A practical activity report submitted for

Engineering-Design-Project-II (UTA-024)
By:

Group Number (6)

MAHI (102316103)
ANUSHKA (102316110)
KARAN SINGH (1023161150)
ROUSHNI (102316119)
MANVENDRA (102316121)
AMAN (102316125)
Submitted to:
Dr. Abhisek Pal

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, DERABASSI

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, (A
DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), PATIALA, PUNJAB
INDIA

Session Year :- Jan-June (2025)

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr. No. Experiment no. Objective

1 1 (a) To draw a schematic diagram of pulse width modulation (PWM) based
transmitter for generating specified pulse width waveforms for gantries
placed at different locations on the path using CAD tool (Eagle).

2 1 (b) To design a printed circuit board layout of pulse width modulation

(PWM) based transmitter circuit using CAD tool (Eagle).

3 2 (a) To draw a schematic diagram of receiver to receive specified pulse width

IR signals from gantries using CAD tool (Eagle).

4 2(b) To design a printed circuit board layout of receiver circuit using CAD
tool (Eagle).

5 3 (a) To draw a schematic diagram of IR sensor module circuit (required to

move Buggy module on a predefined the path) using CAD tool (Eagle).

6 3 (b) To design a printed circuit board layout of IR sensor module circuit using
CAD tool (Eagle).

7 4 To solder and test a pulse width modulation (PWM) based transmitter

circuit (for gantries placed at different locations on the path to be
followed by Buggy robot) on a printed circuit board (PCB).

8 5 To solder and test pulse width modulation (PWM) based receiver circuit
(to receive IR signals from gantries connected to transmitter circuit) on a
printed circuit board (PCB).

9 6 To solder and test an IR sensor module circuit (which helps Buggy robot
to move on a predefined path) on a printed circuit board (PCB).
 Experiment: 5
Objective:
To solder and test an IR sensor module circuit (which helps Buggy robot to move on a
predefined path) on a printed circuit board (PCB).

Hardware Used: Soldering Station, Connecting wire, Soldering wire, DSO, DSO Probes,
Soldering Stand, Desoldering Pump, Wire Cutter.

Component Used:
Sr. Name of Components Value Specifications Quantity
No
1. Resistor 220 Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 4x
Tolerance
2. Resistor 10k Ω Carbon Resistor with 5% 2x
Tolerance
3. Potentiometer 10k Ω 2x
4. Zero PCB 1x
5. led3mm 5V Dome Lamp 2x
6. IR Transmitter SFH482 2x
7. IR Receiver BPX65 PCB Header 2x
8. Operational Amplifier LM358P Microcontroller 1x

Theory :
1. Resistor: A resistor is an electrical component that limits the flow of direct or alternating current,
helping to protect, operate, or regulate circuits. By using resistors, voltages can be divided, and
when combined with other components, resistors can shape electrical signals to meet specific
design needs. They can be either fixed or adjustable, with adjustable types known as rheostats or
potentiometers.

Fig. 5.1 various types of resistors [1]

2. IR Transmitter(BPX65): The BPX65 IR transmitter is a component designed to send information

using infrared light. It operates by emitting modulated pulses through an IR LED, allowing data
 to be transmitted wirelessly over short distances. Although the light it uses isn't visible to humans,
it's effectively detected by compatible receivers. Commonly found in remote control systems,
electronic communication devices, and sensing technologies, IR transmitters like the BPX65 offer
a dependable and straightforward way to enable wireless interactions.

Fig. 5.2 IR Transmitter(BPX65) [2]

3. IR Receiver (SFH482): An infrared (IR) receiver is an electronic component that captures and
processes infrared signals transmitted from an IR source. It usually includes a photodiode or
phototransistor that responds to infrared light by generating a corresponding electrical output.
These receivers play a crucial role in applications like remote controls, wireless communication
setups, and sensor-based systems, allowing accurate and efficient short-range signal reception.

Fig. 5.3 IR Receiver (SFH482) [3]

4. LED 3 mm: This is a small-sized, 3mm red LED commonly found in a variety of electronic
circuits. Known for its low power usage and bright output, it serves as an efficient light source. Its
compact form makes it ideal for use as an indicator light, in visual displays, or for decorative
effects in compact electronic gadgets.
 Fig. 5.4 Various types of standard LED [4]

5. Potentiometer: A potentiometer is an electronic component that allows for manual adjustment of

electrical resistance, helping to control voltage within a circuit. It has three terminals and operates
by varying the position of a wiper along a resistive track. This movement changes the resistance
and, in turn, the output voltage. Often found in devices like audio systems for volume control or
dimmers for lighting, potentiometers are valued for their ease of use and versatility in a wide range
of electronic setups.

Fig. 5.5 Potentiometer [5]

6. Operational Amplifier(LM358P): The LM358P is a dual-channel operational amplifier

commonly used in analog electronics. It integrates two independent op-amps into a single package,
allowing it to amplify low-level signals with high precision. Designed to operate on a single power
supply, it is ideal for a wide range of applications such as signal conditioning, filtering, and voltage
comparison. Its low power consumption and stable performance make it a popular choice in both
hobby and industrial circuits.
 Fig. 5.6 Operational Amplifier(LM358P)[6]

7. Zero PCB: Zero PCB (also called perfboard or dot PCB) is a bare prototyping board with a grid
of pre-drilled holes and copper pads at a 2.54 mm pitch, letting you solder components into custom
layouts . Made from FR-series substrates in single- or double-sided versions, it delivers more
durable, higher-current connections than breadboards—perfect for hobbyist projects and
smallbatch prototypes.

Fig. 5.7 ZERO PCB [7]

Circuit Layout:

Fig. 5.8 Front side of IR circuit [8]

 Testing of IR circuit :

Fig. 5.10 Setup for testing of Receiver circuit when One IR pair on black and other on white surface
[10]

Fig. 5.11 Setup for testing of Receiver circuit when both IR pair on black surface [11]

Fig. 5.12 Setup for testing of Receiver circuit when both IR pair on white surface [12]

Working:
The IR sensor module helps the buggy follow a predefined path by detecting surface colors. It uses an IR
transmitter to emit light and a receiver to detect reflections. White surfaces reflect more IR light, while
black surfaces reflect less.The reflected signal is processed through an operational amplifier (LM358P),
compared with a reference from a potentiometer, and used to trigger an LED or input to a microcontroller.
One sensor on white and one on black: buggy turns.Both on white: moves straight.Both on black: may stop
or turn.This allows real-time path correction as the buggy moves.

Result: After soldering and assembling the IR sensor module on the PCB, we tested its functionality on
different surface combinations. The circuit successfully detected black and white surfaces based on IR light
reflection and gave appropriate voltage outputs. The connected LEDs lit up correctly based on the surface
beneath the sensors, validating that the IR signals were processed effectively by the operational amplifier.
The module responded as expected during all test scenarios, indicating that the circuit was working
correctly and ready for integration with the buggy.

Discussion: In this experiment, we learned how to build, solder, and test an IR sensor circuit that can detect
surface colors using infrared light. We understood the roles of each component—how the IR transmitter-
receiver pair works, how the operational amplifier compares signals, and how the potentiometer helps fine-
tune the sensitivity. The hands-on testing gave us practical experience with circuit debugging, soldering
techniques, and signal analysis. Most importantly, we saw how this module plays a critical role in helping
the buggy navigate along a defined path, making it an essential component in autonomous robotic systems.

Reference:
1. https://media.istockphoto.com/id/172924172/photo/resistors-against-awhite-
background.jpg?s=1024x1024&w=is&k=20&c=AxporMdzBx4s2Uy0RhYVvaXAEol8gzv59n6vOQqH
c4= , Accessed may 4,2025
2. https://res.cloudinary.com/rsc/image/upload/b_rgb:FFFFFF,c_pad,dpr_1.
0,f_auto,q_auto,w_700/c_pad,w_700/R9128306-01, Accessed may 4,2025
3. https://res.cloudinary.com/rsc/image/upload/b_rgb:FFFFFF,c_pad,dpr_1.
0,f_auto,q_auto,w_700/c_pad,w_700/F6548867-01, Accessed may 4,2025
4. https://store.synthrotek.com/assets/images/3mmLEDs.jpg, Accessed may 4,2025
5. https://tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.l6h3H4enaLZiQmkGjlNRzwHaEK& pid=Api&P=0&h=180,
Accessed may 4,2025
6. https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/51r+icIQWUL._SL1000_.jpg, Accessed may 4,2025
7. https://www.rytronics.in/product/zero-pcb-75mm-x-50mm-for-general-purpose-prototype, Accessed
may 4,2025

Signature of Faculty member