A cappella-Unaccompanied choral singing Added 6th-Root, 3rd, 5th of a chord with the 6th added.

The chord is frequently used in jazz and popular music Alberti bass-Broken chords played by the left hand outlining harmonies whilst the right hand plays the melody. Classical composers such as Haydn and Mozart used this technique extensively in their piano music. Antiphonal-Dialogue between voices or instruments-one group of voices or instruments answers the other Aria-A song in an opera, oratorio or cantata with orchestral accompaniment Atonal-No feeling of key, major or minor. Very dissonant. A feature of some 20th-century music. Augmentation-An increase in the length of notes. The music will sound slower when imitated or repeated Augmented chords-This chord is formed by a major triad in which the 5th degree is raised by a semitone Ballett-A type of madrigal in strophic form which was originally danced to. It features a fala-la refrain at the end of each verse. Baroque-1600-1750 approx. Bach and Handel were two of the composers from this period Basso Continuo-Sometimes referred to as Continuo. In this baroque period, the continuo part consisted of a bass line (basso continuo) played by a cello, bass, viola da gamba or bassoon. In addition the harpsichord, organ or lute player was expected to fill in harmonies built on that bass line. Sometimes figures were written under the bass line indicating the chords the composer would like played. This was called figured bass. BendingBoogie-Woogie-blues style for piano, the left hand usually playing an ostinato while the right hand improvises freely. Broken Chord-the notes of a chord are played seperately

Cadenza-A passage of music which allows soloists to display their technical ability in singing or playing an instrument. Performers used to improvise cadenzas themselves but eventually composers began to write them into the score. In a concerto the end of the cadenza is marked by a dominant 7th chord. Chorale-A German hymn tune. Written in four parts for soprano, contralto (alto), tenor and bass, some of these chorales were used by Bach in his oratorios and cantatas. Chromatic-A row of notes built up entirely of semitones Classical-1750 to 1810 approx. The era of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. Coloratura-Term for high, florid, vocal singing involving scales, runs and ornaments. Sometimes these passages were written down, but often were extemporised by the performer. Concertino-In a concerto grosso this is the name given to the small/solo group of instrumentalists as opposed to the main group which is called the Ripieno Concerto-Work for solo instrument and orchestra e.g. a flute concerto is written for flute and orchestra. It is normally in three movements. Concerto Grosso-a type of concerto in which a group of soloists is combined and constrated with a larger group. Consort-A small group of instruments of the same family playing together. ContrapuntalCounter tenor-A male adult voice whose range is higher than a tenors. The strong and pure tone is produced by resonances mainly in the head. This type of voice was very popular until the end of the 18th century Counter-subject-In a fugue, after the subject or answer is played, the continuation on that same instrument or voice is called the countersubject Diminution-a decrease in the length of notes. The music will sound faster when imitated or repeated.

Fugue-A contrapuntal piece based on a theme (subject) announced in one voice part alone, then imitated by other voices in close succession. Ground bass-A theme in the bass which is repeated many times while the upper parts are varied Harmonic minor scale-scale which shares the same key signature as its relative major but raises the 7th note by a semitone Harmonics-the high eerie sounds produced on a bowed string instrument by lightly touching the string at certain points. On guitar these will sound bell-like Hemiola-A rhythmic device giving the impression of a piece of music changing from duple to triple time or vice versa. Sometimes placed at the end of a piece to act as a kind of rallentando Imitation-Where the melody is immediately copied higher or lower in another part. It need not be an exact copy Interrupted cadence-A cadence is formed by two chords at the end of a phrase. An interrupted cadence is usually formed by the chords V-VI. In the key of C major, chords G to A minor. This is known also as the surprise cadence as the listener may be expecting V-I which has a more final sound. Interval-The distance in pitch between two notes Inversion-1. When a musical shape is mirrored. 2. An inverted chord is formed when a note other than the root is in the bas 3. In serial composition the tone row may be used in inverted form. This appears as a mirror image (in contrary motion) Inverted pedal-A pedal point which sounds in an upper part instead of in the bass. Jazz-funk-A combination of jazz improvisation and the amplified instruments and character of rock Leitmotiv-A theme occurring throughout a work which represents a person, an event or an idea, etc. The first composer to use leitmotiv extensively was Wagner, in his operas

Melismatic word setting-Several notes sung to one syllable. Microtone-any interval noticeably smaller than a semitone, most often found in the music of Eastern European countries and also in Indian and Arabic music. It is sometimes used by contemporary classical composers Minimalist-A development in the second half of the 20th century based on simple rhythmic and melodic figures which are constantly repeated with very slight changes each time Modal-Term used to describe music based on a mode, a type of early scale used before major and minor keys were developed. Modes are used in jazz and pop music for improvising Modulation-A change of key Mordent-An ornament which sounds the main note, the note above, then the main note again. An inverted mordent sounds the main note, the note below and the main note again Musique concrete-Recorded natural sounds which are transferred using simple editing techniques such as cutting and re-assembling, playing backwards, slowing down and speeding up Nationalist-A term used to describe music which incorporates elements of folk music of the composers century. It emerged about the second half of the 19th century and was a type of romanticism, composers include Glinka, Smetana and Grieg Obbligato-A prominent solo instrument part in a piece of vocal music Octave-The distance between anote and the nearest note with the same name Ornament-An ornament decorates a melody by adding extra notes. They are often short and add melodic and rhythmic interest. Pavan-a renaisance court dance linked with the Galliard. The pavan is slow and stately with two beats in the bar. Perfect cadence-A cadence consists of two chords at the end of a phrase. A perfect cadence is the dominant to toni chords Plagal cadence-A cadence subdominant to tonic chords.

Plainchant-unaccompanied melody set to words of the Roman Catholic liturgy, such as the Mass. Plainchants are modal and have no regular metre. They follow the rhythm of Latin words Polyphony-Texture which consists of two or more melodic lines, possibly of equal importance and which weave independently of each other. Polytonality-the use of two or more keys played or sung at the same time. E.g. the melody mat be in the key of C major whilst the acc. Might be in the key of E major. Programme-Music which tells a story of paints a picture in sound Real answer-In a fugue, after the subject is played, the same tune appears in another voice or part in the dominant (a 5th higher or a 4th lower). This is called the answer. If the intervals of the answer are exactly the same as the subject, the answer is said to be real. Renaissance-rebirth of interest in classical times of the distant past. In music, the word refers to the style of music from the period from about 1450 to 1600 i.e between medieval and baroque Retrograde-To go backwards. Ripieno-in baroque music, especially Conerto grosso, the term means the main group of instrumentalists as opposed to the small/solo group which was known as the Concertino. Ritornello-Little return. 17th century term for a brief introduction or interlude in a vocal composition, or for a brief instrumental passage between scenes in a 17th-century opera. In a Concerto grosso,, the ritornello is the main theme played by the Ripieno group and sometimes the Conertino Romantic-in music, the period 1810-1900 approx, which followed the Classical Era Rubato-A direction to the performer which allows freedom to change speed, thus allowing more expression Scotch snap-A very short accented note before a longer note Semitones-Half a tone, e.g. C to Dflat on a keyboard.

Sitar-A plucked, stringed instrument from India. In addition to melody strings, it has a drone and strings which vibrate in sympathy with each other. Sprechgesang-a technique used in vocal music where the singer is required to use the voice in an expressive manner half way between singing and speaking Stretto-Where voices or instruments enter very quickly one after another, as in Fugue. Each entry or part enters closely after the previous, thus adding tension and excitement Strophic-A vocal/choral composition in which each verse has the same music Suspension-this effect occurs when anote from one chord is held over to the next chord creating a discord, and is then resolved by moving one step to make a concord. Swing-A Jazz style which started in the 1930s. The numbers and types of instruments in the big bands increased during this period, through the influence of swing. Symphony-A large work for orchestra usually in four movements. In the Classical period the movements were normally fast, slow, minuet and trio, fast Three against two-One line of music may be playing quavers in groups of two whilst at the same time another line of music will be playing triplets Tierce de Picardie-The final chord of a piece of music in the minor key is changed to major. Tone poem-A one-movement piece for orchestra which tells a story or maybe relates an experience from the composers life Tone row-An arrangement of the twelve notes of the octave which forms the basis of a composition Tremolo-Term for the rapid up-and-down movement of a bow on a stringed instrument creating an agitated, restless effect. The terms also describes rapid alternation of two different notes at least a third apart Trill-Rapid and repeated movement between two adjacent notes TripletTritone-Interval of an augmented 4th

Walking bass-a moving bass line with notes usually of the same value. It often moves step by step, but not always so.