9.

a) outtext()

Definition:

outtext() displays a string at the current position of the text cursor

Code :

#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");
outtext("Hello using outtext!");
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
b) outtextxy(int x, int y, char *text)

Definition:

outtextxy() displays a string at the (x, y) coordinates on the

Code :

#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

outtextxy(150, 100, "Hello at (150, 100)");

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
c) settextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize)

Definition:

settextstyle() sets the font, direction (horizontal/vertical), and size

Code :
#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

settextstyle(3, HORIZ_DIR, 5); // Font 3, horizontal direction,

getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
10. a) setbkcolor()

Definition:

setbkcolor() sets the background color of the screen.

Code :

#include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

setbkcolor(BLUE); // Set background to blue

outtextxy(100, 100, (char*)"Background is blue");

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;
b) setcolor()

Definition:

setcolor() sets the color for drawing text or shapes.

Code :

#include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

setbkcolor(WHITE); // Background white

setcolor(RED); // Drawing color red

outtextxy(100, 100, (char*)"Text in red color");

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
c) getbkcolor()

Definition:

getbkcolor() returns the current background color as an integer value.

Code :

#include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

setbkcolor(GREEN);

int bg = getbkcolor();

char msg[50];

sprintf(msg, "Background Color Code: %d", bg);

outtextxy(100, 100, msg);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;}
d) getcolor()

Definition:

getcolor() returns the current drawing color as an integer value.

💻 Code :

#include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

setcolor(CYAN);

int drawColor = getcolor();

char msg[50];

sprintf(msg, "Drawing Color Code: %d", drawColor);

outtextxy(100, 100, msg);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
12. #include <graphics.h>

#define LEFT 1

#define RIGHT 2

#define BOTTOM 4

#define TOP 8

int xmin = 100, ymin = 100, xmax = 300, ymax = 300;

int getCode(int x, int y) {

int code = 0;

if (x < xmin) code |= LEFT;

if (x > xmax) code |= RIGHT;

if (y < ymin) code |= BOTTOM;

if (y > ymax) code |= TOP;

return code;

void cohenClip(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {

int code1 = getCode(x1, y1), code2 = getCode(x2, y2);

while (code1 | code2) {

if (code1 & code2) return;

int code = code1 ? code1 : code2, x, y;

if (code & TOP) { x = x1 + (x2 - x1)*(ymax - y1)/(y2 - y1); y = ymax; }

else if (code & RIGHT) { y = y1 + (y2 - y1)*(xmax - x1)/(x2 - x1); x = xmax; }

else { y = y1 + (y2 - y1)*(xmin - x1)/(x2 - x1); x = xmin; }

if (code == code1) { x1 = x; y1 = y; code1 = getCode(x1, y1); }

else { x2 = x; y2 = y; code2 = getCode(x2, y2); }

setcolor(RED);

rectangle(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

outtextxy(50, 50, (char*)"Clipped Line");

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

int x1 = 50, y1 = 120, x2 = 350, y2 = 250;

rectangle(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);

setcolor(BLUE); line(x1, y1, x2, y2); outtextxy(50, 30, (char*)"Original Line");

delay(2000); cleardevice();

cohenClip(x1, y1, x2, y2);

return 0;

}
11. #include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

int ch;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, (char*)"");

int x1 = 100, y1 = 100, x2 = 200, y2 = 200; // coordinates of a rectangle

printf("1. Translation\n2. Rotation\n3. Scaling\n");

printf("Enter your choice: ");

scanf("%d", &ch);

if (ch == 1) {

// Translation

int tx, ty;

printf("Enter translation factors tx and ty: ");

scanf("%d%d", &tx, &ty);

// Original rectangle

rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2);

// Translated rectangle
 rectangle(x1 + tx, y1 + ty, x2 + tx, y2 + ty);

} else if (ch == 2) {

// Rotation (about origin for simplicity)

int angle;

float theta;

printf("Enter angle of rotation (in degrees): ");

scanf("%d", &angle);

theta = angle * 3.14159 / 180; // converting to radians

int x = 100, y = 100; // original point

int x_rot = x * cos(theta) - y * sin(theta);

int y_rot = x * sin(theta) + y * cos(theta);

// Original point

putpixel(x, y, WHITE);

// Rotated point

putpixel(x_rot, y_rot, RED);

outtextxy(x + 10, y + 10, "Original");

outtextxy(x_rot + 10, y_rot + 10, "Rotated");

} else if (ch == 3) {

// Scaling

float sx, sy;

scanf("%f%f", &sx, &sy);

// Original rectangle

rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2);

// Scaled rectangle (w.r.t origin)

rectangle(x1 * sx, y1 * sy, x2 * sx, y2 * sy);

} else {

printf("Invalid choice.");

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
13.

#include <graphics.h>

int xmin = 100, ymin = 100, xmax = 300, ymax = 300;

bool inside(int x, int y) {

return (x >= xmin && x <= xmax && y >= ymin && y <= ymax);

bool reject(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {

return (x1 < xmin && x2 < xmin) || (x1 > xmax && x2 > xmax) ||

(y1 < ymin && y2 < ymin) || (y1 > ymax && y2 > ymax);

void midpointClip(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) {

if (inside(x1, y1) && inside(x2, y2)) {

setcolor(RED);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

return;

if (reject(x1, y1, x2, y2)) return;

int mx = (x1 + x2) / 2;

int my = (y1 + y2) / 2;

midpointClip(mx, my, x2, y2);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

int x1 = 50, y1 = 50, x2 = 350, y2 = 350;

rectangle(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);

setcolor(BLUE);

line(x1, y1, x2, y2);

outtextxy(20, 30, (char*)"Original Line (BLUE)");

delay(2000);

cleardevice();

rectangle(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);

midpointClip(x1, y1, x2, y2);

outtextxy(20, 30, (char*)"Clipped Line (RED)");

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
14. car:

#include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void drawCar(int x, int y) {

// Body of the car

rectangle(x, y, x + 100, y + 30);

// Upper body

rectangle(x + 20, y - 20, x + 80, y);

// Wheels

circle(x + 25, y + 30, 10);

circle(x + 75, y + 30, 10);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

drawCar(150, 200);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
Man :

#include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

void drawMan(int x, int y) {

// Head

circle(x, y, 10);

// Body

line(x, y + 10, x, y + 40);

// Arms

line(x, y + 20, x - 15, y + 30);

line(x, y + 20, x + 15, y + 30);

// Legs

line(x, y + 40, x - 10, y + 60);

line(x, y + 40, x + 10, y + 60);

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

drawMan(200, 150);

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;

}
15. Moton car :

#include <graphics.h>

#include <conio.h>

#include <dos.h> // For delay()

void drawCar(int x, int y) {

// Body

rectangle(x, y, x + 200, y + 50); // Main base

rectangle(x + 50, y - 50, x + 150, y); // Roof

line(x, y, x + 50, y - 50); // Left roof slope

line(x + 150, y - 50, x + 200, y); // Right roof slope

// Wheels

circle(x + 40, y + 60, 20); // Left wheel

circle(x + 160, y + 60, 20); // Right wheel

int main() {

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, (char*)"");

int x = 0, y = 300;

while (!kbhit()) { // Move until a key is pressed

cleardevice(); // Clear previous frame

delay(50); // Slow down the motion

x += 5; // Move car to the right

if (x > getmaxx()) // Reset when car goes off screen

x = -200;

getch();

closegraph();

return 0;