Here's a **summary** of the PDF titled **“Module 4\_Part 1”** along with **briefs for each major
topic**:
---
## 📘 **MODULE 4 SUMMARY:**
**Focus:**
Urban structure and land use, including classic urban models (Concentric Zone, Sector, Multiple
Nuclei), Central Business District (CBD) characteristics, and zoning principles.
---
## 🔹 **9. Urban Structure**
### 1. **Concentric Zone Theory (Ernest Burgess, 1925)**
* **Concept:** City grows outward in rings from a central core (CBD).
* **Zones:**
* **Zone 1 (CBD):** High value, business center.
* **Zone 2 (Factory):** Industrial use, near transport.
* **Zone 3 (Transition):** Mixed-use, low-income housing, under decay.
* **Zone 4 (Working-Class):** Older residential, near workplaces.
* **Zone 5 (Residential):** Middle-class homes, parks.
* **Zone 6 (Commuter):** Wealthy suburbs, high commuting cost.
* **Limitations:** Oversimplified, not applicable globally, doesn’t consider transport evolution or
polycentric cities.
---
### 2. **Sector Theory (Hoyt Model, 1939)**
* **Concept:** Cities grow in sectors along transportation routes, not concentric rings.
* **Sectors:**
* **CBD:** Commercial core.
* **Industrial Sector:** Follows railways or rivers.
* **Low-Class Housing:** Near industries, high density.
* **Middle-Class Housing:** Better living, farther from industry.
* **High-Class Housing:** Farthest, clean, affluent zones.
* **Significance:** Accounts for transport and direction of growth.
* **Limitations:** Ignores private cars, polycentric growth, topography, and government
influence.
---
### 3. **Multiple Nuclei Theory (Harris and Ullman)**
* **Concept:** Cities develop multiple nodes (CBDs) rather than growing from one center.
* **Features:**
* Cities evolve around different functional zones.
* Secondary centers near high-value housing or transport hubs.
* Suitable for large, diverse cities.
* **Assumptions:** Even land, people, resources.
* **Limitations:** Rigid, neglects cultural/political influence, not fit for many real cities.
---
### 4. **Central Business District (CBD)**
* **Definition:** Core area for business and commerce.
* **Features:**
* High accessibility, specialized services.
* May or may not coincide with geographic city center.
* Shapes influenced by history, transport, and planning laws.
* **Global Examples:**
* Paris/Vienna: Preserved historical centers, CBDs shifted outward.
* U.S./New World Cities: Tall buildings concentrated downtown.
---
### 5. **Bid Rent Theory**
* **Concept:** Land value decreases with distance from CBD.
* **Reason:** Retailers pay most for prime locations (highest footfall).
* **Application:** Explains why high-density activities cluster in city centers.
---
## 🔹 **10. Land Use and Zoning** *(Mentioned in title, content likely in Part 2)*
Topics listed but not covered in this part of the PDF:
* Land use categories and representation.
* Relationship between land use and zoning.
* Zoning Types:
* **Euclidian Zoning**
* **Performance Zoning**
* **Form-Based Codes**
* **Incentive Zoning**
* **Height Zoning**
* **Open Space Zoning**
(These are probably detailed in *Module 4 Part 2*. If you have it, feel free to upload it.)
---
Would you like this turned into a visual mind map, infographic, or a summarized presentation
slide format?
