IOT :

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from
ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion
connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020
and 22 billion by 2025.

How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems -- such
as processors, sensors and communication hardware -- to collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments.

IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway, which acts as
a central hub where IoT devices can send data. Before the data is shared, it can also be sent to
an edge device where that data is analyzed locally. Analyzing data locally reduces the volume
of data sent to the cloud, which minimizes bandwidth consumption.

Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information
they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices -- for example, to set them up, give them
instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled d

evices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT can also use artificial intelligence and machine learning to aid in making data collection
processes easier and more dynamic.
Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important technologies of the 21st
century. Now that we can connect everyday objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats,
baby monitors—to the internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible
between people, processes, and things.

By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile technologies,
physical things can share and collect data with minimal human intervention. In this
hyperconnected world, digital systems can record, monitor, and adjust each interaction
between connected things. The physical world meets the digital world—and they cooperate.

What technologies have made IoT possible?

While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent advances in
a number of different technologies has made it practical.

 Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable

sensors are making IoT technology possible for more manufacturers.
Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect
sensors to the cloud and to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
 Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms
enables both businesses and consumers to access the infrastructure they need to
scale up without actually having to manage it all.
  Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and
analytics, along with access to varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud,
businesses can gather insights faster and more easily. The emergence of these
allied technologies continues to push the boundaries of IoT and the data produced
by IoT also feeds these technologies.
 Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have
brought natural-language processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal
assistants Alexa, Cortana, and Siri) and made them appealing, affordable, and
viable for home use.

What are IoT devices?

IoT devices are specialized hardware like sensors, actuators, and appliances that connect
wirelessly to networks to collect and exchange data. They perform specific tasks and are used
across various fields, including medical, industrial, and environmental sectors, enhancing
functionality through interconnectedness and real-time data communication.

How do IoT Devices Work?

Different IoT devices have different functions, but they all have similarities in terms of how
they work. Firstly, IoT devices are physical objects that sense things going on in the physical
world. They contain an integrated CPU, network adapter and firmware, and are usually
connected to a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server. It also requires an IP address to
function over the network.

Most IoT devices are configured and managed through a software application. For example,
an app on your smartphone to control the lights in your home.

What are the pros and cons of IoT?

Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

 Enables access to information from anywhere at any time on any device.

 Improves communication between connected electronic devices.

 Enables the transfer of data packets over a connected network, which can save
time and money.
  Collects large amounts of data from multiple devices, aiding both users and
manufacturers.

 Analyzes data at the edge, reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to the
cloud.

 Automates tasks to improve the quality of a business's services and reduces the
need for human intervention.

 Enables healthcare patients to be cared for continually and more effectively.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

 Increases the attack surface as the number of connected devices grows. As more
information is shared between devices, the potential for a hacker to steal
confidential information increases.

 Makes device management challenging as the number of IoT devices increases.

Organizations might eventually have to deal with a massive number of IoT
devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices could be
challenging.

 Has the potential to corrupt other connected devices if there's a bug in the system.

 Increases compatibility issues between devices, as there's no international

standard of compatibility for IoT. This makes it difficult for devices from
different manufacturers to communicate with each other.

IOT Vision:
A vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock, home devices, surrounding objects
with) become smart and behave alive through sensing, computing and communicating
systems.
A vision where embedded devices interact with remote objects or persons through
connectivity, for examples, using Internet or Near Field Communication or other
technologies.
VISION
Internet of Things is still considered to be in its very early stages and everyone is on the verge
of trying to envision its roadmap in terms of Research and Development to lure stakeholders
with respect to their needs. A clear and straight forward approach in defining the internet of things
present around us in a variant of objects - such as RFID tags, actuators, mobile phones,
sensors, etc. – using which communication under different protocols is achieved among such neighboring
devices,
striving together to reach a common objective. Three visions of IoT are as shown in the fig.

They are:
• Things Oriented Vision
• Internet Oriented Vision
• Semantic Oriented Vision

A. Things Oriented Vision

Things oriented vision is a concept where the different objects are identified uniquely using
Electronic Product Code . It supports tracking anything using sensors [8]. This technique is
implemented with help of inbuilt sensors in the devices. This vision further relies on the sensors
and its capabilities to fulfill the “things” oriented vision.This vision is given birth by
combining both native sensor based networks and RFID based sensor networks.
B. Internet Oriented Vision
This vision focuses on the market needs to increase the smartness of the objects connected in the
network. These smart objects should be aware of the Internet related Protocols such as IPv4 and should
be characterized accordingly. The information sent by these objects should be translated into an
common unified format, by which it
can be analyzed on various parameters and attributes to draw useful information.

C. Semantic Oriented Vision Semantic oriented vision is driven by the concept that there is
going to be huge number of sensors which will be present on the field, procuring and processing massive
amount of data and forwarding the same to central location. Thus this vision is used to process
the vast amount of information meaningfully.
Conceptual Framework:-
•The conceptual framework in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the underlying
structure and set of ideas that guide the design, development, and implementation of IoT systems. It
provides a conceptual model that helps organize and understand the key components, relationships,
and principles involved in building and deploying IoT solutions.
Conceptual Framework of the IoT includes the following key elements:-
•Devices and Sensors
•Connectivity
•Data Processing and Analytics
•Cloud Computing
•Security and Privacy
Application and Services Layer
•Scalability and Flexibility
Devices and Sensors:-
•These are the physical objects or "things" that are equipped with sensors, actuators, and
communication modules to collect and transmit data. Examples include smart devices, sensors, and
actuators embedded in everyday objects.
Connectivity:-
•The framework addresses how devices and sensors connect to each other and to the broader network
infrastructure. This may involve communication protocols, networking technologies, and standards
that enable seamless connectivity.

Data Processing and Analytics:-

•The collected data from IoT devices often undergoes processing and analysis to derive meaningful
insights. This involves algorithms, machine learning, and analytics tools that help make sense of the
vast amount of data generated by IoT devices.

Cloud Computing:-
•Many IoT systems leverage cloud computing for storage, processing, and analysis of data. Cloud
platforms provide scalability, flexibility, and accessibility for managing and processing data from
distributed IoT devices.
Security and Privacy:-
•Ensuring the security and privacy of IoT data is a critical aspect of the conceptual framework. This
includes authentication, encryption, access control, and other measures to protect both the devices and
the data they generate.
Application and Services Layer:-
•This layer involves the development of applications and services that leverage the data generated by
IoT devices. It includes user interfaces, business logic, and applications that provide value to end-
users or organizations
Scalability and Flexibility:-
•Given the dynamic nature of IoT, the conceptual framework should address scalability and flexibility
to accommodate a growing number of devices and changing requirements over time.

IoT Framework Overview

Main Components of the Internet of Things Framework