MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS & FINANCE

APPLYING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TO

ENSURE TRANSPARENCY IN THE
AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN

GROUP: GEMINI

LECTURER : ĐẶNG THANH TUẤN

TP. HỒ CHÍ MINH, 2024

 Members of Group
1 Lê Đình Hoàng Nam
2 Trần Tiến Đình
3 Nguyễn Trần Tiến Khải
4 Dương Thị Thuỳ Ninh
5 Tống Lương Anh Duy
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents................................................................................................i

Table of Figures................................................................................................iv

Table of Table....................................................................................................iv

Chapter 1: Introduction......................................................................................1

1.1: Introduction to the Topic.........................................................................1

1.2: Reasons for Choosing the Topic..............................................................2

1.3: Research Objectives................................................................................3

1.4: Research Scope.......................................................................................3

1.5: Research Methods/Tools Used................................................................3

Chapter 2: Theoretical basis...............................................................................5

2.1: Definition of procurement.......................................................................5

2.2: Role of procurement in business.............................................................5

2.3: Procurement Process...............................................................................7

2.4: Factors Influencing Procurement Activities..........................................10

2.4.1. Procurement practices....................................................................11

2.4.2. Supplier selection procedures.........................................................12

2.4.3. Challenges......................................................................................13

2.5: Effective Procurement Strategies..........................................................13

Chapter 3: Analysis of the Current Procurement Activities in the Enterprise..17

3.1: Introduction to the Automotive Industry and Its History......................17

3.2: Current Procurement Activities in the Automotive Industry.................17

 3.2.1. Description of the Current Procurement Process...........................17

3.2.2. Procurement Policies and Procedures............................................18

3.3: Technologies Used in Automotive Procurement...................................19

3.3.1. Current Technologies.....................................................................19

3.3.2. Strengths and Weaknesses..............................................................20

3.3.3. Challenges and Difficulties............................................................21

Chapter 4: Proposed solutions to improve purchasing activities.....................23

4.1: Current Issues in Global Procurement in the Automotive Industry......23

4.2: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Enhancing Supply Chain

Transparency.........................................................................................................24

4.2.1. Core Features of Blockchain and Their Suitability........................24

4.2.2. Applications of Blockchain in Automotive Supply Chain.............25

4.3: Proposed Blockchain-Based Solutions to Improve Global Procurement

Operations.............................................................................................................26

4.4: Measuring the Effectiveness of the Proposed Option...........................28

4.4.1. Indicators to Measure Improved Transparency and Traceability:..28

4.4.2. Indicators for Evaluating Improved Efficiency and Reduced Costs:

...........................................................................................................................29

4.4.3. Indicators for Improving Supplier Relationships and Mitigating

Risks:.................................................................................................................29

4.5: Benefits of the Proposed Solutions.......................................................30

Chapter 5: Conclusion......................................................................................31

5.1: Summary of Findings............................................................................31

5.2: Contributions of the Research...............................................................31

5.3: Limitations of the Research and Future Research Directions...............32

 5.4: Conclusion............................................................................................32

References........................................................................................................33
 Table of Figures

Figure 2-1: 9 Steps in Procurement Process......................................................7

Figure 2-2: Conceptual framework..................................................................10

Table of Table

Table 3-1: Performance comparison between before and after Blockchain.....28

 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Introduction to the Topic

Blockchain technology is one of the most advanced technologies today, with

the potential to revolutionize numerous industries. In the context of an increasingly
complex global supply chain and the growing issues of traceability and counterfeit
goods, how can the automotive industry ensure transparency and build consumer
trust? Blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology, is a
decentralized, distributed ledger system that records information securely and
transparently through a chain of linked blocks. With features such as immutability,
transparency, and high security, Blockchain has attracted the attention of many
industries, including the automotive sector. The automotive industry, with its
complex global supply chain and the involvement of numerous stakeholders, faces
many challenges such as the traceability of components, quality management, anti-
counterfeiting, and ensuring transparency throughout the entire process. Blockchain
technology promises to offer breakthrough solutions to these challenges by creating
a secure, transparent, and traceable data recording system for the entire supply
chain. Applying Blockchain to ensure transparency in the supply chain not only
helps automotive companies enhance operational efficiency but also strengthens
consumer trust and creates a more sustainable automotive market. This topic will
focus on researching and analyzing the potential application of Blockchain
technology to address transparency issues in the automotive supply chain.

Procurement plays a pivotal role in the operation and success of any business.
It is not merely the process of purchasing goods or services, but also a crucial link
that directly impacts many core aspects of a company. Firstly, procurement is vital
in ensuring the supply of raw materials, components, and services necessary for the
production process and business operations. A stable and reliable supply chain is a
solid foundation for maintaining continuous operations and avoiding disruptions
that affect progress and efficiency. Furthermore, procurement plays an essential role

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in meeting customer needs. By understanding the needs of production and the
market, the procurement department can identify and provide suitable raw materials
and components, ensuring that the final product meets customer expectations in
terms of quality, features, and timeliness. In summary, the importance of
procurement cannot be denied; it is a key factor in ensuring the stability, efficiency,
and sustainable development of a business.

1.2: Reasons for Choosing the Topic

The automotive industry is one of the largest and most complex industries
globally, characterized by an extensive global supply chain and the involvement of
numerous stakeholders. This complexity harbors many challenges, particularly
concerning transparency, the ability to trace the origin of components and materials,
as well as risk management throughout the entire production and distribution
process.

With a supply chain that spans from the extraction of raw materials to the
assembly and distribution of the final product, ensuring accurate and complete
information is becoming increasingly difficult. This creates gaps in transparency,
making it complex and costly to trace the origin of parts, verify product authenticity,
and manage issues related to quality, safety, or regulations.

Therefore, the search for advanced technological solutions to enhance

transparency, improve traceability, and increase the effectiveness of risk
management in the automotive supply chain is a pressing issue with high practical
significance. Blockchain technology, with its superior characteristics of
immutability, transparency, and data security, has emerged as a potential solution to
address these challenges. Researching and applying Blockchain in the specific
context of the automotive industry promises to bring significant benefits, from
improving operational efficiency and reducing fraud to enhancing consumer trust.
For these reasons, the choice of the topic "Applying Blockchain Technology to
Ensure Transparency in the Automotive Supply Chain" is a valuable research
direction and is relevant to the current context.

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1.3: Research Objectives

This research aims to achieve the following objectives:

- To investigate how Blockchain technology can be applied to improve

transparency in the automotive supply chain. This includes exploring the
aspects where Blockchain can be implemented to enhance traceability,
information tracking, and secure and transparent data sharing among
stakeholders within the supply chain.
- To propose specific solutions for optimizing procurement activities and
supply chain management through the application of Blockchain technology.
This objective aims to identify the practical applications of Blockchain that
can effectively enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and improve work processes
in the procurement and supply chain management of the automotive industry.

1.4: Research Scope

- Research Subjects: This research focuses on businesses operating in the

automotive industry, particularly automotive manufacturers and component
suppliers within the supply chain.
- Research Space: The automotive supply chain on a global scale.

1.5: Research Methods/Tools Used

- Research Methods: Conducting the collection, study, and analysis of

documents related to Blockchain technology, the application of Blockchain
in other industries, especially in supply chains, as well as documents on the
automotive industry and issues related to transparency and supply chain
management. These documents include books, research reports, scientific
articles, specialized articles, and online materials.
- Tools Used:
o Academic Search Engines: Utilizing specialized search engines such
as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus to efficiently and
comprehensively search for scientific articles and related research.

3
o Grammar and Spell Check Tools: Employing tools like Grammarly or
the grammar and spell check features integrated into word processing
software to ensure the accuracy and professionalism of the writing.
o Document Management Software: Utilizing tools such as Evernote,
OneNote, or other document management software to organize, store,
and manage research documents, notes, and collected information
systematically. This facilitates easy access and reference to
information throughout the research process.

4
 Chapter 2: Theoretical basis
2.1: Definition of procurement

Procurement is a business management function responsible for identifying,

sourcing, accessing, and managing the external resources an organization requires to
achieve its strategic goals.

It serves to explore supply market opportunities and implement resourcing

strategies that optimize supply outcomes for the organization, its stakeholders, and
customers. Procurement integrates both the science and art of external resource and
supply management, drawing upon a body of knowledge interpreted by skilled
practitioners and professionals.

Additionally, Procurement is a proactive, strategic corporate function that

ensures a continuous supply of goods and services to support world-class
organizational performance.

It also manages supply chain risks through effective contract negotiation, cost
and pricing strategies, quality control, and other critical supply factors.

2.2: Role of procurement in business

Procurement is an essential part of any business operation, whether small or

large. It is the process of obtaining goods and services from suppliers to meet the
needs of an organization. Procurement involves finding the right suppliers,
negotiating prices, and ensuring timely delivery of products or services.

 Cost savings: by finding the right suppliers and negotiating prices,

procurement can help businesses save money on their purchases. This is
especially important for businesses that have a tight budget. Procurement can
also help businesses identify areas where they can reduce costs and improve
efficiency.

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  Maintain the quality of goods and services: by selecting reliable and
reputable suppliers, businesses can ensure that the products or services they
receive meet their quality standards. Procurement can also help businesses
identify suppliers who are compliant with industry regulations and standards.
 Manage risks: by conducting due diligence on suppliers, businesses can
identify any potential risks or issues before they become a problem. This
includes assessing suppliers' financial stability, reputation, and ability to meet
delivery deadlines. Procurement can also help businesses develop
contingency plans to manage any potential risks.
 Enhance supplier relationships: by working closely with suppliers,
businesses can build strong relationships based on mutual trust and respect.
This can lead to better communication, more favorable pricing, and
improved delivery times. Strong supplier relationships can also help
businesses develop new products or services and improve their overall
competitiveness.
 Improve the overall efficiency of an organization: by streamlining the
procurement process, businesses can reduce the time and resources required
to obtain goods and services. This includes automating procurement
processes, implementing e-procurement systems, and using data analytics to
optimize procurement strategies. This can result in significant cost savings
and improved productivity.

In conclusion, procurement is an important function in any business operation.

It helps businesses save money, maintain quality, manage risks, enhance supplier
relationships, and improve overall efficiency. By investing in procurement,
businesses can improve their bottom line and gain a competitive advantage in their
industry.

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 2.3: Procurement Process

Figure 2-1: 9 Steps in Procurement Process

Step 1: Identify Business Needs

The first step in procurement is determining what goods or services the

company requires. This could involve acquiring a new item, restocking existing
inventory, or renewing a service subscription. Businesses must define detailed
specifications, such as technical requirements, materials, part numbers, or service
features. Consulting all relevant departments ensures that procurement decisions
align with organizational needs.

Step 2: Submit a Purchase Request

Employees or departments needing significant supplies or services submit a

formal purchase request (also called a purchase requisition). This request, reviewed

7
by managers or the purchasing team, outlines key details such as quantity, price
estimates, and required timeframes. If approved, the procurement team moves
forward with vendor selection and purchasing.

Step 3: Evaluate and Choose Vendors

With a clear set of requirements and an approved request, the purchasing team
identifies potential vendors and sends a Request for Quote (RFQ). To ensure a fair
comparison, RFQs should be as detailed as possible. Vendor evaluation considers
factors beyond price, including reputation, reliability, quality, and delivery speed.
Many companies also assess ethical and sustainability standards to align
procurement with corporate values.

Step 4: Negotiate Price and Terms

A best practice is to obtain at least three quotes before making a decision.

Carefully review each quote and negotiate pricing, payment terms, and contract
conditions as needed. If an agreement is reached, ensure all terms are documented
in writing before proceeding.

Step 5: Issue a Purchase Order (PO)

Once a vendor is selected, the purchasing team creates and submits a purchase
order to confirm the transaction. The PO should specify the exact goods or services
required, ensuring clarity for both the company and the supplier.

Step 6: Receive and Inspect Goods or Services

Upon delivery, thoroughly inspect the received items for accuracy and quality.
Verify that the order matches the PO and that all goods meet or exceed expectations.
Any discrepancies should be addressed immediately.

Step 7: Conduct Three-Way Matching

To prevent errors and unauthorized payments, the accounts payable team

performs a three-way matching process. This involves comparing the purchase

8
order, order receipt (or packing list), and invoice to ensure consistency. Any
discrepancies must be resolved before proceeding with payment.

Step 8: Approve Invoice and Process Payment

If the three-way match is accurate, the invoice is approved and payment is

arranged. Businesses should establish a standardized invoice approval and payment
process to ensure timely transactions, avoid late fees, and maintain strong supplier
relationships.

Step 9: Maintain Procurement Records

Keeping detailed records of the procurement process—including purchase

requests, negotiations, invoices, and receipts—is essential for future reference.
These records support efficient reordering, auditing, and cost analysis, contributing
to better financial and operational management.

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 2.4: Factors Influencing Procurement Activities

Figure 2-2: Conceptual framework

The basic framework of the study on the evaluation of elements for an

efficient public sector procurement process is shown in Figure 2.1. Procurement
planning and supplier selection are thought to be two of the key components of the
procurement process that allow the public sector to deliver high-quality services. It
is also believed that a number of issues, including politics, a lack of supplier
relationships management systems, a lack of resources, a lack of professionalism,
corruption, and a lack of training, make it difficult for the procurement process to
effectively ensure the delivery of services.

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 2.4.1. Procurement practices

By ensuring the purpose of procurement planning with an effective

procurement process implemented, organizations may assure transparency,
efficiency, and accountability in their procurement process, resulting in value for
money. The process of identifying, combining, and establishing the timelines for the
acquisition of requirements with the goal of having them as and when needed is
known as procurement planning (Davis 2019). An effective procurement plan will
outline the steps involved in finding and choosing suppliers, contractors, and
consultants. As part of the planning process, procurement planning is done.
According to Mothopi (2022), the main idea behind procurement is that careful
planning, timing, and large purchases lead to cost savings, more effective corporate
operations, and better value for the money.

The public sector is supposed to employ regulations to guarantee that the

procurement process is carried out correctly, which can make the process easier and
more efficient. Brown (2020) suggested that an organization might start using the
regulation as a system and process for business efficiency, greater information
access, flexibility, and time saving in order to build the strategic advantage.
Organizations that use contract management and regulations to streamline the
procurement strategy and process will improve procurement performance by
making timely purchases. Regulation helps a PE save money by preventing delays
in the entire procurement planning process (Brown, 2020).

During the procurement process, the procurement entity must collect a list of
organizational needs in order to generate quantity and cost estimates, hence
increasing cost competitiveness and time savings. Francis (2020). As a highly
valued benefit, PE must rationally develop its annual procurement plan with cost
reduction in mind. Using electronic procurement, which optimizes the procurement
process and reduces costs to achieve effectiveness, PE should manage the cost of
annual planning. Matto (2021) concurred that PE should strive for cost reduction
and value for money in their yearly procurement plan. Consequently, good

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procurement planning through the use of e-procurement maximizes cost and
improves the process' efficacy.

2.4.2. Supplier selection procedures

Selecting a supplier is the most important aspect of an organization's

performance since it can impact the demands' availability, quality, pricing, and
delivery dependability (Wachiuri, 2019). To guarantee that the bidding process is
fair and transparent to the procurement process, effective supplier selection is
crucial.
In both public and commercial businesses, tendering is a crucial component of
effective supply chain management of goods and services. The effective
procurement procedure is to blame for this (Martinez & Gomez, 2022). Time
management in the procurement process, increased compliance with legal
framework and processes, reduced tender cycle time, and enhanced transparency
and accuracy are all made possible by fair tendering.

According to Taherdoost and Brand (2019), improved communication in the

procurement process guarantees both information accessibility and an organization's
efficiency in the process. Procurement specialists can also create comprehensive
tender contracts, disseminate tender reports, and award tenders online thanks to
communication. Contracting authorities can take part in choosing the right supplier
when there is adequate communication. To maximize value and lower risk, an
efficient supplier relationship necessitates cooperation, communication, and the
development of trust; this leads to an effective procurement process. Workflows are
streamlined and flexibility and transparency in the buyer-seller relationship are
improved through supplier selection (Taherdoost & Brand, 2019).

Good communication can result in better relationships between buyers and

suppliers as well as the accomplishment of strategic procurement goals that increase
procurement performance. According to the survey, an efficient procurement
process depends on a fair and transparent tendering process with good
communication that strengthens the supplier-buyer relationship.

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 2.4.3. Challenges

According to Singida et al. (2019), procurement planning is significantly

impacted by top management's support; for this reason, it is crucial to ascertain how
management affects the procurement process. Since the decisions made are
inappropriate for the circumstances and character of the company, the top
management has the authority to postpone the procurement process. Procurement
process effectiveness is ensured by knowledgeable and skilled top management.

Effective decision-making is crucial at every stage of the procurement process

in order to lower risk management. For the company to maintain an efficient
procurement process, competent decision-making is essential. If decisions are not
well-made by the organization's management, they may impede the procurement
process (Addo, 2019).

Utilizing technology to streamline the procurement process is crucial for an

organization. Since technology makes it easier for public entities to be transparent
and accountable, it enhances the performance of public procurement, claims Taylor
(2020). Technology is a versatile and affordable solution to the problem that is
impeding the supplier process. Therefore, the procurement process will be less
difficult and more effective if senior management ensures that decisions are made
effectively.

2.5: Effective Procurement Strategies

 Supplier relationship management (SRM)

In the management and maintenance of relationships between a buyer and

supplier, supplier relationship management (SRM) is one way for organisations to
connect the supply chain and key suppliers with the strategic interest of the
organisation.

A well-designed SRM programme can help companies increase their

collaboration and identify the right kind of suppliers suited to their business,

13
product and beliefs. It can also help to improve cost optimisation, top-line growth,
supplier innovation, and process improvements.

 Strategic sourcing

Compared to traditional sourcing methods, strategic sourcing is a long-term

process seeking to create the best value possible while looking at the total cost of
ownership. Strategic sourcing is a targeted approach to procurement that requires a
continuous re-evaluation of sourcing activities, analysis of markets, and recognising
of the goals of the organisation. With strategic sourcing, organisations can make
their procurement processes less short-sighted and cost-focused. Instead, they can
develop a flexible and agile system adding to the overall value and long-term goals
of the organisation.

 Cost reduction

While other factors have risen in priority over the years cost reductions remain
among one of the top priorities for organisations, with many turning to technology
implementation, strategic sourcing, sustainability, and many other wider strategies
to further the overall cost reduction strategy.

 Risk management

It seems that you can’t have procurement and supply chains without ‘risk’, and
in recent years, risk and disruption have become more commonplace. With
increased volatility, organisations need to be prepared to flexibly navigate
uncertainty and risk. By implementing an effective risk management strategy,
organisations can make better and more informed decisions, reduce disruption,
increase resilience, improve supplier relationships, and better compliance.

 Supplier diversity

With 9 in 10 organisations expected to maintain or increase supplier

diversity strategies, they are no longer shy when it comes to promoting their

14
supplier diversity programmes. An essential procurement strategy, supplier diversity
is crucial to drive innovation, expand into new markets, and foster a more equitable
business climate. It can also drive economic growth and job creation especially for
communities often overlooked.

Other benefits of supplier diversity include an increased competitive

advantage, greater inclusion, and further sustainability efforts.

 Digital transformation

No longer a buzzword or nice to have, digital transformation is the way

forward for competitive organisations and those looking to stay ahead of the curve.
Blockchain, AI, automation, Generative AI and many more are breaking through the
siloed and old-school approaches to procurement to drive greater efficiencies, cost
reductions, risk management, compliance, sustainability and real-time visibility.

 Strategic negotiation

The bones of any procurement function are the negotiation of contracts and
supply. Those organisations looking to have a competitive edge in their industry are
moving beyond the traditional approach to negotiations and being much more
strategic.

Building on supplier diversity and SRM, strategic negotiation looks to build

strategic relationships with suppliers, vendors and stakeholders to create a win-win
situation. With this approach, organisations can benefit from cost optimisation,
collaboration, and visibility.

 Demand Forecasting

With the rise in volatility and disruption, the more information procurement
can collect the more accurately the function can make decisions. With demand
forecasting organisations can plan raw material retention, manufacturing, allocation
of resources, revise pricing, and expedite fulfilment.

15
 By being more strategic in demand forecasting and the implementation of
technology, organisations can reduce risk, improve budgets and costs, improve
customer service and reduce downtime.

16
 Chapter 3: Analysis of the Current Procurement Activities
in the Enterprise
3.1: Introduction to the Automotive Industry and Its History

The automotive industry is one of the key economic sectors, contributing

significantly to GDP and providing employment for millions of workers worldwide.
The history of the automotive industry dates back to the late 19th century with the
invention of the first automobiles by Karl Benz. Since then, the industry has
witnessed tremendous advancements in manufacturing technology, supply chain
management, and modern procurement strategies.

3.2: Current Procurement Activities in the Automotive Industry

3.2.1. Description of the Current Procurement Process

Procurement activities in the automotive industry involve several crucial

stages:

1. Identifying Component Needs:

o The production and business planning departments collaborate to
determine the required components based on production forecasts and
market demand.
o Factors such as quantity, quality, cost, and delivery time are
considered to develop a procurement plan.
2. Supplier Selection:
o Companies search for, evaluate, and select potential suppliers.
o This process includes analyzing production capacity, product quality,
pricing, delivery timelines, and compliance with technical standards.
o Many companies utilize bidding processes or establish strategic
partnerships with suppliers.
3. Negotiation and Contract Signing:

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 o Once a suitable supplier is selected, companies negotiate pricing,
payment terms, delivery schedules, and other contractual
commitments.
o Contracts are signed to ensure mutual benefits and mitigate risks in
the procurement process.
4. Order Placement and Delivery Tracking:
o After contract signing, companies place official purchase orders with
suppliers.
o The procurement team monitors production progress, ensures quality
control before shipment, and tracks transportation status to ensure
timely delivery.
5. Inspection, Acceptance, and Payment:
o Upon delivery, the quality control department inspects the
components to ensure compliance with the agreed standards.
o If the components meet the requirements, payment is processed as per
contract terms.
o If quality issues arise, goods may be returned or replaced.
6. Supplier Performance Evaluation:
o After each transaction, companies evaluate supplier performance
based on criteria such as product quality, delivery time, contract
compliance, and collaboration ability.
o This evaluation influences future procurement decisions.
3.2.2. Procurement Policies and Procedures

1. Quality Control Policy:

o Companies implement strict quality standards for purchased
components and materials.
o Quality requirements are clearly defined in supplier contracts, along
with rigorous pre-warehouse inspection procedures.
2. Supplier Evaluation and Selection Procedures:

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 o Suppliers undergo an initial evaluation, including assessments of
production capacity, quality certifications, financial stability, and
reputation.
o Common evaluation criteria include supply stability, adherence to
technical standards, and competitive pricing.
o Regular inspections are conducted to ensure consistent supplier
performance.
3. Transparent Procurement Policy:
o Companies adopt open procurement processes, using bidding systems
or transparent supplier selection methods to ensure fairness and
reduce fraud risks.
4. Strategic Partnership Policy:
o Companies establish long-term relationships with reliable suppliers to
ensure supply chain stability.
o Strategic suppliers may receive benefits such as long-term contracts or
technological support to enhance collaboration efficiency.
5. Ordering and Progress Monitoring Procedures:
o Orders are tracked through Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
systems, allowing companies to accurately manage quantities,
delivery schedules, and shipment status.
o Suppliers are responsible for updating delivery progress so that
companies can adjust their production plans accordingly.
6. Risk Management and Supply Chain Monitoring Policy:
o Companies implement contingency plans to mitigate risks such as
delivery delays, raw material price fluctuations, or supplier-related
disruptions.
o Technologies like Blockchain are used to enhance transparency and
traceability in the supply chain.
3.3: Technologies Used in Automotive Procurement

3.3.1. Current Technologies

a) ERP Systems

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 Automotive ERP is a specialized software solution designed to meet the
unique needs and challenges of the automotive industry.

It serves as a centralized platform that integrates and manages various

business functions across the automotive value chain, including manufacturing,
supply chain management, finance, sales, and customer service.

By unifying production planning, inventory management, procurement, and

customer relationship management into a single platform, ERP fosters flexibility
and responsiveness in addressing market demands.

b) Internet of Things (IoT)

IoT refers to a network of interconnected devices that collect, exchange, and

analyze data to automate and optimize processes.

In the automotive industry, IoT solutions are used to track production cycles,
manage warehouses, and optimize inventory.

By connecting with various sensors, automotive manufacturers can collect

extensive data from users and vehicles, helping them identify new opportunities and
improve product quality.

c) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI streamlines production lines through automation, quality control, and

supply chain optimization, leading to cost savings and improved product quality.

AI enables the analysis, visualization, and exploration of data connections

between vehicles, drivers, and manufacturing activities.

This helps supply chain management adjust volumes and routes as needed to
meet demand or optimize delivery schedules.

3.3.2. Strengths and Weaknesses

a) Strengths

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 Automotive ERP software ensures data accuracy and real-time information
distribution across multiple business functions.
 By integrating data from various sources into a unified platform, ERP creates
a single source of truth, enhancing decision-making confidence.
 Real-time data updates in ERP enable immediate monitoring of key
performance indicators such as production efficiency, inventory levels, and
supply chain disruptions.
 AI enhances demand forecasting accuracy, optimizes costs, and detects
procurement fraud.
 AI analyzes procurement data, consumption history, and market trends to
optimize purchasing plans.
 IoT enables companies to track component locations and conditions
throughout the supply chain.
 IoT sensors automatically update inventory levels, minimizing shortages or
overstocking.
b) Weaknesses

 All three solutions require significant initial investment for software

licensing, deployment, training, and customization.
 Skilled personnel are needed: Employees must be trained to operate and
maximize ERP system efficiency.
 Long implementation time: Integrating ERP can be time-consuming,
potentially disrupting business and production activities initially.
 Integration challenges with legacy systems: Some companies struggle to
connect IoT with existing management systems.
 Lack of flexibility: Some AI algorithms may not adapt quickly to sudden
market changes or unprecedented situations in historical data.
3.3.3. Challenges and Difficulties

1. Lack of Transparency in the Supply Chain:

o Makes quality control difficult.
o Leads to fraud in reporting and procurement transactions.

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2. Difficulties in Tracking Component Origins:
o Challenges in ensuring compliance with component origin
regulations.
o Hinders defect tracing when quality issues arise.
3. Risks from Unreliable Suppliers:
o Susceptibility to delays or supply chain disruptions.
o Impacts production schedules and company reputation.

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 Chapter 4: Proposed solutions to improve purchasing
activities
4.1: Current Issues in Global Procurement in the Automotive Industry

Lack of End-to-End Visibility and Traceability: One of the key challenges in

the automotive supply chain is the difficulty in tracking components from raw
material extraction to final product. This lack of visibility hinders proactive
identification and resolution of issues. Research shows that only a small percentage
of companies report having full visibility into their supply chains. The lack of
transparency in the current automotive supply chain leads to reactive problem
solving, increases risk, and makes it difficult to ensure ethical and sustainable
practices. Without the ability to monitor and share information in real time,
manufacturers are often unaware of issues until they escalate, making it more
difficult to take timely corrective actions.

Risks Associated with Counterfeit Components and Quality Control:

Fragmented supply chains increase the risk of counterfeit components entering the
supply chain, making it difficult to identify them. The use of substandard or
counterfeit components can lead to safety and financial issues. Tracing the origin of
defective components also becomes more complex, making it difficult to manage
product recalls. The prevalence of counterfeit components not only poses a safety
risk, but also damages brand reputation and increases the cost of product recalls,
emphasizing the need for robust authentication mechanisms. The inability to easily
verify the authenticity of components creates opportunities for counterfeiters to
enter the supply chain, leading to potentially dangerous consequences for
consumers and financial losses for manufacturers.

Inefficiencies and Complexity in Supplier Relationship Management:

Managing relationships with a large number of multi-tiered suppliers poses
significant challenges. A lack of transparency can hinder effective collaboration and

23
information sharing with suppliers. Ensuring supplier compliance with safety and
ethical standards also becomes more difficult. Traditional, linear, and often opaque
supplier relationships in the automotive industry hinder agility, innovation, and
effective risk management. A lack of clear communication and shared data makes it
difficult for OEMs to collaborate effectively with suppliers, leading to inefficiencies
and potential disruptions.

Cost Volatility and the Need for Better Cost Management Strategies:
Procurement costs are affected by raw material price volatility, geopolitical
tensions, and logistical challenges. Comparing costs across multiple suppliers with
complex pricing structures is a difficult task. Accurately tracking and managing
procurement costs also poses challenges. Global market volatility and the
complexity of automotive procurement make cost management a significant
challenge, requiring more sophisticated tools and strategies. Automotive
manufacturers operate in a dynamic global environment where many factors can
impact costs, making it important to have mechanisms in place to effectively track
and control costs.

Vulnerable to Disruptions from Geopolitical and Economic Factors: Global

supply chains are vulnerable to trade wars, tariffs, and political instability. Natural
disasters and global health crises can also cause serious disruptions. Reliance on a
single source for critical components adds to the risk. The globally interconnected
automotive supply chain is highly susceptible to external disruptions, emphasizing
the need for greater resilience and diversification. Geopolitical events, natural
disasters, and other unexpected events can quickly cripple supply chains, leading to
production shutdowns and significant financial losses.

24
 4.2: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Enhancing Supply Chain
Transparency

4.2.1. Core Features of Blockchain and Their Suitability

Immutability: The immutable nature of Blockchain ensures the integrity of

recorded data, which is crucial for tracking product provenance and history.

Decentralization: Distributed ledgers eliminate single points of failure and

enhance data security and trust between multiple parties.

Transparency: All authorized network participants can view transactions,

providing end-to-end visibility across the entire supply chain.

Confidentiality: The use of cryptography to secure records and prevent

unauthorized access or modification.

The combination of immutability, decentralization, transparency, and security

that Blockchain provides creates a solid foundation for building trust and verifying
information across the complex automotive supply chain. These characteristics
address the fundamental challenges of data integrity and visibility that plague
traditional supply chain systems.

4.2.2. Applications of Blockchain in Automotive Supply Chain

Tracking and Sourcing Ethical Raw Materials: Blockchain can record the
origin and specifications of raw materials, ensuring responsible sourcing. Examples
such as BMW and Volkswagen using Blockchain to track the origin of cobalt
illustrate this application. Blockchain provides an audit trail for raw materials,
allowing manufacturers to verify ethical and sustainable practices, while also
increasing consumer confidence. Consumers are increasingly demanding
transparency into the origin and ethical production of goods, and Blockchain
provides a means to ensure this.

Improved Component Traceability: Blockchain can assign a unique digital

ID to each component, tracking its movement through the manufacturing process.

25
This allows for real-time location tracking and authenticity verification. Enhanced
component traceability through Blockchain can significantly reduce the risk of
counterfeit components entering the supply chain and improve quality control. By
creating an immutable record of each component’s journey, manufacturers can
easily verify its authenticity and identify any discrepancies or anomalies.

Increased Transparency in Distribution and Logistics: Blockchain can

track the location and status of vehicles and components during transportation.
Smart contracts can be used to automate delivery confirmation and payment.
Blockchain can streamline logistics operations by providing real-time visibility and
automating key processes, resulting in faster delivery times and reduced costs. The
ability to track shipments in real time and automate transactions can eliminate
delays and reduce the need for manual intervention.

Facilitating After-Sales Service and Warranty Management: Blockchain

can securely store vehicle history, maintenance records, and warranty information.
Smart contracts can automate warranty claim processing and prevent fraud.
Blockchain can improve the efficiency and reliability of after-sales services by
providing an unforgeable record of vehicle history and automating warranty
processes. Accurate and accessible vehicle history can reduce fraud in the used car
market and streamline warranty claims, improving customer satisfaction.

4.3: Proposed Blockchain-Based Solutions to Improve Global Procurement

Operations

Establishing a Transparent and Auditable Ledger for Supplier Transactions and

Performance: A permissioned Blockchain network can be created where all
procurement-related transactions with approved suppliers are recorded. This ledger
would provide a single, shared view of purchase orders, invoices, payments, and
delivery confirmations. Supplier key performance indicators (e.g., on-time delivery
rates, quality ratings) can be tracked directly on the Blockchain to maintain
immutable records. A Blockchain-based ledger can significantly increase
transparency in procurement, making it easier to track spending, monitor supplier

26
performance, and identify potential irregularities or fraudulent activity. The
immutable and shared nature of the ledger ensures that all have access to the same
verified information, minimizing the risk of data manipulation.

Deploying Smart Contracts for Automated and Secure Procurement Processes:

Smart contracts can be used to automate the execution of procurement agreements
based on predefined conditions6 . For example, payments can be automatically
triggered when delivery is confirmed or automatic reorders can be created when
inventory levels fall below a certain threshold . Smart contracts can reduce the need
for intermediaries and streamline administrative processes. Automating
procurement processes with smart contracts can lead to significant improvements in
efficiency, reduced transaction costs, and increased security. Smart contracts
eliminate the need for manual intervention and ensure that agreements are executed
automatically when specified conditions are met, minimizing delays and the risk of
human error.

Using Blockchain to Verify the Authenticity and Origin of Components:

Digital certificates can be assigned to each genuine component and this information
is recorded on the Blockchain. QR codes or RFID tags can be used to link physical
components to their digital identities on the Blockchain . Authorized parties (e.g.
dealers, repair centers) can scan these tags to verify authenticity. Implementing
Blockchain-based component authentication can effectively combat the problem of
counterfeit components, ensuring product quality and safety. The immutable record
on the Blockchain provides a reliable means of verifying the origin and authenticity
of each component, making it difficult for counterfeits to enter the supply chain.

Improved Supplier Onboarding and Compliance: Blockchain can be used to

create a secure, shared digital profile for suppliers containing verified information
and certifications. This can streamline the onboarding process and reduce the need
for duplicate paperwork. Tracking supplier compliance with legal and ethical
standards can also be done on Blockchain. Blockchain can simplify supplier
onboarding and enhance compliance management by providing a secure and

27
transparent platform for sharing and verifying supplier information. A shared,
immutable profile of supplier information and compliance status can reduce
administrative costs and improve the accuracy of supplier verification processes.

Facilitating Real-Time Tracking of Goods and Payments: Blockchain,

integrated with IoT devices, can provide real-time tracking of the location and status
of goods in transit. Blockchain-based payment systems can be used for faster and
more secure transactions. Real-time tracking of goods and secure payment systems
provided by Blockchain can improve the efficiency of logistics and financial
transactions in the automotive supply chain. The ability to monitor the movement of
goods in real-time and process payments securely and efficiently can reduce delays
and improve cash flow management.

4.4: Measuring the Effectiveness of the Proposed Option

4.4.1. Indicators to Measure Improved Transparency and Traceability:

Reduced Product Traceability Time: Measure the time it takes to determine the
origin and journey of a part or vehicle before and after Blockchain implementation.

Before After
Index
Blockchain Blockchain

Average time to identify affected 3-5 days A few minutes

vehicles

Average time to notify customers 1-2 days In real time

Average time to take corrective action 1-2 weeks 1-2 days

Table 3-1: Performance comparison between before and after Blockchain

Accuracy of traceability: Tracks the proportion of parts or materials that can

be accurately and verifiably traced using the Blockchain system.

28
Supply chain visibility index: Develop an index to quantify real-time visibility
across the entire supply chain, comparing index scores before and after Blockchain
adoption.

4.4.2. Indicators for Evaluating Improved Efficiency and Reduced

Costs:

Reduced transaction processing time: Measure the time it takes to process

orders, invoices, and payments before and after Blockchain implementation.

Reduced Administrative Costs: Track the reduction in costs associated with

paperwork, manual processes, and reconciliation due to Blockchain automation.

Improve inventory management: Measure metrics like inventory turnover

ratio and reduce out-of-stocks or overstocks.

Cost Savings Percentage: Calculates the percentage reduction in overall

procurement costs achieved through efficiencies brought by Blockchain and better
negotiating leverage due to increased transparency.

4.4.3. Indicators for Improving Supplier Relationships and Mitigating

Risks:

Supplier Quality Ratings: Track changes in supplier quality ratings based on

defect rates and compliance with specifications.

On-time delivery rate: Track the percentage of orders that are delivered on or
before the scheduled date.

Dispute Reduction: Measures the reduction in the number of disputes or

discrepancies with suppliers related to transactions or performance.

Supplier Risk Level: Assesses the reduction in potential risks associated with
suppliers, such as financial instability or geopolitical issues, due to improved
oversight and transparency.

29
 A comprehensive set of KPIs, consistently tracked, will be critical to
demonstrating the tangible benefits and ROI of implementing Blockchain in
automotive procurement. Quantitative metrics provide evidence of the technology’s
effectiveness and justify the investment in its adoption.

4.5: Benefits of the Proposed Solutions

Increased Trust and Collaboration: Blockchain promotes trust by providing

a transparent and immutable record that is accessible to all authorized parties.
Increased trust facilitates better collaboration and information sharing among .

Significantly Reduces Fraud and Counterfeit Components: Blockchain

features make it extremely difficult to introduce counterfeit components into the
system. Traceability helps verify the authenticity of components.

Improved Efficiency and Faster Transaction Times: Automation through

smart contracts streamlines processes and reduces manual work. This can
potentially lead to faster payments and reduced settlement times.

Reduced Operating Costs and Increased Profits: Reducing fraud,

increasing efficiency, and eliminating middlemen can lead to cost savings .
Optimized inventory management and reduced warehousing costs can also
contribute to this.

Better Compliance with Sustainability Standards and Regulations:

Blockchain can provide an immutable record to verify compliance with safety,
environmental, and ethical sourcing regulations. Examples include using
Blockchain to ethically source raw materials such as cobalt.

Increased Customer Satisfaction: Improved product quality (due to reduced

counterfeit parts) and more efficient recall management can improve customer
satisfaction. Customers can also be provided with transparent vehicle history and
provenance.

30
 Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1: Summary of Findings

The research shows that global automotive procurement has major challenges
including fragmented supply chains, lack of visibility, counterfeit components,
supplier inefficiencies, cost volatility and geopolitical risks. Blockchain is the key to
addressing these issues by leveraging its core features – immutability,
decentralisation, transparency and security – to improve traceability, automate
processes and build trust. Key findings show that blockchain enables end to end
component tracking, reduces counterfeiting and improves quality control. Smart
contracts streamline procurement workflows, reduce delays and administrative
costs. Real time visibility into supplier performance and logistics improves
collaboration while measurable KPIs (e.g. reduced traceability time, cost savings)
prove blockchain works. Case studies like BMW and Volkswagen’s use of
blockchain for ethical cobalt sourcing show how it can be applied in practice to
ensure compliance and transparency.

5.2: Contributions of the Research

Theoretically this research bridges blockchain’s technical capabilities with

automotive supply chain needs and provides a framework for integration. It proves
blockchain as a tool to close transparency gaps and build trust in multi-tiered supply
chains. Practically the study provides solutions like digital component IDs,
blockchain led supplier ledgers and smart contract automation which manufacturers
can apply to optimise procurement. It also defines KPIs (e.g. inventory turnover,
dispute reduction) to measure blockchain’s impact. By showing real world
applications like ethical raw material tracking the research demonstrates how
blockchain aligns with consumer and regulatory demands for sustainability and
accountability.

31
 5.3: Limitations of the Research and Future Research Directions

The study acknowledges limitations including blockchain’s early adoption in

automotive procurement, interoperability issues with legacy systems, scalability
concerns in large networks and data privacy trade-offs. Empirical evidence is
limited to pilots and there is no long term ROI data. Future research should look
into hybrid blockchain models to improve scalability and interoperability, cross
industry standards for data sharing and integration with IoT and AI to improve real
time tracking and predictive analytics. Regulatory focused research is needed to
align blockchain with global sustainability mandates. Longitudinal research into
blockchain’s economic impact and sector wide collaboration to tackle
implementation barriers are also next steps.

5.4: Conclusion

Blockchain is the game changer in automotive procurement that can fix the
systemic issues and build ethical supply chains. While there are technical and
operational challenges, the solutions and KPIs provide a clear path for industry to
follow. Success will depend on scalable implementations, interdisciplinary
innovation and industry wide standardisation of blockchain applications across
global networks. By prioritising transparency, efficiency and compliance
stakeholders can unlock the full power of blockchain to transform automotive
procurement in a rapidly changing world.

32
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