Noun

noun is a word used to name person places and things.

EX: table, chair, car.

Pronoun
Pronoun is a word used instead of noun and prevent it’s repetition.
EX: Karim is a student.
He is very intelligent

Verb
Verb is a word instead of being or action in the sentences.

EX:

Adjective
Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun.

EX: my car is nice.

Adverb
Adverb is a word used instead of noun or adjective or another adverb.

EX: Karim rans quickly.

Proposition
Proposition is a word shoes the relationship of person places and things.

EX: Karim is sitting in front of Salim.

Conjuction
Conjuction is a word used to join two words or sentences.

EX: and, or

EX: Karim and Salim are brothers.

Interjection
Interjection is a word used express some sudden feeling or emotion.

EX: Oh, pooh.

EX: oh my brother.

Article
Article is a word use with noun to determine and define them.

EX: I bought a pen.

Pronoun
A word used in instead of noun and avoids its repetition as called pronoun. (Pronoun means for a
Noun).

Pronouns replaces in a sentence or with in a text.

Kinds of Pronouns:

1. Personal Pronouns.
2. Demonstrative Pronouns.
3. Possessive Pronouns.
4. Distributive Pronouns.
5. Indefinite Pronouns.
6. Interrogative Pronouns.
7. Emphasizing Pronouns.
8. Reflexive Pronouns.
9. Relative Pronouns.

1. Personal Pronouns:
Personal pronouns are used instead of the name of people and things in the sentences. Or: A Pronoun
used for three persons in known as Personal Pronoun.

Because many of personal pronouns are used only for people to determine the persons according to
the number and gender, thus, they referred to Personal Pronouns.

Personal Pronouns are of two kinds:

1. Subjective Pronouns.
 2. Objective Pronouns.

1. Subjective Pronouns:

Subjective Pronouns are used instead of subject in the sentence.

Subject Pronouns are as follow:

I, We, You, They, He, She, It.

a. First persons: I --- singular , We --- Plural.

b. Second persons: { You --- singular , You – plural.
c. Third persons: { He, She, It --- singular, They – plural.

Ex: I go to school every day.

She washed the dishes last night.

We are from Afghanistan.

Uses of (it):

1- It is used for inanimate things (with out life).

Ex: it is a chair.

2- For the animals, when their genders are not considered important.

Ex: it is a cruel dog.

It was a fly.

3- For small children.

Ex: it is a nice a baby.

4- For the photos of the people.

Ex: it is Ahmad’s Photo.

5- To give emphasis to the noun or pronoun.

Ex: it was you who fought with Ahmad.

It was me who supported you.

6- As an indefinite nominative of impersonal verb. Because the pronoun (it) stands for no noun,
so it is called an impersonal pronoun.

Ex: it rains.

It snows.
 7- In speaking of weather and time.

Ex: it is rainy today.

It is five O’clock.

Note: (It) and (You) are both subjective and objective pronouns. When they are used before the verb,
they are subjective pronouns and when they are used after the verb they are objective pronouns.

Ex: It works well. (Subjective)

Ahamd bought it yesterday. (Objective)

You can go now. (Subjective)

I will kill you. (Objective)

Subject:

1- Subject is the doer of an action.

Ex: Shilla speaks English.

2- Subject is a word or a group of words which are ate the beginning of a sentence or starts a
sentence.

Ex: Karim and Salim are brothers.

Kabul and Mazar are nice cities.

2. Objective Pronouns:

Objective Pronouns are used instead of an object in the sentences.

Objective pronouns are as follow:

Me, You, Us, Them, Him, Her, It.

Ex: Roman saw her yesterday.

I want to buy it now.

Object:

Object is a pronoun or thing in which the work or action is done to.

These are two kinds of object:

1- Direct object “Accusative Object”.

2- Indirect object “Dative Object”.

To be verbs
To have verbs are used to show state of being or action in the sentences.
These verbs are as follow:

Am, Is, Are, Was, Were. {Be, Was/Were, Been, Being}

EX: I am a student.

They are nurses.

We were studying English.

Present Conjugation:

I --- Am.

He, She, It --- Is.

We, You, They --- Are.

Past Conjugation:

I, He, She, It --- Was.

We, You, They --- Were.

Note: if there is a (To Be) verb in a sentence, in the question form these verbs are used at the
beginning of the sentence and in the negative form (not) is used after these verbs.

Ex: Ahmad is a student.

We are speaking English.

Is Ahmad a student?.

Are we speaking English?.

Ahmad is not a student.

We were not speaking English.

Note: To be verbs are both ordinary and auxiliary verbs. If they are used alone in the sentences, they
are ordinary but when they are followed by other verbs in the sentences, they are auxiliary verbs.

Ex: Ahmad is a doctor. (Ordinary).

Ahmad is studying English. (Auxiliary).

To-be verbs are used in the following ways:

1- In the formation of continuous tenses.

Ex: I am swimming in the pool now.

She was watching T.V last night.

 We will playing football next week.

They have been searching for a house since three O’clock

2- In the formation of passive voice sentence.

Ex: The chair was broken.

To Be + infinite: shows two ideas:

A) To indicates plan or arrangement.

Ex: Ahmad is to marry with Shilla.

B) To show a command.

Ex: You are to learn English by heart.

To have verbs
To have verbs are used to show possession or relationship.

To have verbs are as follow.

Have, Has, Had.

EX: I have a new car.

EX: She has a small sister.
EX: We had a garden.
EX: Have I a pen. BRITISH SYSTEM.
EX: Does she has a small sister. AMERICAN SYSTEM.

To do verbs
Are used to show performing of an action in the sentences.

Do, Does, Did.

EX: She does the homework.

EX: Darwish did the chores last night.

Possessive nouns
Possessive nouns are used before nouns and show position and relationship.
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns are used before nouns and show position and relationship.

These verbs are as follow.

Mine, His, Hers, It’s, Yours, Ours, Theirs,

EX: That bicycle is mine.

Possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used before nouns and show position and relationship.

These verbs are as follow. My,

It’s, His, Her, Your, Our, Their,

EX: my name is Muqadas.

EX: this is your pen.

EX: It is their problem.

Distributive pronouns
Distributive pronouns are used instead of nouns and indicate each and every person of a number or
group separately and individually.

These pronouns are as follow.

Each, Every, Either, Neither, None, Both, Any.

EX: Each must come on time. EX:

Either was lazy.

Note: distributive pronouns because they refer to persons and things one at a time for this reason they
are always singular and as such followed by verbs in singular forms.

EACH: every one of a number (of person or things) taken singly.

For small definite group and when the number of group is limited.

EX: each of us has a book.

EX: each should love (his, her) country.

EVERY: is used only in speaking of more than two and when the number of group is indefinite and
limitless.

EX: every of afghans is brave.

EITHER: means the one or the other of two and it is used for two persons or things mostly in positive
sentences.

EX: either side of the wall is blue.

NEITER: means not the one or the other of the two is used in negative sentences.

EX: neither could pass the exam.

NONE: used for more than two persons or things in negative sentences.

EX: none of the girls is married.

EX: none of my stories was published.

BOTH: means and the other but it takes plural verbs it can be used alone or followed by a noun.

EX: both were opened.

EX: both stories were logical.