Cell Theory
I. Introduction of Biology
A. Biology – The study of life or all living things
1. Bio – Life
2. Logos – Study
B. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living
organisms; including their Structure. Function, Growth, Evolution,
Distribution, Identification, and Taxonomy.
C. Aristotle (Father of Biology) – his theory of biology known as Aristotle’s
Biology describes five major biological processes, namely; Metabolism,
Temperature Regulation, Inheritance, Information Processing, and
Embryogenesis
D. Jean Baptiste - Lamark – Coined the term biology in 1802
II. Other Branches of Biology
A. Zoology – Animals
B. Bonany – Plants
C. Ecology – Environment
D. Cytology – Cells
III. What is Life Living Vs. Dead
A. One way to define life is to define it on its most basic components. The cell is
the basic component of life; every organism, or living individual, consists of
one or more cells
IV. Five Qualities that in Combination Constitutes Life
A. Life is Organised – Living things are organised in a hierarchy following a
smallest to largest pattern
1. Levels of Biological Organisation
a) Atom
b) Molecule
c) Organelle
d) Cell
e) Tissue
f) Organ
g) Organ system
h) Organism
i) Population
j) Community
k) Ecosystem
l) Biosphere
B. Life Requires Energy
C. Life Contains Internal Constancy
1. Conditions inside a cell must remain within a constant range, even if
the environment changes
D. Life Reproduces itself, Grows, and Develops
1. Organisms reproduce, making individuals similar to themselves
2. Reproduction transmits DNA from generation to generation; this
information defines inherited characteristics of the offsprings
3. Gregor Mendel (The Father Of Modern Genetics) Through his
work on pea plants, he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
He deduced that genes comes in pairs and are inherited as distinct
units
E. Life Evolves
1. Organisms become well suited to their environments. It allows
organisms to successfully reproduce in their environment
2. Charles Darwin (The Father of Evolution) – Variation within
species Occurs randomly. The survival of organisms is determined
on its ability to adapt
V. Discovery of the Cell
A. Cell – The basic Unit of Life and it can reproduce independently
B. 2 Types of Cells
1. Unicellular/Single Cell – Bacteria, Protist, etc
2. Multicellular – Animals and Plants
C. Robert Hook (English Father of Microscopy)
1. Discovered the cell in 1665 using an oak bottle cork
2. Described cells to look like
a) Tiny pores
b) Tiny Boxes
c) Cella(cell) – Small/Confined Room
d) Honeycomb
D. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1676 (Father of Microbiology and
Microscopy)
1. He used pond water/scum on a handmade microscope
2. He saw “little animals” or “animalcules” wich is now known as
microorganisms
3. He also tested fish, bird, dog, and human blood
E. Spontaneous Generation Theory
1. Inanimate objects can produce living organisms
F. Louis Jean Pasteur
1. Debunked the Spontaneous Generation Theory
G. Middle Ages
1. The Church prevented scientific discoveries
2. Canonization – the process of making a saint
3. After Robert Hook and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, there were no
discoveries on cells until Louis Jean Pasteur
H. Louis Jean Pasteur’s Experiment
1. Using Three jars with meat inside and different caps (Open, Closed,
and Mesh) He concluded that:
2. Living organisms can only arise from living organisms
VI. Postulate of the Cell Theory
A. Mathias Jakob Schleiden (1838)
1. German Botanist
2. “All plants are made of cells”
B. Theodor Schwan (1839)
1. German Physiologist
2. “All animals are made of cells”
C. Rudolf Virchow (1858)
1. German Physician
2. “All cells must arise from preexisting cells”
D. 3 Postulate Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. Cell is the basic unit of all living organism
3. All cells are produced by the division of the pre existing cells
VII. Parts of a Microscope
A. Ocular/Eyepiece – Lens in the upper part with a 10x magnification
B. Body Tube – Upper part that supports the eyepiece
C. Revolving Nosepiece – Below the head and holds the objective lenses
D. Objective lenses
1. 4x – Scanning Objective
2. 10x – Low Power Objective
3. 40x – High Power Objective
4. 100x – Immersion Oil Objective
E. Coarse Adjustment Knob – Moves stage to fucus, and should only be used in
4x
F. Fine Adjustment Knob – Slower than course but same function
G. Arm – Supports body tube and lenses, it's a part you can hold when carrying
the microscope
H. Mechanical Stage – Movable part of the stage (Front, Back, Left, Right)
I. Stage – Horizontal platform where you can place the specimen
J. Condenser – Focuses the light in one direction
K. Light Source – Provides a beam of visible light
L. Base – Supports the entire microscope
VIII. How to Use a Microscope
A. Turn on, and adjust light
B. Set to 4x scanning objective
C. Place specimen into the stage
D. Look into the eyepiece and rotate the coarse adjustment knob
E. Slowly rotate the fine adjustment knob
F. Examine specimen
G. Switch to medium and high power lens, use the fine adjustment knob to bring
focus
1. Introduction to Biology
2. Other Branches of Biology
3. What is Life
4. Five Qualities that Constitute Life
5. Discovery of the Cell
a. Cell
b. Robert Hooke
c. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
d. Spontaneous Generation Theory
e. Louis Jean Pasteour
6. Postulate of the Cell Theory
a. Mathias Jacob Schliden
b. Theodore Schwan
c. Rudolf Virchow
d. 3 Postulate Cell Theory
7. Parts of a Microscope
a. Eyepiece
b. Body Tube
c. Head
d. Revolving Nosepiece
e. Objective Lenses
i. 4x Scanning
ii. 10x Low Power
iii. 40x High Power
iv. 100x Immersion Oil
f. Coarse Adjustment Knob
g. Fine Adjustment Knob
h. Arm
i. Mechanical Stage
j. Stage
k. Condenser
l. Light Source
m. Base
8. How to Use a Microscope
a. Turn on
b. Set to 4x
c. Place Specimen
d. Look into the eyepiece and adjust Coarse
e. Adjust fine
f. Examine
g. Switch lens and adjust fine
1. _____ _____ _____ said that all plants are made of _____ in _____
2. 3rd step: _____ the _____ into the _____
3. _____ _____ discovered the cell in _____ using an oak _____ _____ as a specimen
4. _____ van _____ 1676 is the father of microbiology and microscopy
5. _____ focuses the _____ in one direction
6. _____ provides a beam of _____ _____
7. The _____ _____ the entire microscope
8. 4th step: look into the _____ and adjust the _____ _____ _____
9. 5th step: slowly _____ the _____ _____ _____
10. 7th step: _____ the _____
11. 8th step: switch to _____ and _____ _____ lens, and adjust _____ with _____ _____
_____
12. _____ is the study of life
13. _____ meaning life
14. Logos meaning _____
15. _____ is the father of biology
16. _____ theory of biology is known as _____ biology
17. _____ biology describes five major biological process
18. The five biological process from _____ biology is _____, _____, _____, _____,
_____
19. _____ _____ _____ coined the term _____ in _____
20. Every _____ consists of _____ or _____ _____
21. _____ is _____– living things are organised in a _____
22. _____ _____ _____ used three jars with a _____ _____ and _____ caps
23. _____ _____ said that all cells must must arise from _____ _____ in _____
24. All living cells are composed of _____ or _____ cells (postulate of the cell)
25. _____ is the basic unit of all _____ _____ (postulate of the cell)
26. All _____ is produced by the _____ of _____ _____ _____ (postulate of the cell)
27. Life requires _____
28. Life contains _____ _____ meaning conditions must remain in a constant range
29. Life _____ itself, _____ and _____
30. _____ _____ the father of modern genetics
31. _____ _____ declared that genes comes in pairs
32. Life _____ to become well suited to its environment and successfully _____
33. _____ _____ is the father of evolution
34. _____ _____ _____ debunked the _____ generation theory using _____ jars
35. 100x _____ _____ _____
36. _____ _____ _____ moves the _____ and should only be used in _____
_____objective
37. 10x _____ _____ _____
38. _____ _____ _____ slower than the _____ _____ _____ but has the same _____
39. _____ supports the body tube and is a part you can _____ when carrying the
microscope
40. _____ _____ is the movable part of the _____
41. _____ _____ _____ said that all animals are made of _____ in _____
42. 1st step: _____ on and _____ light
43. _____ _____ _____ also used _____ _____ _____ and _____ blood as samples
44. _____ generation theory
45. 2nd step: set to _____ _____ _____
46. _____ _____ _____ said that he saw _____ animals or _____, now known as _____
47. _____ _____ _____ debunked the _____ _____ theory
48. 40x _____ _____ _____
49. _____ _____ _____ used pond scum/water on a _____ made microscope
50. _____ is the lens in the upper part with 10x magnification
51. _____ upper part the _____ the eyepiece
52. _____ _____ is below the head and supports the _____ _____
53. 4x _____ _____
54. _____ horizontal platform where you can _____ the specimen
55. _____ / single cell
56. There are 2 types of _____ organisms, these are _____ and _____
57. _____ _____ is the english father of microscopy
58. _____ _____ said that the survival of organisms is determined by the ability to _____
59. _____ is the basic unit of life
60. _____ _____ _____ concluded that organisms can only arise from _____ organisms
