, processing, and
analytics. Edge computing may also be part of the architecture, enabling data processing
closer to the source of data generation to reduce latency and bandwidth requirements.
Standards and Interoperability Layer:-
•This layer addresses the importance of standards and interoperability to ensure that different
IoT devices and systems can work together seamlessly. It involves adherence to industry
standards and protocols.
User Interface Layer:-
•The user interface layer provides a means for end-users to interact with and control IoT
devices. This may include web interfaces, mobile applications, or other user-friendly
interfaces.
Technology behind IoT:-
•The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vast ecosystem that involves a combination of various
technologies to enable the seamless communication and interaction between physical devices
and the digital world. some key technologies that form the foundation of IoT:-
•Sensors and Actuators
•Connectivity Technologies
•Protocols
•Cloud Computing
•Edge Computing
•Data Analytics and Machine Learning
•Security Technologies
•Middleware
•Semantic Technologies
•Power Management Technologies.
Sensors and Actuators:-
•Sensors are devices that can collect data from the physical environment, measuring attributes
such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, and more. Actuators, on the other hand, can
perform actions based on commands received. Both sensors and actuators are integral
components of IoT devices.
Connectivity Technologies:-
•IoT devices need a way to communicate with each other and with central systems. Various
connectivity technologies are used in IoT, including:
•Wi-Fi: Common in home and office environments
•Bluetooth: Used for short-range communication between devices. •Cellular Networks (3G,
4G, and 5G): Provide wide-area coverage for IoT devices. •Zigbee and Z-Wave: Wireless
communication protocols designed for low-power, short-range communication in IoT
applications. •LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network): Optimized for low-power, long-
range communication in IoT applications.
Protocols:-
•Communication protocols define the rules and conventions for data exchange between IoT
devices. Some common IoT protocols include:
•MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): Lightweight and efficient for small,
intermittent data transfers.
•CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Designed for resource-constrained devices and
networks.
•HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Widely used for web-based communication.
•AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): Facilitates messaging between devices.
Cloud Computing:-
•Cloud platforms play a crucial role in IoT by providing storage, processing power, and
analytics capabilities. IoT devices can send their data to the cloud for analysis, storage, and
retrieval.
Edge Computing:-
•Edge computing involves processing data closer to the source of generation rather than
relying solely on centralized cloud servers. This reduces latency and bandwidth requirements,
making it suitable for time-sensitive applications.
Data Analytics and Machine Learning:-
The large volumes of data generated by IoT devices require sophisticated analytics tools and
machine learning algorithms to extract meaningful insights. These technologies enable
predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, and other intelligent functionalities.
Security Technologies:-
•Security is a critical aspect of IoT. Technologies such as encryption, secure boot, secure
firmware updates, and authentication mechanisms are essential to protect data and ensure the
integrity of IoT systems.
Middleware:-
•Middleware provides a layer of abstraction between the hardware and software components
of an IoT system, facilitating communication and data exchange. It includes protocols,
gateways, and messaging systems that enable interoperability.
Semantic Technologies:-
•Semantic technologies, including ontologies and data models, help standardize and structure
data in a way that machines can understand. This is crucial for interoperability and
meaningful data exchange.
Power Management Technologies:-
•Many IoT devices operate on battery power, and efficient power management technologies
are necessary to extend the device's lifespan. This includes low-power components, sleep
modes, and energy-efficient communication protocols.
