-----------------------------------------

SEMESTER IV
-----------------------------------------

Course title: Electricity and Magnetism

Nature of the course: Core
Course code: PHY-C-5
Total credit assigned: 4
Distribution of marks: 60 (End sem) + 40 (In-sem)
Course Description: This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental
principles of electromagnetism, focusing on both electrostatics and magnetostatics, as well as their
potential applications in various contexts. The curriculum covers the behavior of electric fields,
electric potential, and energy, exploring key concepts such as Gauss' law, Laplace's and Poisson's
equations, and the method of images. It also delves into the dielectric properties of matter, the
principles of magnetostatics, and the magnetic properties of materials. The course also examines
electromagnetic induction, including Faraday's and Lenz's laws, and introduces Maxwell's equations.
In addition, students will study electrical circuits, network theorems, and their applications to both AC
and DC circuits. Through a combination of theoretical discussions and practical examples, this course
aims to build a strong foundation in electromagnetism and its relevance to real-world phenomena and
technological applications.
Course Objectives: The basic objective of this course is to
1. Introduce learners to the fundamental principles of electromagnetism.
2. Develop a basic understanding of electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic
induction.
3. Introduce learners to the dielectric properties of matter and the magnetic properties of
materials.
4. Acquaint learners with key topics including network theorems, AC and DC circuits, and their
potential applications in real-world problems.
Course Outcomes (COs): After completion of the course the students will be able to
CO1: Understand the fundamental laws of electromagnetism and their importance in Physics.
LO1.1: Define the key concepts of electric and magnetic fields.
LO1.2: Explain the basic laws of electrostatics, magnetostatics and electromagnetic
induction.
LO1.3: Describe the behavior of electric fields in matter and explain polarization phenomena.
LO1.4: Discuss magnetic properties of materials, including hysteresis, using B-H curves and
magnetization concepts.
CO2: Apply fundamental laws to solve practical problems.
LO2.1: Use Gauss’s law to solve problems involving symmetrical charge distributions.
LO2.2: Solve different problems based on Laplace’s, Poisson’s equations and method of
images.
CO3: Evaluate the behavior of electrical circuits and networks using different approaches
LO3.1: Apply Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems to simplify complex circuits.
LO3.2: Analyze AC circuits using Kirchhoff’s laws and solve for complex impedances
and reactance.

34
Correlations of Learning Outcomes and Course Outcomes with Level of Learning:
Factual Dimension Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Factual

Conceptual LO1.1 LO1.2

LO1.3
LO1.4
CO1
Procedural LO2.1 LO3.2 CO3
LO2.2
LO3.1
CO2
Metacognitive

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10
CO1 S M S S M M M M
CO2 S S S S S S M
CO3 S S S S S S S S
(S: Strong, M: Medium, W: Weak)

Course Contents:

Unit 1: Electrostatics
Electric Field, Electric Lines of Force, Electric Flux, Gauss’ Law with applications to charge
distributions with Spherical, Cylindrical and Planar symmetry. (L 6, H 6, M 6)
Conservative nature of Electrostatic Field, Electrostatic Potential, Laplace’s and Poisson equations,
The Uniqueness Theorem, Potential and Electric Field of a dipole, Force and Torque on a Dipole.
(L 5, H 5, M 5)
Electrostatic Energy of System of Charges, Electrostatic Energy of a Charged Sphere, Conductors in
an electrostatic field, Surface charge and force on a conductor, Capacitance of a system of charged
conductors, Parallel-plate Capacitor, Capacitance of an isolated conductor, Method of Images and its
application to (i) Plane Infinite Sheet and (ii) Sphere. (L 10, H 10, M 10)

Unit 2: Dielectric Properties of Matter

Electric Field in matter, Polarization, Polarization Charges, Electrical Susceptibility and Dielectric
Constant; Capacitor (parallel plate, spherical, cylindrical) filled with dielectric; Displacement vector
D, Relations between Electric field vector E, Polarization vector P and D, Gauss’ Law in dielectrics.
(L 8, H 8, M 8)
Unit 3: Magnetostatics
Magnetic force between current elements and definition of Magnetic Field B, Biot-Savart’s Law and
its simple applications (straight wire and circular loop), Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole and its

35
Dipole Moment (Analogy with Electric Dipole), Ampere’s Circuital Law and its application to
(i) Solenoid and (ii) Toroid, Properties of B: curl and divergence, Vector Potential, Lorentz Force Law,
Magnetic Force on (i) point charge (ii) current carrying wire (iii) between current elements, Torque
on a current loop in a uniform Magnetic Field. (L 10, H 10, M 10)
Torque on a current loop, Ballistic Galvanometer, Current and Charge Sensitivity, Electromagnetic
Damping, Logarithmic Damping, CDR. (L 3, M 3, H 3)

Unit 4: Magnetic Properties of Matter

Magnetization vector (M), Magnetic Intensity (H), Magnetic Susceptibility and permeability. Relation
between B, H and M. Ferromagnetism. B-H curve and hysteresis. (L 4, H 4, M 4)

Unit 5: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s Law, Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance, Reciprocity Theorem, Energy
stored in a Magnetic Field, Introduction to Maxwell’s Equations, Charge Conservation and
Displacement current. (L 6, H 6, M 6)

Unit 6: Electrical Circuits

AC Circuits, Kirchhoff’s Laws for AC circuits, Complex Reactance and Impedance, Series LCR
Circuit: (i) Resonance, (ii) Power Dissipation (iii) Quality Factor and (iv) Band Width. Parallel LCR
Circuit. (L 4, H 4, M 4)

Unit 7: Network Theorems

Ideal voltage and current Sources, Network Theorems: Thevenin Theorem, Norton Theorem,
Superposition Theorem, Reciprocity Theorem, Maximum Power Transfer theorem, Applications to
DC circuits. (L 4, H 4, M 4)

(Total Lectures 60, Total Contact Hours 60, Total Marks 60)

Recommended Readings:
1. Electricity, Magnetism & Electromagnetic Theory, S. Mahajan and Choudhury, Tata
McGraw.
2. Electricity and Magnetism, E. M. Purcell, McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, Pearson Education.
4. Feynman Lectures Vol.2, R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, M. Sands, Pearson Education.
5. Elements of Electromagnetics, M. N. O. Sadiku, Oxford University Press.
6. Electricity and Magnetism, J. H. Fewkes & J. Yarwood. Vol. I, Oxford University Press.

*************************************

36
Course title: Thermal Physics
Nature of the course: Core
Course code: PHY-C-6
Total credits: 4
Distribution of marks: 60 (End sem) + 40 (In-sem)

Course Description: This course covers fundamental thermodynamic principles and kinetic theory of
gasses. The course starts with the main laws of Thermodynamics, energy conservation, isothermal and
adiabatic processes, and the relationship between specific heats. Heat engines, Carnot cycles, and
entropy concepts are also explored thereafter. Thermodynamic potentials like internal energy,
enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy are studied, alongside Maxwell’s relations and their applications. The
kinetic theory section addresses the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, molecular collisions, and real
gas behavior. By course end, students will understand and will be able to apply thermodynamic
principles to various physical systems.

Course Objectives: Thermal physics is essential as it provides foundational knowledge of energy

transformation and conservation principles crucial for various scientific and engineering disciplines.
Understanding thermodynamics is crucial for designing and optimizing engineering systems like
engines, refrigerators, and power plants. The course is equipped to provide students with analytical
and problem-solving skills, enabling them to apply thermodynamic laws to real-world situations.
Additionally, thermodynamics intersects with fields like chemistry, biology, and materials science,
making it highly relevant for interdisciplinary applications. This course prepares students for advanced
studies and careers in science and engineering by equipping them with essential theoretical and
practical skills.

Course Outcomes (COs): After the completion of this course the students will be able to
CO1: Understand the fundamental principles of thermodynamics.
LO1.1: Define extensive and intensive thermodynamic variables and their significance.
LO1.2: Explain the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics and its role in defining temperature.
LO1.3: Interpret the First Law of Thermodynamics to analyze processes and calculate energy
changes.
CO2: Experiment with apparatus for practical thermodynamic applications.
LO2.1: Develop explanations for entropy changes in reversible and irreversible processes.
LO2.2: Illustrate the implications of entropy in the context of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.
CO3: Apply thermodynamic potentials and their applications.
LO3.1: Apply thermodynamic potentials such as internal energy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free
energy to solve problems.
LO3.2: Construct equations and relations using Clausius-Clapeyron and Ehrenfest equations.
LO3.3: Summarize the performance of various thermodynamic cycles.
CO4: Analyze the behavior of gases and related phenomena.
LO4.1: Describe the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and its significance.
LO4.2: Analyze the behavior of real gases using the Van der Waals equation.
LO4.3: Apply the Joule-Thomson effect to analyze gas cooling processes.
LO4.4: Distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes and their implications.
LO4.5: Identify the efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators using the Second Law of
Thermodynamics.

37
 LO4.6: Explain the concept of entropy and its role in energy transformations.

Correlations of Learning Outcomes and Course Outcomes with Level of Learning:

Factual Dimension Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Factual LO1.1 CO1, LO1.2 LO3.1, LO4.2
LO4.5
Conceptual LO1.3, LO2.1, CO4,
LO2.2, CO3, LO4.4
LO3.3, LO4.3
LO4.1,
Procedural LO4.6 CO2,
LO3.2
Metacognitive

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10
CO1 S S M M W W W W M W
CO2 S S M S M W W W M M
CO3 S S M S M W S M M S
CO4 S S M S M M S M W S
CO5 S S M S M W M M W M

(S: Strong, M: Medium, W: Weak)

Course Contents:

Thermodynamics
Unit 1: Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics
Extensive and intensive Thermodynamic Variables, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Zeroth Law of
Thermodynamics & Concept of Temperature, Temperature Coefficient of Resistance, Concept of
Work & Heat, Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, State Functions, First Law of Thermodynamics and its
differential form, Internal Energy, First Law & various processes, Applications of First Law: General
Relation between CP and CV, Work Done during Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes, Compressibility
and Expansion Coefficient. (L 8, H 8, M 8)

Unit 2: Second Law of Thermodynamics

Reversible and Irreversible process with examples. Conversion of Work into Heat and Heat into Work.
Heat Engines. Carnot’s Theorem, Carnot’s Cycle, Carnot engine & efficiency. Refrigerator &
coefficient of performance, 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements and
their Equivalence. Applications of Second Law of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamic Scale of
Temperature and its Equivalence to Perfect Gas Scale.
(L 10, H 10, M 10)

38
Unit 3: Entropy
Concept of Entropy, Clausius Theorem. Clausius Inequality, Second Law of Thermodynamics in terms
of Entropy. Entropy of a perfect gas. Principle of Increase of Entropy. Entropy Changes in Reversible
and Irreversible processes with examples. Entropy of the Universe. Temperature–Entropy diagrams
for Carnot’s Cycle. Third Law of Thermodynamics. Unattainability of Absolute Zero.
(L 7, H 7, M 7)
Unit 4: Thermodynamic Potentials
Thermodynamic Potentials: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibbs Free Energy.
Their Definitions, Properties and Applications. Surface Films and Variation of Surface Tension with
Temperature. Magnetic Work, Cooling due to adiabatic demagnetization, First and second order Phase
Transitions with examples, Clausius Clapeyron Equation and Ehrenfest equations. (L 7, H 7, M 7)

Unit 5: Maxwell’s Thermodynamic Relations

Derivations and applications of Maxwell’s Relations, Maxwell’s Relations: (i) Clausius Clapeyron
equation, (ii) Values of Cp-Cv, (iii) TdS Equations, (iv) Joule-Kelvin coefficient for Ideal and Van der
Waal Gases, (v) Energy equations, (vi) Change of Temperature during Adiabatic Process.
(L 7, H 7, M 7)
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Unit 6: Distribution of Velocities
Maxwell-Boltzmann Law of Distribution of Velocities in an Ideal Gas and its Experimental
Verification. Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines and Stern’s Experiment. Mean, RMS and Most
Probable Speeds. Degrees of Freedom. Law of Equipartition of Energy (No proof required). Specific
Heats of Gases. (L 7, H 7, M 7)

Unit 7: Molecular Collisions

Mean Free Path. Collision Probability. Estimates of Mean Free Path. Transport Phenomenon in Ideal
Gases: (i) Viscosity, (ii) Thermal Conductivity and (iii) Diffusion. Brownian Motion and its
Significance. (L 4, H 4, M 4)

Unit 8: Real Gasses

Behavior of Real Gases: Deviations from the Ideal Gas Equation. The Virial Equation. Andrew’s
Experiments on CO2 Gas. Critical Constants. Continuity of Liquid and Gaseous State. Vapour and
Gas. Boyle Temperature. Van der Waals Equation of State for Real Gases. Values of Critical
Constants. Law of Corresponding States. Comparison with Experimental Curves. P-V Diagrams. Free
Adiabatic Expansion of a Perfect Gas. Joule-Thomson Porous Plug Experiment. Joule-Thomson Effect
for Real and Van der Waal Gases. Temperature of Inversion. Joule- Thomson Cooling.
(L 10, H 10, M 10)

(Total Lectures 60, Total Contact Hours 60, Total Marks 60)

Recommended Readings:
1. Heat and Thermodynamics, M.W. Zemansky and R. Dittman,McGraw-Hill.
2. A Treatise on Heat, M. Saha, and B. N. Srivastava, Indian Press.
3. Thermal Physics, S. Garg, R. Bansal and Ghosh, Tata McGraw-Hill.
4. Modern Thermodynamics with Statistical Mechanics, C. S. Helrich, Springer.

39
 5. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory & Statistical Thermodynamics, Sears & Salinger,
Narosa.
6. Concepts in Thermal Physics, S. J. Blundell and K. M. Blundell, 2012, Oxford
University Press.
7. Thermal Physics, A. Kumar and S. P. Taneja, R. Chand Publications.

********************************

Course title: Elements of Modern Physics

Course code: PHY-C-7
Nature of the course: Core
Total credits: 4
Distribution of marks: 60 (End sem) + 40 (In-sem)

Course Description: This course offers the fundamental principles of Physics from classical to
quantum realms beginning by the nature of blackbody radiation, applying Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan-
Boltzmann law, and understanding the implications of Wien’s displacement and distribution laws. It
will explore deeper into quantum theory with investigations into the photoelectric effect, Compton
scattering, and the wave-particle duality, including the De Broglie wavelength and matter waves.
Moreover, to analyze nuclear reactions, energy release mechanisms in fission and fusion, and their
applications in nuclear reactors and stellar energy processes will provide a comprehensive overview.
Overall, this course integrates theoretical knowledge with practical applications, preparing students
for advanced studies in physics and related disciplines.

Course Objectives:
1. To acquaint the learner with the theoretical developments of modern physics.
2. To deliver the key concepts of modern physics.
3. To impart the knowledge of nuclear physics.
4. To introduce the basics of laser physics.

Course Outcomes (COs): After the completion of this course the students will be able to
CO1: Analyze and apply concepts of both thermal radiation and quantum mechanics.
LO1.1: Explain and apply fundamental laws and principles such as blackbody
Radiation, Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, and Planck’s Quantum
Hypothesis.
LO1.2: Analyze the wave properties such as probability, amplitude, and functions.
CO2: Apply quantum mechanics principles.
LO2.1: Explain and apply the concept of wave-particle duality.
LO2.2: Use the uncertainty principle to estimate the minimum energy of confined particles.
CO3: Analyze of the fundamental properties of atomic nuclei.
LO3:1: Examine the theoretical nuclear models like the Liquid Drop Model and the Nuclear
Shell Model.
LO3.2: Explain the nuclear stability, isotopic trends (N-Z graph), and the role of nuclear forces
in atomic nuclei.

40
 LO3.3: State advanced concepts such as mass defect, binding energy, nuclear spin, and
magnetic moment.
CO4: Assess the principles of laser physics.
LO4.1: State basic lasing elements and concepts such as population inversion, optical
pumping, and their role in achieving and maintaining laser operation.
LO4.2: Describe the operational principles of three-level and four-level lasers.
LO4.3: Distinguish the design considerations for different types of lasers and evaluate their
suitability for various applications in technology.

Correlations of Learning Outcomes and Course Outcomes with Level of Learning:

Factual Dimension Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Factual LO4.1
LO3.3
Conceptual LO1.1 LO2.2 LO1.2 CO4
LO2.1 CO2 LO2.3
LO3.2 LO3.1
LO4.2 LO4.3
CO1
CO3
Procedural
Metacognitive

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:

PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10
CO1 S M S S M M M M M M
CO2 S M S S S M S M M S
CO3 S S M M M M M S M S
CO4 S S M S M M S S S S

(S: Strong, M: Medium, W: Weak)

Course Contents:

Unit 1: Radiation Laws and Quantum Behaviours of Radiation

Blackbody Radiation, Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien’s Displacement law, Wien’s
Distribution Law, Rayleigh-Jeans Law, Ultraviolet Catastrophe, Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis,
Planck’s Constant. (L 7, H 7, M 7)
Quantum theory of Light- Photo-electric Effect and Compton Scattering. De Broglie Wavelength and
Matter Waves; Davisson-Germer experiment. Wave description of particles by wave packets. Group
and Phase Velocities and relation between them. Two-Slit experiment with electrons. Probability.
Wave Amplitude and Wave Functions. (L 9, H 9, M 9)

41
Unit 2: Quantum Mechanical Principles
Position measurement-gamma ray microscope thought experiment, Wave-particle duality, Heisenberg
uncertainty principle (Uncertainty relations involving Canonical pair of variables), Estimating
minimum energy of a confined particle using uncertainty principle, Energy-time uncertainty principle.
(L 6, H 6, M 6)
Unit 3: Basic Properties and Models of Nucleus
Basic properties of Atomic Nucleus: Structure, Size, Mass, Density, Charge, Mass Defect, Binding
Energy, Spin, Magnetic moment, Nonexistence of electrons in the nucleus as a consequence of the
Uncertainty Principle, Properties of Nuclear Force, N-Z Graph, Liquid Drop Model: Semi-empirical
Mass Formula, Nuclear Shell Model and Magic Numbers. (L 10, H 10, M 10)

Unit 4: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions

Radioactivity: Stability of the Nucleus; Law of Radioactive Decay; Mean-life and Half-life; Alpha
decay, Beta decay and Energy Spectrum, Pauli's Neutrino Hypothesis; Gamma Ray Emission,
Electron-Positron Pair Creation by Gamma Photons in the vicinity of a nucleus. (L 6, H 6, M 6)
Nuclear reaction, Q-value, conservation laws; Fission and Fusion; Fission- nature of fragments and
emission of neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with Uranium-235; Fusion and
Thermonuclear Reactions driving stellar energy (brief qualitative discussions). (L 14, H 14, M 14)

Unit 5: Basics of Lasers

Einstein’s A and B Coefficients, Metastable States, Spontaneous and Stimulated Emissions, Optical
Pumping and Population Inversion, Three-Level and Four-Level Lasers, Ruby Laser and He-Ne
Laser, Basic lasing. (L 8, H 8, M 8)

(Total Lectures 60, Total Contact Hours 60, Total Marks 60)

Recommended Readings:
1. Concepts of Modern Physics, A. Beiser, Tata McGraw-Hill.
2. Introduction to Modern Physics, F. K. Richtmyer, K. H. Kennard, J. N. Cooper,
Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D. J. Griffith, Pearson Education.
4. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Jewett and Serway,
Cengage Learning.
5. Modern Physics, G. Kaur, G. R. Pickrell, McGraw Hill.
6. Quantum Mechanics: Theory & Applications, A. K. Ghatak, S. Lokanathan,
Macmillan.
7. Modern Physics, J. R. Taylor, C. D. Zafiratos, M. A. Dubson, PHI Learning.
8. Theory and Problems of Modern Physics, Schaum's outline, R. Gautreau, W.
Savin, Tata McGraw-Hill.
9. Quantum Physics, Berkeley Physics, E. H. Wichman, Tata McGraw-Hill.

*************************************

42
Course title: Physics Lab II (Major)
Course code: PHY-C-8
Nature of the course: Core
Total credit assigned: 4
Distribution of marks: 60 (End sem) + 40 (In-sem)

Course Description: The course on Physics Lab II (Major) comprises experiments covering
Electricity and magnetism, thermal physics and modern physics.

Course Objectives: This course will enable the students to

1. Understand and appreciate the theory of modern physics as well as thermal physics and optics.
2. Develop the ability to relate the theories into everyday applications.

Course Outcomes (COs): At the completion of the course, the students will be able to
CO1: Understand the basic concepts in hands-on mode through the basic electricity and
magnetism. Thermal physics and modern physics experiments
LO1.1: Recall the concepts of series and Parallel LCR circuits
LO1.2: Explain the characteristics of RC circuit, Thevenin and Norton theorem
LO1.3: Recall the basics of thermal conductivity and thermos emf.
LO1.4: Explain the basics of lasers.
CO2: Experiment with various electrical circuits and electronic instruments.
LO2.1: Execute the experiment to measure the wavelength of He-Ne laser light.
LO2.2: Conduct the experiment to study photoelectric effect
LO2.3 Perform the experiment to determine Plank’s constant
CO3: Analyze different electronic components and circuits to understand its functioning and apply
LO3.1: Analyze Q factor and bandwidth
LO3.2: Analyze the frequency response curve to determine impedance and resonance

Correlations of Learning Outcomes and Course Outcomes with Level of Learning:

Factual Dimension Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create

Factual
Conceptual LO1.1 LO1.1 LO3.1
LO1.2 LO3.2
LO1.3
LO1.4
Procedural LO2.1
LO2.2
LO2.3
Metacognitive

43
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10
CO1 S S M M M M S M M M
CO2 S S M S M M M M M M
CO3 M S M S M M S M M M
(S: Strong, M: Medium, W: Weak)

Lists of Experiments:
Unit 1: Electricity and Magnetism
1. To study the characteristics of a series RC circuit.
2. To determine an unknown Low Resistance using Potentiometer/Carey Foster’s Bridge.
3. To verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems.
4. To verify the Superposition, and Maximum power transfer theorems.
5. To determine self-inductance of a coil by Anderson’s bridge.
6. To study the response curve of a series and parallel LCR circuit and determine its (a) Resonant
frequency (b) Impedance at resonance, (c) Quality factor Q, and (d) Band width.
7. Measurement of charge and current sensitivity and CDR of Ballistic Galvanometer
8. Determine a high resistance by leakage method using Ballistic Galvanometer.

Unit 2: Thermal Physics

1. To determine Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, J by Callender and Barne’s constant flow
method.
2. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of Cu by Searle’s
Apparatus/Angstrom’s Method.
3. To determine the Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee and
Charlton’s disc method.
4. To determine the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance by Platinum Resistance Thermometer
(PRT).
5. To study the variation of Thermo-Emf of a Thermocouple with Difference of Temperature of
its Two Junctions.

Unit 3: Modern Physics

1. Measurement of Planck’s constant using black body radiation and photo-detector.
2. Photo-electric effect: photo current versus intensity and wavelength of light; maximum energy
of photo-electrons versus frequency of light.
3. To determine the work function of the material of filament of directly heated vacuum diodes.
4. To determine the Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different colors.
5. To determine the ionization potential of mercury.
6. To determine the value of e/m by (a) Magnetic focusing or (b) Bar magnet.
7. To set up the Millikan oil drop apparatus and determine the charge of an electron.
8. To determine the wavelength of a laser source using diffraction of a single slit and double slit.
9. To determine (i) wavelength and (ii) angular spread of He-Ne laser using plane diffraction
grating.

44
 (Total Practical Classes 60, Total Contact Hours 120, Total Marks 60)

At least 60% of the experiments must be performed from each unit.

Recommended Readings:
1. Advanced Practical Physics for students, B. L. Flint and H. T. Worsnop, Asia Publishing
House.
2. A Text Book of Practical Physics, I. Prakash & Ramakrishna, Kitab Mahal.
3. Advanced Level Physics Practicals, M. Nelson and Jon M. Ogborn, Heinemann Educational
Publishers.
4. A Laboratory Manual of Physics for undergraduate classes, D. P. Khandelwal, Vani
Publication.

*************************************

45
 FOUR YEARS UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAMME IN MATHEMATICS
DETAILED SYLLABUS OF 4th SEMESTER

Title of the Course : Algebra

Course Code : MINMTH4
Nature of the Course : MINOR
Total Credits : 04 (L=3, T=1, P=0)
Distribution of Marks : 60 (End Sem) + 40 (In-Sem)

Course Objectives: The objectives of this Course are to -

• Describe various algebraic structures on sets.
• Identify the algebraic structures present in different branches of Sciences.

Total
UNITS CONTENTS L T P
Hours
I Definition and examples of groups, examples of abelian and 12 04 - 16
(19 Marks) non-abelian groups, the group 𝑍𝑛 of integers modulo n
under addition modulo n and the group U(𝑛) of units under
multiplication modulo n. Complex roots of unity, circle
group, the general linear group 𝐺𝐿(𝑛, 𝑅) , groups of
symmetries of (i) an isosceles triangle, (ii) an equilateral
triangle, (iii) a rectangle, and (iv) a square, symmetric
groups, Group of quaternions.
II Subgroups, cyclic subgroups, order of an element, the 09 03 - 12
(11 Marks) concept of a subgroup generated by a subset and the
commutator subgroup of group, examples of subgroups
including the center of a group. Cosets, Index of subgroup.
III Lagrange’s theorem, Normal subgroups: their definition, 09 03 12
(11 Marks) examples, and characterizations, Quotient groups.

IV Definition and examples of rings, examples of commutative 15 05 - 20

(19 Marks) and non-commutative rings: rings from number systems, 𝑍𝑛
the ring of integers modulo n, ring of real quaternions, rings
of matrices, polynomial rings, and rings of continuous
functions. Subrings and ideals, Integral domains and fields,
examples of fields: 𝑍𝑝 , 𝑄, 𝑅, and 𝐶.

Total 45 15 - 60

Where, L: Lectures T: Tutorials P: Practicals

MODES OF IN-SEMESTER ASSESSMENT: (40 Marks)

• One Internal Examination - 20 Marks

• Others (any two or more) - 20 Marks

77
 o Seminar presentation on any of the relevant topics
o Assignment
o Group Discussion
o Quiz
o Viva-Voce

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
After the completion of this course, the learner will be able to:
• Describe the fundamental concept of Groups, Subgroups and related theorems.
• Apply the fundamental concept of Rings, Fields, Subrings, Integral domains.

TEXTBOOKS:
1. Gallian J. A., Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th Ed., Narosa, 1999.
2. Musili C., Introduction to Rings and Modules, Narosa Publishing House, 2nd Edition, 1997.

REFERENCE BOOK:
1. Fraleigh J. B., A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Ed., Pearson, 2002.

78