Unit - 1 : Introduction to Human Resource Management

Structure of Unit:
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Opening Case
1.3 What is Human Resource Management?
1.4 Nature of HRM
1.5 Scope of HRM
1.6 Objectives of HRM
1.7 Functions of HRM
1.8 Role of HRM
1.9 HRM in the New Millennium
1.10 Summary
1.11 Self Assessment Questions
1.12 Reference Books

1.0 Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
 Understand the basic concepts of human resource management (HRM).
 Explain what human resource management is and how it relates to the management process.
 Provide an overview of functions of HRM.
 Describe how the major roles of HR management are being transformed.
 Explain the role of HRM in the present millennium.

1.1 Introduction
Human beings are social beings and hardly ever live and work in isolation. We always plan, develop and
manage our relations both consciously and unconsciously. The relations are the outcome of our actions
and depend to a great extent upon our ability to manage our actions. From childhood each and every
individual acquire knowledge and experience on understanding others and how to behave in each and
every situations in life. Later we carry forward this learning and understanding in carrying and managing
relations at our workplace. The whole context of Human Resource Management revolves around this
core matter of managing relations at work place.
Since mid 1980’s Human Resource Management (HRM) has gained acceptance in both academic and
commercial circle. HRM is a multidisciplinary organizational function that draws theories and ideas from
various fields such as management, psychology, sociology and economics.
There is no best way to manage people and no manager has formulated how people can be managed
effectively, because people are complex beings with complex needs. Effective HRM depends very much
on the causes and conditions that an organizational setting would provide. Any Organization has three
basic components, People, Purpose, and Structure.
In 1994, a noted leader in the human resources (HR) field made the following observation: Yesterday, the
company with the access most to the capital or the latest technology had the best competitive advantage;
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Today, companies that offer products with the highest quality are the ones with a leg up on the competition;
But the only thing that will uphold a company’s advantage tomorrow is the caliber of people in the
organization.
That predicted future is today’s reality. Most managers in public- and private sector firms of all sizes
would agree that people truly are the organization’s most important asset. Having competent staff on the
payroll does not guarantee that a firm’s human resources will be a source of competitive advantage.
However in order to remain competitive, to grow, and diversify an organization must ensure that its
employees are qualified, placed in appropriate positions, properly trained, managed effectively, and
committed to the firm’s success. The goal of HRM is to maximize employees’ contributions in order to
achieve optimal productivity and effectiveness, while simultaneously attaining individual objectives (such
as having a challenging job and obtaining recognition), and societal objectives (such as legal compliance
and demonstrating social responsibility).

1.2 Opening Case

On October 3, 2003, Anant Dalvi and Akhtar Khan, who worked as contract workers in Tata Electric
Company until they were laid off in 1996, doused themselves with kerosene and set themselves ablaze
even as their co-workers protested before the company’s offices. While Dalvi died on the spot, Khan
died a few days later.
The Tata Electric Company said they were no longer on their payroll and were not permanent workers.
Employees union had taken up their case and filled petition in the Labour Court before their contracts
were terminated. The court directed the company not to terminate their services without following the due
process of law. Despite this their services were terminated on June 30, 1996.
The company union promised the workers that they would renegotiate. Yet on the night before they killed
themselves when Khan and Dalvi spoke to the union leader Shinde, they were told that nothing more
could be done for them. It is this that led them to take their lives. Dalvi has been in service as a peon for17
years and Khan had been employed for 19 years. But their services were not regularized. Such workers
draw salary much less than the permanent employees.
This is an example of the problem that comes under the purview of Human Resource Management- the
main concept elaborated in this chapter.

1.3 What is Human Resource Management?

HRM is the study of activities regarding people working in an organization. It is a managerial function that
tries to match an organization’s needs to the skills and abilities of its employees.
1.3.1 Definitions of HRM
Human resources management (HRM) is a management function concerned with hiring, motivating
and maintaining people in an organization. It focuses on people in organizations. Human resource
management is designing management systems to ensure that human talent is used effectively and efficiently
to accomplish organizational goals.
HRM is the personnel function which is concerned with procurement, development, compensation, integration
and maintenance of the personnel of an organization for the purpose of contributing towards the
accomplishments of the organization’s objectives. Therefore, personnel management is the planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling of the performance of those operative functions (Edward B. Philippo).
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According to the Invancevich and Glueck, “HRM is concerned with the most effective use of people
to achieve organizational and individual goals. It is the way of managing people at work, so that they give
their best to the organization”.
According to Dessler (2008) the policies and practices involved in carrying out the “people” or human
resource aspects of a management position, including recruiting, screening, training, rewarding, and
appraising comprises of HRM.
Generally HRM refers to the management of people in organizations. It comprises of the activities, policies,
and practices involved in obtaining, developing, utilizing, evaluating, maintaining, and retaining the appropriate
number and skill mix of employees to accomplish the organization’s objectives. The goal of HRM is to
maximize employees’ contributions in order to achieve optimal productivity and effectiveness, while
simultaneously attaining individual objectives (such as having a challenging job and obtaining recognition),
and societal objectives (such as legal compliance and demonstrating social responsibility).
In short Human Resource Management (HRM) can be defined as the art of procuring, developing and
maintaining competent workforce to achieve the goals of an organization in an effective and efficient
manner.

1.4 Nature of HRM

HRM is a management function that helps manager’s to recruit, select, train and develop members for an
organization. HRM is concerned with people’s dimension in organizations.
The following constitute the core of HRM
1. HRM Involves the Application of Management Functions and Principles. The functions
and principles are applied to acquiring, developing, maintaining and providing remuneration to
employees in organization.
2. Decision Relating to Employees must be Integrated. Decisions on different aspects of
employees must be consistent with other human resource (HR) decisions.
3. Decisions Made Influence the Effectiveness of an Organization. Effectiveness of an
organization will result in betterment of services to customers in the form of high quality products
supplied at reasonable costs.
4. HRM Functions are not Confined to Business Establishments Only but applicable to non-
business organizations such as education, health care, recreation and like.
HRM refers to a set of programmes, functions and activities designed and carried out in order to maximize
both employee as well as organizational effectiveness.

1.5 Scope of HRM

The scope of HRM is indeed vast. All major activities in the working life of a worker – from the time of his
or her entry into an organization until he or she leaves the organizations comes under the purview of HRM.
The major HRM activities include HR planning, job analysis, job design, employee hiring, employee and
executive remuneration, employee motivation, employee maintenance, industrial relations and prospects
of HRM.
The scope of Human Resources Management extends to:
 All the decisions, strategies, factors, principles, operations, practices, functions, activities and
methods related to the management of people as employees in any type of organization.
 All the dimensions related to people in their employment relationships, and all the dynamics that
flow from it.
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 Union/Labour
Relations

Personnel Compensation
Research and and Benefits
Information
System

Human
resource Employee
Assistance
planning Human
resource
management

Design of the
Organization Organizational
and Job Development

Selection and
Staffing Training and
Development

Figure 1.1: Scope of HRM

The scope of HRM is really vast. All major activities n the working life of a worker – from the time of his
or her entry into an organization until he or she leaves it comes under the purview of HRM. American
Society for Training and Development (ASTD) conducted fairly an exhaustive study in this field and
identified nine broad areas of activities of HRM.

These are given below:

 Human Resource Planning
 Design of the Organization and Job
 Selection and Staffing
 Training and Development
 Organizational Development
 Compensation and Benefits
 Employee Assistance
 Union/Labour Relations
 Personnel Research and Information System

a) Human Resource Planning: The objective of HR Planning is to ensure that the organization has
the right types of persons at the right time at the right place. It prepares human resources inventory
with a view to assess present and future needs, availability and possible shortages in human resource.
Thereupon, HR Planning forecast demand and supplies and identify sources of selection. HR
Planning develops strategies both long-term and short-term, to meet the man-power requirement.

b) Design of Organization and Job: This is the task of laying down organization structure, authority,
relationship and responsibilities. This will also mean definition of work contents for each position
in the organization. This is done by “job description”. Another important step is “Job specification”.
Job specification identifies the attributes of persons who will be most suitable for each job which
is defined by job description.
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 c) Selection and Staffing: This is the process of recruitment and selection of staff. This involves
matching people and their expectations with which the job specifications and career path available
within the organization.
d) Training and Development: This involves an organized attempt to find out training needs of the
individuals to meet the knowledge and skill which is needed not only to perform current job but
also to fulfil the future needs of the organization.
e) Organizational Development: This is an important aspect whereby “Synergetic effect” is
generated in an organization i.e. healthy interpersonal and inter-group relationship within the
organization.
f) Compensation and Benefits: This is the area of wages and salaries administration where wages
and compensations are fixed scientifically to meet fairness and equity criteria. In addition labour
welfare measures are involved which include benefits and services.
g) Employee Assistance: Each employee is unique in character, personality, expectation and
temperament. By and large each one of them faces problems everyday. Some are personal some
are official. In their case he or she remains worried. Such worries must be removed to make him
or her more productive and happy.
h) Union-Labour Relations: Healthy Industrial and Labour relations are very important for enhancing
peace and productivity in an organization. This is one of the areas of HRM.
i) Personnel Research and Information System: Knowledge on behavioral science and industrial
psychology throws better insight into the workers expectations, aspirations and behaviour.
Advancement of technology of product and production methods have created working environment
which are much different from the past. Globalization of economy has increased competition
many fold. Science of ergonomics gives better ideas of doing a work more conveniently by an
employee. Thus, continuous research in HR areas is an unavoidable requirement. It must also take
special care for improving exchange of information through effective communication systems on a
continuous basis especially on moral and motivation.
HRM is a broad concept; personnel management (PM) and Human resource development (HRD) are a
part of HRM.

1.6 Objectives of HRM

The primary objective of HRM is to ensure the availability of competent and willing workforce to an
organization. The specific objectives include the following:

1) Human capital : assisting the organization in obtaining the right number and types of employees to
fulfill its strategic and operational goals
2) Developing organizational climate: helping to create a climate in which employees are encouraged
to develop and utilize their skills to the fullest and to employ the skills and abilities of the workforce
efficiently
3) Helping to maintain performance standards and increase productivity through effective job design;
providing adequate orientation, training and development; providing performance-related feedback;
and ensuring effective two-way communication.
4) Helping to establish and maintain a harmonious employer/employee relationship
5) Helping to create and maintain a safe and healthy work environment
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 6) Developing programs to meet the economic, psychological, and social needs of the employees
and helping the organization to retain the productive employees
7) Ensuring that the organization is in compliance with provincial/territorial and federal laws affecting
the workplace (such as human rights, employment equity, occupational health and safety,
employment standards, and labour relations legislation). To help the organization to reach its goals
8) To provide organization with well-trained and well-motivated employees
9) To increase the employees satisfaction and self-actualization
10) To develop and maintain the quality of work life
11) To communicate HR policies to all employees.
12) To help maintain ethical polices and behavior.
The above stated HRM objectives can be summarized under four specific objectives: societal, organizational,
and functional and personnel.

Personnel

Figure 1.2: Objectives of HRM

1) Societal Objectives: seek to ensure that the organization becomes socially responsible to the
needs and challenges of the society while minimizing the negative impact of such demands upon
the organization. The failure of the organizations to use their resources for the society’s benefit in
ethical ways may lead to restriction.
2) Organizational Objectives: it recognizes the role of HRM in bringing about organizational
effectiveness. It makes sure that HRM is not a standalone department, but rather a means to assist
the organization with its primary objectives. The HR department exists to serve the rest of the
organization.
3) Functional Objectives: is to maintain the department’s contribution at a level appropriate to the
organization’s needs. Human resources are to be adjusted to suit the organization’s demands. The
department’s value should not become too expensive at the cost of the organization it serves.
4) Personnel Objectives: it is to assist employees in achieving their personal goals, at least as far as
these goals enhance the individual’s contribution to the organization. Personal objectives of
employees must be met if they are to be maintained, retained and motivated. Otherwise employee
performance and satisfaction may decline giving rise to employee turnover.
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 Table 1.1 HRM Objectives and Functions

HRM Objectives Supporting Functions

1. Societal Objectives Legal compliance
Benefits
Union- management relations
2. Organizational Objectives Human Resource Planning
Employee relations
Selection
Training and development
Appraisal
Placement
Assessment
3. Functional Objectives Appraisal
Placement
Assessment
4. Personal Objectives Training and development
Appraisal
Placement
Compensation
Assessment

1.7 Functions of HRM

Human Resources management has an important role to play in equipping organizations to meet the
challenges of an expanding and increasingly competitive sector. Increase in staff numbers, contractual
diversification and changes in demographic profile which compel the HR managers to reconfigure the role
and significance of human resources management. The functions are responsive to current staffing needs,
but can be proactive in reshaping organizational objectives. All the functions of HRM are correlated with
the core objectives of HRM (Table 1.1). For example personal objectives is sought to be realized
through functions like remuneration, assessment etc.

Figure 1.3 : Functions of HRM

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HR management can be thought of as seven interlinked functions taking place within organizations, as
depicted in Figure 1.3 Additionally, external forces—legal, economic, technological, global, environmental,
cultural/geographic, political, and social—significantly affect how HR functions are designed, managed,
and changed. The functions can be grouped as follows:
 Strategic HR Management: As a part of maintaining organizational competitiveness, strategic
planning for HR effectiveness can be increased through the use of HR metrics and HR technology.
Human resource planning (HRP) function determine the number and type of employees needed to
accomplish organizational goals. HRP includes creating venture teams with a balanced skill-mix,
recruiting the right people, and voluntary team assignment. This function analyzes and determines
personnel needs in order to create effective innovation teams. The basic HRP strategy is staffing
and employee development.
 Equal Employment Opportunity: Compliance with equal employment opportunity (EEO) laws
and regulations affects all other HR activities.
 Staffing: The aim of staffing is to provide a sufficient supply of qualified individuals to fill jobs in an
organization. Job analysis, recruitment and selection are the main functions under staffing.
Workers job design and job analysis laid the foundation for staffing by identifying what diverse
people do in their jobs and how they are affected by them.
Job analysis is the process of describing the nature of a job and specifying the human requirements
such as knowledge, skills, and experience needed to perform the job. The end result of job
analysis is job description. Job description spells out work duties and activities of employees.
Through HR planning, managers anticipate the future supply of and demand for employees and
the nature of workforce issues, including the retention of employees. So HRP precedes the actual
selection of people for organization. These factors are used when recruiting applicants for job
openings. The selection process is concerned with choosing qualified individuals to fill those jobs.
In the selection function, the most qualified applicants are selected for hiring from among the
applicants based on the extent to which their abilities and skills are matching with the job.
 Talent Management and Development: Beginning with the orientation of new employees,
talent management and development includes different types of training. Orientation is the first
step towards helping a new employee to adjust himself to the new job and the employer. It is a
method to acquaint new employees with particular aspects of their new job, including pay and
benefit programmes, working hours and company rules and expectations.
Training and Development programs provide useful means of assuring that the employees are
capable of performing their jobs at acceptable levels and also more than that. All the organizations
provide training for new and in experienced employee. In addition, organization often provide
both on the job and off the job training programmes for those employees whose jobs are undergoing
change.
Likewise, HR development and succession planning of employees and managers is necessary to
prepare for future challenges. Career planning has developed as result of the desire of many
employees to grow in their jobs and to advance in their career. Career planning activities include
assessing an individual employee’s potential for growth and advancement in the organization.
Performance appraisal includes encouraging risk taking, demanding innovation, generating or
adopting new tasks, peer evaluation, frequent evaluations, and auditing innovation processes.

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 This function monitors employee performance to ensure that it is at acceptable levels. This strategy
appraises individual and team performance so that there is a link between individual innovativeness
and company profitability. Which tasks should be appraised and who should assess employees’
performance are also taken into account.
 Total Rewards: Compensation in the form of pay, incentives and benefits are the rewards given
to the employees for performing organizational work. Compensation management is the method
for determining how much employees should be paid for performing certain jobs. Compensation
affects staffing in that people are generally attracted to organizations offering a higher level of pay
in exchange for the work performed. To be competitive, employers develop and refine their basic
compensation systems and may use variable pay programs such as incentive rewards, promotion
from within the team, recognition rewards, balancing team and individual rewards etc. This function
uses rewards to motivate personnel to achieve an organization’s goals of productivity, innovation
and profitability. Compensation is also related to employee development in that it provides an
important incentive in motivating employees to higher levels of job performance to higher paying
jobs in the organization.
Benefits are another form of compensation to employees other than direct pay for the work
performed. Benefits include both legally required items and those offered at employer’s discretion.
Benefits are primarily related to the area of employee maintenance as they provide for many basic
employee needs.
 Risk Management and Worker Protection: HRM addresses various workplace risks to
ensure protection of workers by meeting legal requirements and being more responsive to concerns
for workplace health and safety along with disaster and recovery planning.
 Employee and Labor Relations: The relationship between managers and their employees
must be handled legally and effectively. Employer and employee rights must be addressed. It is
important to develop, communicate, and update HR policies and procedures so that managers
and employees alike know what is expected. In some organizations, union/management relations
must be addressed as well. The term labour relation refers to the interaction with employees who
are represented by a trade union. Unions are organization of employees who join together to
obtain more voice in decisions affecting wages, benefits, working conditions and other aspects of
employment. With regard to labour relations the major function of HR personnel includes negotiating
with the unions regarding wages, service conditions and resolving disputes and grievances.

1.8 Role of HRM

The role of HRM is to plan, develop and administer policies and programs designed to make optimum use
of an organizations human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at
work and with their relationship within enterprises. Its objectives are: (a) effective utilization of human
resources, (b) desirable working relationships among all members of the organizations, and (c) maximum
individual development. Human resources function as primarily administrative and professional. HR staff
focused on administering benefits and other payroll and operational functions and didn’t think of themselves
as playing a part in the firm’s overall strategy.
HR professionals have an all encompassing role. They are required to have a thorough knowledge of the
organization and its intricacies and complexities. The ultimate goal of every HR person should be to
develop a linkage between the employee and organization because employee’s commitment to the
organization is crucial.
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 The first and foremost role of HR personnel is to impart continuous education to the employees about the
changes and challenges facing the country in general and their organization in particular. The employees
should know about the balance sheet of the company, sales progress, and diversification of plans, share
price movements, turnover and other details about the company. The HR professionals should impart
such knowledge to all employees through small booklets, video films and lectures.
The primary responsibilities of Human Resource managers are:
 To develop a thorough knowledge of corporate culture, plans and policies.
 To act as an internal change agent and consultant
 To initiate change and act as an expert and facilitator
 To actively involve in company’s strategy formulation
 To keep communication line open between the HRD function and individuals and groups both
within and outside the organization\
 To identify and evolve HRD strategies in consonance with overall business strategy.
 To facilitate the development of various organizational teams and their working relationship with
other teams and individuals.
 To try and relate people and work so that the organization objectives are achieved efficiently and
effectively.
 To diagnose problems and determine appropriate solution particularly in the human resource
areas.
 To provide co-ordination and support services for the delivery of HRD programmes and services
 To evaluate the impact of an HRD intervention or to conduct research so as to identify, develop or
test how HRD In general has improved individual and organizational performance.
Different management gurus have deliberated different roles for the HR manager based on the major
responsibilities that they full fill in the organization. Few of the commonly accepted models are enumerated
below.
Pat Mc Lagan has suggested nine roles that are played by HR practitioners
1. To bring the issues and trends concerning an organization’s external and internal people to the
attention of strategic decision makers and to recommend long term strategies to support
organizational excellence and endurance.
2. To design and prepare HR systems and actions for implementation so that they can produce
maximum impact on organizational performance and development.
3. To facilitate the development and implementation of strategies for transforming one’s own
organization by pursuing values and visions.
4. To create a positive relationship with the customer’s by providing them with the best services; to
utilize the resources to the maximum and to create commitment among the people who help the
organization to meet the customers needs whether directly connected or indirectly connected to
the organization.
5. To identify the learning needs hence to design and develop structured learning programmes and
materials to help accelerate learning for individuals and groups.
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 6. To enable the individuals and groups to work in new situations and to expend \and change their
views so that people in power move from authoritarian to participative models of leadership.
7. To help employees to assess their competencies, values and goals so that they can identify, plan
and implement development plans.
8. He also assists the individual employee to add values in the workplace and to focus on the
interventions and interpersonal skills for helping people change and sustain change.
9. He assesses the HRD practices and programmes and their impact and to communicate results so
that the organization and its people accelerate their change and development.
According to Dave Ulrich HR play’s four key roles.
1. Strategic Partner Role-turning strategy into results by building organizations that create value;
2. Change Agent Role- making change happen, and in particular, help it happen fast
3. Employees Champion Role—managing the talent or the intellectual capital within a firm
4. Administrative Role—trying to get things to happen better, faster and cheaper.
The role HR in organizations has undergone an extensive change and many organizations have gradually
oriented themselves from the traditional personnel management to a human resources management approach.
The basic approach of HRM is to perceive the organization as a whole. Its emphasis is not only on
production and productivity but also on the quality of life. It seeks to achieve the paramount development
of human resources and the utmost possible socio-economic development.
Current Classification of HR roles
According to R.L Mathis and J. H. Jackson (2010) several roles can be fulfilled by HR management. The
nature and extent of these roles depend on both what upper management wants HR management to do
and what competencies the HR staff have demonstrated. Three roles are typically identified for HR. The
focus of each of them, as shown in Figure 1.is elaborated below:

Administrative Operational Actions Strategic HR

Personnel practices Managing employee Organizational/business
Legal compliance forms relationship issues strategies
and paperwork Employee advocate HR strategic or planning
Evaluation of HR
effectiveness.

Figure 1.4 : Current Classification of HR roles

Fig 1.4 Current Classification of HR Roles
1. Administrative Role of HR
The administrative role of HR management has been heavily oriented to administration and recordkeeping
including essential legal paperwork and policy implementation. Major changes have happened in the
administrative role of HR during the recent years. Two major shifts driving the transformation of the
administrative role are: Greater use of technology and Outsourcing.

Technology has been widely used to improve the administrative efficiency of HR and the responsiveness
of HR to employees and managers, more HR functions are becoming available electronically or are being
done on the Internet using Web-based technology. Technology is being used in most HR activities, from
employment applications and employee benefits enrollments to e-learning using Internet-based resources.
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Increasingly, many HR administrative functions are being outsourced to vendors. This outsourcing of HR
administrative activities has grown dramatically in HR areas such as employee assistance (counseling),
retirement planning, benefits administration, payroll services, and outplacement services.
2. Operational and Employee Advocate Role for HR
HR managers manage most HR activities in line with the strategies and operations that have been identified
by management and serves as employee “champion” for employee issues and concerns.
HR often has been viewed as the “employee advocate” in organizations. They act as the voice for employee
concerns, and spend considerable time on HR “crisis management,” dealing with employee problems that
are both work-related and not work-related. Employee advocacy helps to ensure fair and equitable
treatment for employees regardless of personal background or circumstances.
Sometimes the HR’s advocate role may create conflict with operating managers. However, without the
HR advocate role, employers could face even more lawsuits and regulatory complaints than they do now.

The operational role requires HR professionals to cooperate with various departmental and operating
managers and supervisors in order to identify and implement needed programs and policies in the
organization. Operational activities are tactical in nature. Compliance with equal employment opportunity
and other laws is ensured, employment applications are processed, current openings are filled through
interviews, supervisors are trained, safety problems are resolved, and wage and benefit questions are
answered. For carrying out these activities HR manager matches HR activities with the strategies of the
organization.

3. Strategic Role for HR

The administrative role traditionally has been the dominant role for HR. However, as Figure 1.4 indicates
that a broader transformation in HR is needed so that significantly less HR time and fewer HR staffs are
used just for clerical work.

Differences between the operational and strategic roles exist in a number of HR areas. The strategic HR
role means that HR professionals are proactive in addressing business realities and focusing on future
business needs, such as strategic planning, compensation strategies, the performance of HR, and measuring
its results. However, in some organizations, HR often does not play a key role in formulating the strategies
for the organization as a whole; instead it merely carries them out through HR activities.
Many executives, managers, and HR professionals are increasingly seeing the need for HR management
to become a greater strategic contributor to the “business” success of organizations. HR should be
responsible for knowing what the true cost of human capital is for an employer. For example, it may cost
two times key employees’ annual salaries to replace them if they leave. Turnover can be controlled though
HR activities, and if it is successful in saving the company money with good retention and talent management
strategies, those may be important contributions to the bottom line of organizational performance.
The role of HR as a strategic business partner is often described as “having a seat at the table,” and
contributing to the strategic directions and success of the organization. That means HR is involved in
devising strategy in addition to implementing strategy. Part of HR’s contribution is to have financial
expertise and to produce financial results, not just to boost employee morale or administrative efficiencies.
Therefore, a significant concern for chief financial officers (CFOs) is whether HR executives are equipped
to help them to plan and meet financial requirements.
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However, even though this strategic role of HR is recognized, many organizations still need to make
significant progress toward fulfilling it. Some examples of areas where strategic contributions can be made
by HR are:
 Evaluating mergers and acquisitions for organizational “compatibility,” structural changes, and
staffing needs
 Conducting workforce planning to anticipate the retirement of employees at all levels and identify
workforce expansion in organizational strategic plans
 Leading site selection efforts for new facilities or transferring operations to international outsourcing
 locations based on workforce needs
 Instituting HR management systems to reduce administrative time, equipment, and staff by using
HR technology
 Working with executives to develop a revised sales
 compensation and incentives plan as new products
It is the era when for the competitive triumph of the organization there is a need to involve HRM significantly
in an integrated manner, which demands such capabilities from the HR specialists.
The role of HR shifted from a facilitator to a functional peer with competencies in other functions, and is
acknowledged as an equal partner by others. The HR is motivated to contribute to organizational objectives
of profitability and customer satisfaction, and is seen as a vehicle for realization of quality development.
The department has a responsibility for monitoring employee satisfaction, since it is seen as substitute to
customer satisfaction.
According to McKinsey’s 7-S framework model HR plays the role of a catalyst for the organization.
According to this framework, effective organizational change is a complex relationship between seven
S’s. HRM is a total matching process between the three Hard S’s (Strategy, Structure and Systems) and
the four Soft S’s (Style, Staff, Skills and Super-ordinate Goals). Clearly, all the S’s have to complement
each other and have to be aligned towards a single corporate vision for the organization to be effective. It
has to be realized that most of the S’s are determined directly or indirectly by the way Human Resources
are managed, and therefore, HRM must be a part of the total business strategy.

1.9 HRM in the New Millennium

Human Resources have never been more indispensable than today. The competitive forces that we face
today will continue to face in the future demanding organizational excellence. In order to achieve this
extended quality, organization’s need to focus on learning, quality development, teamwork, and
reengineering. These factors are driven by the way organizations implement things and how employees are
treated.
1. HR Can Help in Dispensing Organizational Excellence: To achieve this paradigm shift in the
organization excellence there is a need for organizations to reform the way in which work is carried out by
the Human Resource department. By designing an entirely new role and agenda that results in enriching
the organization’s value to customers, investors and employees, HR can help in delivering organizational
excellence. This can be carried out by helping line managers and senior mangers in moving planning from
the conference room to the market place and by becoming an expert in the way work is organized and
executed.
HR should be a representative of the employees and should help the organization in improving its capacity
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for change. HR will help the organizations in facing the competitive challenges such as globalization,
profitability through growth, technology, intellectual capital, and other competitive challenges that the
companies are facing while adjusting to uncontrollably challenging changes in business environment. The
novel role of HR is to rapidly turn strategy into action; to manage processes intelligently and efficiently; to
maximize employee contribution and commitment and to construct favorable conditions for flawless change.
2. Human Resource Should be a Strategy Partner: HR should also become a partner in strategy
executions by propelling and directing serious discussions of how the company should be organized to
carry out its strategy.
Creating the conditions for this discussion involves four steps. First HR need to define an organizational
architecture by identifying the company’s way of doing business. Second, HR must be held responsible
for conducting an organizational audit. Third, HR as a strategic partner needs to identify methods for
restoring the parts of the organizational architecture that need it. Fourth and finally, HR must take stock of
its own work and set clear priorities. In their new role as administrative experts they will need to shed their
traditional image and still make sure all routine work for the company is done well.
3. HR Accountability Should be Fixed to Ensure Employee Commitment: HR must be held
accountable for ensuring that employees feel committed to the organization and contribute fully. They must
take responsibility for orienting and training line management about the importance of high employee
morale and how to achieve it. The new HR should be the voice of employees in management discussions.
The new role for HR might also involve suggesting that more teams be used on some projects or that
employees be given more control over their own work schedules.
4. The New HR Must Become a Change Agent: The new HR must become a change agent, which
is building the organization’s capacity to embrace and capitalize on change. Even though they are not
primarily responsible for executing change it is the duty of the HR manager to make sure that the organization
carries out the changes framed for implementation.
5. Improving the Quality of HR: The most important thing that managers can do to drive the new
mandate for HR is to improve the quality of the HR staff itself. Senior executives must get beyond the
stereotypes of HR professionals as incompetent support staff and unleash HR’s full potential
6. Change in Employment Practices: The balance sheet of an organization shows human resource as
an expense and not as a Capital. In the information age, it is perceived that the machines can do the work
more efficiently than most people however; technology to work is dependent on people.
The challenges for Employment Practice in the New Millennium will require that there should be strategic
involvement of the people and labour-management partnerships as they both have to take organization
ahead.
7. Benchmarking Tool Must be Mastered by HR Professionals: HR professionals must master
benchmarking, which is a tool for continuous improvement- directing the human side associated with the
strategic path adopted by the organization. Through this, HR department will start appreciating the changes
happening within and outside the environment while expanding the knowledge about how to add value to
decision making at the highest level of the organization.
8. Aligning Human Resources to Better Meet Strategic Objectives: Too often organizations craft
their strategy in a vacuum. Some organizations don’t even include key people during strategy formulation
resulting in lacunae between the actual problems and the solutions implemented- as critical inputs are not
sought from those individuals who are supposed to implement the new strategies.
14
A past CEO of Sony once said that organizations have access to the same technology and the same
information. The difference between any two organizations is the “people”- the human resource. Empowering
the workforce is an essential tool for aligning human resources with the achievement of corporate objectives.
It is the duty of HR manager to hire talented human resource and to provide them with a positive environment
where they will be able to utilize their skills and potentials and to create an environment in which these
individuals are comfortable taking risks.

9. Promote From Within and Invest in Employees: Promoting employees from within sends a powerful
message that the organization’s employees are valued. New blood and fresh ideas often come from
newcomers to the organization. To avoid stagnation of the firm, new ideas and approaches are critical. Yet
to improve employee morale, promoting individuals from within the organization is essential. This
communicates that the organization values their employees and invests in their human resources.
10. Review the Recruitment and Selection Process: A key element of human resource planning is
ensuring that the supply of appropriate employees (with the right skill mix) is on board when needed. This
requires a proactive approach whereby the organization anticipates its needs well in advance. It is important
to identify the competencies being sought. That is, the criteria upon which selection decisions are to be
made should be decided in advance. A firm must identify those skill sets required by employees to be
successful. Charles O’Reilly suggests that companies should hire for attitude (perhaps even more so than
technical skills). That is, the fit of the individual with the values of the organization and the culture of the firm
should also be considered when selecting employees. This has been referred to as the person-organization-
fit. It is no longer enough to simply consider the person’s fit (and technical skill set) with the job. Part of the
employee’s fit with the organization should focus on the core values and beliefs of the organization. This
will increase employees’ contributions to the overall success of the organization if they already embrace
the core values of the organization prior to their selection

11. Communicate Mission and Vision: If employees are expected to contribute to the attainment of the
organization’s strategic objectives, they must understand what their role is. This can be achieved in part by
clearly communicating the mission and vision statements of the firm. The old adage is certainly true. If a
person does not know where he or she is going, any road will get him or her there.

The mission communicates the identity and purpose of the organization. It provides a statement of who the
firm is and what their business is. Only those employees who understand this purpose can contribute to the
fullest extent possible. The vision statement provides a picture of the future state of the firm. It should be
a stretch to attain. This keeps all the organization’s employees pulling in the same direction with a common
end point. It is much easier to align human resources with corporate objectives when these employees are
familiar with the mission and vision of the firm.
As the mission and vision statements are articulated, organizational members begin to more closely embrace
their very meaning on an individual level. These statements provide a road map leading employees down
the road to achieve organizational objectives. Employees then identify how they can contribute their unique
talents toward the attainment of these goals.
12. Use Teams to Achieve Synergy: Synergy can be concisely defined as “two plus two equals five”.
In other words, the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. So much more can be achieved as people
work together. Through the effective use of teams, organizations can often achieve synergy. Team goals,
however, must be aligned with the organization’s strategic objectives. Aligning team objectives with overall
corporate objectives ensures that people are working toward the same goal
15
1.10 Summary
It is critical that today’s organizations align their human resources to better meet strategic objectives. A
failure to do so results in wasted time, energy, and resources. Organizations are more likely to achieve this
alignment with their corporate objectives when they review their recruitment and selection processes for
fit, communicate the mission and vision statements, use joint goal setting, design an appropriate reward
system, empower the workforce, promote and develop from within, and use teams to achieve synergy.
Human Resource Management is the management function that helps the managers to plan, recruit, select,
train, develop, remunerate and maintain members for an organization. HRM has four objectives of societal,
organizational, functional and personal development. An organization must have set policies; definite
procedures and well defined principles relating to its personnel and these contribute to the effectiveness,
continuity and stability of the organization.

1.11 Self Assessment Questions

1. Define HRM? What are its functions and objectives?
2. Elaborate about the nature of HRM and its relevance in present scenario.
3. Explain the role of HR manager in HRM.

1.12 Reference books

- Aswathappa. K. (2008), Human Resource and Personnel Management (5th edition), Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
- Biswajeet Pattanayak (2001), Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
- Lloyed L. Byers and Leslie W. Rue (1997), Human Resource Management (5th edition),
The McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
- Michael Armstrong (1999), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (7th
edition), Kogan Page Limited, 120 Pentonvelle Road, London.

16
 Unit - 2 : Human Resource Planning
Structure of Unit:
2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Human Resource Planning (HRP)
2.4 Definition of Human Resource Planning
2.5 Nature of HRP
2.6 Objectives of Human Resource Planning
2.7 Need for HRP in Organizations
2.8 Importance of HRP
2.9 Factors Affecting HRP
2.10 HRP Process
2.11 Requisites for Successful HRP
2.12 Barriers to Human HRP
2.13 Summary
2.14 Self Assessment Questions
2.15 Reference Books

2.1 Objectives
After studying this unit, you will be able to:
 Understand the nature and need of HRP
 Able to gain information about different factors that affect HRP
 Realize the importance of human resource planning in current organizational scenario
 Understand the HRP process and the pre requisites for successful HRP process

2.2 Introduction
As told in the last chapter Human resource management has started to play a significant role in the overall
strategic development of the organization. At present HR strategies are designed in tune with the overall
business strategy of the organization. HR strategy should sub serve the interest of the organization, translating
firm’s goals and objectives into a consistent, integrated and complimentary set of programmes and policies
for managing people.
First part of Human resource strategy is HRP – Human Resource Planning. All other HR activities like
employee hiring, training and development, remuneration, appraisal and labour relations are derived from
HRP.HR planning is important in a wide variety of industries and firms. HR planning affects what employers
do when recruiting, selecting, and retaining people, and of course these actions affect organizational results
and success. The challenges caused by changing economic conditions during recent year’s show why HR
workforce planning should occur.
Staffing an organization is an HR activity that is both strategic and operational in nature. As the HR
Headline indicates, HR planning is important in a wide variety of industries and firms. HR planning affects
what employers do when recruiting, selecting, and retaining people, and, of course these actions affect
organizational results and success. Human Resources planning mean different means to different
organizations. To some companies, human resources planning mean management development. It involve
helping executives to make better decisions, communicate more effectively, and know more about the
firm. The purpose of HRP is to make the manager a better equipped for facing the present and future.
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2.3 Human Resource Planning (HRP)
Human resource planning is important for helping both organizations and employees to prepare for the
future. The basic goal of human resource planning is to predict the future and based on these predictions,
implement programmes to avoid anticipated problems. Very briefly humans resource planning is the process
of examining an organization’s or individual’s future human resource needs for instance, what types of
skills will be needed for jobs of the future compared to future human resource capabilities (such as the
types of skilled employees you already have) and developing human resource policies and practices to
address potential problems for example, implementing training programmes to avoid skill deficiencies.

2.4 Definition of Human Resource Planning

According to Vetter, “HRP is the process by which management determines how the organization should
move from its current man power position to desired manpower position. Through planning, management
strives to have the right time, doing things which result in both the organization and individual receiving
maximum long run benefits”.
According to Gordon Mc Beath, “HRP is concerned with two things: Planning of manpower requirements
and Planning of Manpower supplies”.
According to Beach, “HRP is a process of determining and assuming that the organization will have an
adequate number of qualified persons, available at proper times, performing jobs which meet the needs of
the enterprise and which provides satisfaction for the individuals involved”
Simply HRP can be understood as the process of forecasting an organization’s future demands for and
supply of the right type of people in the right number. In other words HRP is the process of determining
manpower needs and formulating plans to meet these needs.
HRP is a Four-Phased Process.
 The first phase involves the gathering and analysis of data through manpower inventories and
forecasts,
 The second phase consists of establishing manpower objectives and policies and gaining top
management approval of these.
 The third phase involves designing and implementing plans and promotions to enable the
organization to achieve its manpower objectives.
 The fourth phase is concerned with control and evaluation of manpower plans to facilitate progress
in order to benefit both the organization and the individual. The long run view means that gains
may be sacrificed in the short run for the future grounds. The planning process enables the
organization to identify what its manpower needs is and what potential manpower problems required
current action. This leads to more effective and efficient performance.

2.5 Nature of HRP

Human resource planning is the process of analyzing and identifying the availability and the need for human
resources so that the organization can meet its objectives. The focus of HR planning is to ensure that the
organization has the right number of human resources, with the right capabilities, at the right times, and in
the right places. In HR planning, an organization must consider the availability and allocation of people to
jobs over long periods of time, not just for the next month or the next year1.

HRP is a sub system in the total organizational planning. Actions may include shifting employees to other
jobs in the organization, laying off employees or otherwise cutting back the number of employees, developing
18
present employees, and/or increasing the number of employees in certain areas. Factors to consider
include the current employees’ knowledge, skills, and abilities and the expected vacancies resulting from
retirements, promotions, transfers, and discharges. To do this, HR planning requires efforts by HR
professionals working with executives and managers.

2.6 Objectives of Human Resource Planning

1. To ensure optimum utilization of human resources currently available in the organization.
2. To assess or forecast the future skill requirement of the organization.
3. To provide control measures to ensure that necessary resources are available as and when required.
4. A series of specified reasons are there that attaches importance to manpower planning and
forecasting exercises. They are elaborated below:
 To link manpower planning with the organizational planning
 To determine recruitment levels.
 To anticipate redundancies.
 To determine optimum training levels.
 To provide a basis for management development programs.
 To cost the manpower.
 To assist productivity bargaining.
 To assess future accommodation requirement.
 To study the cost of overheads and value of service functions.
 To decide whether certain activity needs to be subcontracted, etc.
HRP exists as a part of planning process of business. This is the activity that aims to coordinate the
requirements for the availability of the different types of employers. The major activities are the forecasting,
(future requirements), inventorying (present strength), anticipating (comparison of present and future
requirements) and planning (necessary program to meet the requirements).

The HR forecasts are responsible for estimating the number of people and the jobs needed by an organization
to achieve its objectives and realize its plans in the most efficient and effective manner.

HR needs are computed by subtracting HR supplies or number of the employees available from expected
HR demands or number of people required to produce a desired level of outcome. The objective of HR
is to provide right personnel for the right work and optimum utilization of the existing human resources.
The objectives of human resource planning may be summarized as below:
 Forecasting Human Resources Requirements: HRP is essential to determine the future needs
of HR in an organization. In the absence of this plan it is very difficult to provide the right kind of
people at the right time.
 Effective Management of Change: Proper planning is required to cope with changes in the
different aspects which affect the organization. These changes need continuation of allocation/
reallocation and effective utilization of HR in organization.

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  Realizing the Organizational Goals: In order to meet the expansion and other organizational
activities the organizational HR planning is essential.
 Promoting Employees: HRP gives the feedback in the form of employee data which can be
used in decision-making in promotional opportunities to be made available for the organization.
 Effective Utilization of HR: The data base will provide the useful information in identifying
surplus and deficiency in human resources. The objective of HRP is to maintain and improve the
organizational capacity to reach its goals by developing appropriate strategies that will result in the
maximum contribution of HR.

2.7 Need for HRP in Organizations

Major reasons for the emphasis on HRP at the Macro level:
1) Employment-Unemployment Situation: Though in general the number of educated
unemployment is on the rise, there is acute shortage for a variety of skills. This emphasizes on the
need for more effective recruitment and employee retention.
2) Technological Change: The changes in production technologies, marketing methods and
management techniques have been extensive and rapid. Their effect has been profound on the job
contents and job contexts. These changes have caused problems relating to redundancies, retention
and redeployment. All these suggest the need to plan manpower needs intensively and systematically.

3) Demographic Change: The changing profile of the work force in terms of age, sex, literacy,
technical inputs and social background has implications for HRP.

4) Skill Shortage: Unemployment does not mean that the labour market is a buyer’s market.
Organizations generally become more complex and require a wide range of specialist skills that
are rare and scare. A problem arises in an organization when employees with such specialized
skills leave.

5) Governmental Influences: Government control and changes in legislation with regard to

affirmative action for disadvantages groups, working conditions and hours of work, restrictions
on women and child employment, causal and contract labour, etc. have stimulated the organizations
to be become involved in systematic HRP.

6) Legislative Control: The policies of “hire and fire” have gone. Now the legislation makes it
difficult to reduce the size of an organization quickly and cheaply. It is easy to increase but difficult
to shed the fat in terms of the numbers employed because of recent changes in labour law relating
to lay-offs and closures. Those responsible for managing manpower must look far ahead and thus
attempt to foresee manpower problems.

7) Impact of the Pressure Group: Pressure groups such as unions, politicians and persons displaced
from land by location of giant enterprises have been raising contradictory pressure on enterprise
management such as internal recruitment and promotion, preference to employees’ children, displace
person, sons of soil etc.
8) Systems Approach: The spread of system thinking and advent of the macro computer as the
part of the on-going revolution in information technology which emphasis planning and newer
ways of handling voluminous personnel records.
20
 9) Lead Time: The log lead time is necessary in the selection process and training and deployment
of the employee to handle new knowledge and skills successfully.

2.8 Importance of HRP

HRP is the subsystem in the total organizational planning. Organizational planning includes managerial
activities that set the company’s objective for the future and determines the appropriate means for achieving
those objectives. The importance of HRP is elaborated on the basis of the key roles that it is playing in the
organization.
1. Future Personnel Needs: Human resource planning is significant because it helps to determine
the future personnel needs of the organization. If an organization is facing the problem of either
surplus or deficiency in staff strength, then it is the result of the absence of effecting HR planning.
All public sector enterprises find themselves overstaffed now as they never had any planning for
personnel requirement and went of recruitment spree till late 1980’s. The problem of excess staff
has become such a prominent problem that many private sector units are resorting to VRS ‘voluntary
retirement scheme’. The excess of labor problem would have been there if the organization had
good HRP system. Effective HRP system will also enable the organization to have good succession
planning.
2. Part of Strategic Planning: HRP has become an integral part of strategic planning of strategic
planning. HRP provides inputs in strategy formulation process in terms of deciding whether the
organization has got the right kind of human resources to carry out the given strategy. HRP is also
necessary during the implementation stage in the form of deciding to make resource allocation
decisions related to organization structure, process and human resources. In some organizations
HRP play as significant role as strategic planning and HR issues are perceived as inherent in
business management.
3. Creating Highly Talented Personnel: Even though India has a great pool of educated
unemployed, it is the discretion of HR manager that will enable the company to recruit the right
person with right skills to the organization. Even the existing staff hope the job so frequently that
organization face frequent shortage of manpower. Manpower planning in the form of skill
development is required to help the organization in dealing with this problem of skilled manpower
shortage
4. International Strategies: An international expansion strategy of an organization is facilitated to
a great extent by HR planning. The HR department’s ability to fill key jobs with foreign nationals
and reassignment of employees from within or across national borders is a major challenge that is
being faced by international business. With the growing trend towards global operation, the need
for HRP will as well will be the need to integrate HRP more closely with the organizations strategic
plans. Without effective HRP and subsequent attention to employee recruitment, selection,
placement, development, and career planning, the growing competition for foreign executives
may lead to expensive and strategically descriptive turnover among key decision makers.
5. Foundation for Personnel Functions: HRP provides essential information for designing and
implementing personnel functions, such as recruitment, selection, training and development,
personnel movement like transfers, promotions and layoffs.
6. Increasing Investments in Human Resources: Organizations are making increasing investments
in human resource development compelling the increased need for HRP. Organizations are realizing
21
 that human assets can increase in value more than the physical assets. An employee who gradually
develops his/ her skills and abilities become a valuable asset for the organization. Organizations
can make investments in its personnel either through direct training or job assignment and the
rupee value of such a trained, flexible, motivated productive workforce is difficult to determine.
Top officials have started acknowledging that quality of work force is responsible for both short
term and long term performance of the organization.
7. Resistance to Change: Employees are always reluctant whenever they hear about change and
even about job rotation. Organizations cannot shift one employee from one department to another
without any specific planning. Even for carrying out job rotation (shifting one employee from one
department to another) there is a need to plan well ahead and match the skills required and
existing skills of the employees.
8. Uniting the Viewpoint of Line and Staff Managers: HRP helps to unite the viewpoints of line
and staff managers. Though HRP is initiated and executed by the corporate staff, it requires the
input and cooperation of all managers within an organization. Each department manager knows
about the issues faced by his department more than anyone else. So communication between HR
staff and line managers is essential for the success of HR Planning and development.
9. Succession Planning: Human Resource Planning prepares people for future challenges. The
‘stars’ are picked up, trained, assessed and assisted continuously so that when the time comes
such trained employees can quickly take the responsibilities and position of their boss or seniors
as and when situation arrives.
10. Other Benefits: (a) HRP helps in judging the effectiveness of manpower policies and programmes
of management. (b) It develops awareness on effective utilization of human resources for the
overall development of organization. (c) It facilitates selection and training of employees with
adequate knowledge, experience and aptitudes so as to carry on and achieve the organizational
objectives (d) HRP encourages the company to review and modify its human resource policies
and practices and to examine the way of utilizing the human resources for better utilization.

2.9 Factors Affecting HRP

HRP is influenced by several factors. The most important of the factors that affect HRP are (1) type and
strategy of organization (2) organizational growth cycles and planning (3) environmental uncertainties (4)
time horizons (5) type and quality of forecasting information (4) nature of jobs being filled and (5) off
loading the work.
1. Type and Strategy of the Organization: Type of the organization determines the production processes
involve, number and type of staff needed and the supervisory and managerial personnel required. HR
need is also defined by the strategic plan of organization. If the organization has a plan for organic growth
then organization need to hire additional employees. On the other hand If the organization is going for
mergers and acquisition, then organization need to plan for layoffs, as mergers can create, duplicate or
overlap positions that can be handled more efficiently with fewer employees.

Organization first decides whether to be reactive or proactive in HRP. Organizations either carefully
anticipate the needs and systematically plan to fill the need in advance (proactive) or can simply react to
the needs as they arise (reactive). Likewise, the organization must determine the width of the HR plan.
Organization can choose a narrow focus by planning in only one or two HR areas like recruitment and
selection or can have a broad perspective by planning in all areas including training and remuneration.
22
The nature of HR plan is also decides upon the formality of the plan. It can decides to have an informal
plan that lies mostly in the minds of the managers and personnel staff or can have a formal plan which is
properly documented in writing

The nature of HR plan is also depended upon the flexibility that is practiced in the organization. HR plan
should have the ability to anticipate and deal with contingencies. Organizations frame HRP in such a way
that it can contain many contingencies, which reflect different scenarios thereby assuring that the plan is
flexible and adaptable.

Organizational
Growth cycle
and Planning

Type and
Strategy o f Environmental
Uncertainties
Organization.

HRP
Time horizons Outsourcing

Type and
quality of
forecasting N ature of jobs
information being filled

Figure 2.1 : Factors Affecting HRP.

Figure 2.1 summarizes the five factors that influence an organization while framing its strategic HRP.

2. Organizational Growth Cycles and Planning: All organizations pass through different stages of
growth from the day of its inception. The stage of growth in which an organization is determines the nature
and extends of HRP. Small organizations in the earlier stages of growth may not have well defined personnel
planning. But as the organization enters the growth stage they feel the need to plan its human resource. At
this stage organization gives emphasis upon employee development. But as the organization reaches the
mature stage it experience less flexibility and variability resulting in low growth rate. HR planning becomes
more formalized and less flexible and less innovative and problem like retirement and possible retrenchment
dominate planning.
During the declining stage of the organization HRP takes a different focus like planning to do the layoff,
retrenchment and retirement. In declining situation planning always becomes reactive in nature towards
the financial and sales distress faced by the company.
3. Environmental Uncertainties: Political, social and economic changes affect all organizations and the
fluctuations that are happening in these environments affect organizations drastically. Personnel planners
deal with such environmental uncertainties by carefully formulating recruitment, selection, training and
23
development policies and programmes. The balance in the organization is achieved through careful succession
planning, promotion channels, layoffs, flexi time, job sharing, retirement, VRS and other personnel related
arrangements.
4. Time Horizons: HR plans can be short term or long term. Short term plans spans from six months to
one year, while long term plans spread over three to twenty years. The extent of time period depends
upon the degree of uncertainty that is prevailing in an organizations environment. Greater the uncertainty,
shorter the plan time horizon and vice versa.

Table 2.1 : Degree of Uncertainty and Length of Planning Period

Short Planning period- uncertainty/ Long planning period- certainty/ stability

instability
Many new competitors Strong competitive position
Rapid changes in social and economic Evolutionary, rather than rapid social,
conditions political and technological chan ge
Unstable product/ service demand patterns Stable demand patterns
Small organizational size, poor management Strong management practices.
practices (crisis Management)

Source: Elmer H. Burack and Nicholas J. Mathis, Human Resource Planning- A Pragmatic approach
to manpower Staffing and development, Illinosis, Brace- Park Press, 1987, p. 129.
5. Type and Quality of information: The information used to forecast personnel needs originates from
a multitude of sources. The forecast depends to a large extent upon the type of information and the quality
of data that is available to personnel planners. The quality and accuracy of information depend upon the
clarity with which the organizational decision makers have defined their strategy, structure, budgets,
production schedule and so on.

Table 2.2 : Levels of HRP Information

Strategic Information General Organizational Specific Information

Information Necessary for HRP
Product m ix Organizational structure Job analysis
Customer mix Information flows Skills inventories
Competitive emphasis Operating and capital Management inventories
budgets
Functional area objectives
Geographic limits of Production schedules Available training and
market Distribution channels developm ent programmes
Sales territories Recruitment sources
Production processes
Level of technology Labour market analysis
Planning horizons Compensation programm es
Constitutional provisions
and labour laws
Retirement plans
Turnover data.

Source: Leap& Crino, Personnel/ Human Resource Management, p. 161.

6. Nature of Jobs Being Filled: Personnel planners need to be really careful with respect to the nature
of the jobs being filled in the organization. Employees belonging to lower level who need very limited skills
can be recruited hastily but, while hiring employees for higher posts, selection and recruitment need to be
carried out with high discretion. Organization need to anticipate vacancies far in advance as possible, to
provide sufficient time to recruit suitable candidate.

24
7. Outsourcing: Several organizations outsource part of their work to outside parties in the form of
subcontract. Outsourcing is a regular feature both in the public sector as well as in the private sector
companies. Many of the organizations have surplus labour and hence instead of hiring more people they
go for outsourcing. Outsourcing is usually done for non critical activities. Outsourcing of non- critical
activities through subcontracting determines HRP.

2.10 HRP Process

HRP effectively involves forecasting personnel needs, assessing personnel supply and matching demand –
supply factors through personnel related programmes. The HR planning process is influenced by overall
organizational objectives and environment of business.

Figure 2.2 : The HRP Process

Environmental Scanning:
It refers to the systematic monitoring of the external forces influencing the organization. The following
forces are essential for pertinent HRP.
 Economic factors, including general and regional conditions.
 Technological changes
 Demographic changes including age, composition and literacy,
 Political and legislative issues, including laws and administrative rulings
 Social concerns, including child care, educational facilities and priorities.
By scanning the environment for changes that will affect an organization, managers can anticipate their
impact and make adjustments early.
Organizational Objectives and Policies: HR plan is usually derived from the organizational objectives.
Specific requirements in terms of number and characteristics of employees should be derived from
organizational objectives
Once the organizational objectives are specified, communicated and understood by all concerned, the HR
department must specify its objective with regard to HR utilization in the organization.
25
HR Demand Forecast:
Demand forecasting is the process of estimating the future quantity and quality of people required to meet
the future needs of the organization. Annual budget and long-term corporate plan when translated into
activity into activity form the basis for HR forecast.
For eg: in the case of a manufacturing company, the sales budget will form the basis for production plan
giving the number and type of products to be produced in each period. This will form the basis upon which
the organization will decide the number of hours to be worked by each skilled category of workers. Once
the number hours required is available organization can determine the quality and quantity of personnel
required for the task.
Demand forecasting is influenced by both internal factors and external factors: external factors include-
competition, economic climate, laws and regulatory bodies, changes in technology and social factors
whereas internal factors are budget constraints, production level, new products and services, organizational
structure and employee separations.
Demand forecasting is essential because it helps the organization to 1. Quantify the jobs, necessary for
producing a given number of goods, 2. To determine the nature of staff mix required in the future, 3. To
assess appropriate levels in different parts of organization so as to avoid unnecessary costs to the organization,
4. To prevent shortages of personnel where and when, they are needed by the organization. 5. To monitor
compliances with legal requirements with regard to reservation of jobs.
Techniques like managerial judgment, ratio- trend analysis, regression analysis, work study techniques,
Delphi techniques are some of the major methods used by the organization for demand forecasting.
HR Supply Forecast:
Supply forecast determines whether the HR department will be able to procure the required number of
workers. Supply forecast measures the number of people likely to be available from within and outside an
organization, after making allowance for absenteeism, internal movements and promotions, wastage and
changes in hours, and other conditions of work.
Supply forecast is required because it is needed as it 1. Helps to quantify the number of people and
positions expected to be available in future to help the organization realize its plans and meet its objectives
2. Helps to clarify the staff mixes that will arise in future 3. It assesses existing staffing in different parts of
the organization. 4. It will enable the organization to prevent shortage of people where and when they are
most needed. 5. It also helps to monitor future compliance with legal requirements of job reservations.
Supply analysis covers the existing human resources, internal sources of supply and external sources of
supply.
HR Programming:
Once an organization’s personnel demand and supply are forecasted the demand and supply need to be
balanced in order that the vacancies can be filled by the right employees at the right time.
HR Plan Implementation:
HR implementation requires converting an HR plan into action. A series of action are initiated as a part of
HR plan implementation. Programmes such as recruitment, selection and placement, training and
development, retraining and redeployment, retention plan, succession plan etc when clubbed together
form the implementation part of the HR plan.
26
Control and Evaluation:
Control and evaluation represent the final phase of the HRP process. All HR plan include budgets, targets
and standards. The achievement of the organization will be evaluated and monitored against the plan.
During this final phase organization will be evaluating on the number of people employed against the
established (both those who are in the post and those who are in pipe line) and on the number recruited
against the recruitment targets. Evaluation is also done with respect to employment cost against the
budget and wastage accrued so that corrective action can be taken in future.

2.11 Requisites for Successful HRP

1. HRP must be recognized as an integral part of corporate planning
2. Support of top management is essential
3. There should be some centralization with respect to HRP responsibilities in order to have
co-ordination between different levels of management.
4. Organization records must be complete, up to date and readily available.
5. Techniques used for HR planning should be those best suited to the data available and
degree of accuracy required.
6. Data collection, analysis, techniques of planning and the plan themselves need to be constantly
revised and improved in the light of experience.

2.12 Barriers to HRP

Human Resource Planners face significant barriers while formulating an HRP. The major barriers are
elaborated below:
1) HR practitioners are perceived as experts in handling personnel matters, but are not experts in
managing business. The personnel plan conceived and formulated by the HR practitioners when
enmeshed with organizational plan, might make the overall strategic plan of the organization
ineffective.
2) HR information often is incompatible with other information used in strategy formulation. Strategic
planning efforts have long been oriented towards financial forecasting, often to the exclusion of
other types of information. Financial forecasting takes precedence over HRP.
4) Conflict may exist between short term and long term HR needs. For example, there can be a
conflict between the pressure to get the work done on time and long term needs, such as preparing
people for assuming greater responsibilities. Many managers are of the belief that HR needs can
be met immediately because skills are available on the market as long as wages and salaries are
competitive. Therefore, long times plans are not required, short planning are only needed.
5) There is conflict between quantitative and qualitative approaches to HRP. Some people view
HRP as a number game designed to track the flow of people across the department. Others take
a qualitative approach and focus on individual employee concerns such as promotion and career
development. Best result can be achieved if there is a balance between the quantitative and
qualitative approaches.
6) Non-involvement of operating managers renders HRP ineffective. HRP is not strictly an HR
department function. Successful planning needs a co-ordinated effort on the part of operating
managers and HR personnel.

27
2.13 Summary
Today, human resource planning is viewed as the way management comes to grasp the ill-defined and
tough-to-solve human resource problems facing an organization. Human resource planning is the process
of determining the human resources required by the organization to achieve its goals. Human resource
planning also looks at broader issues relating to the ways in which people are employed and developed,
in order to improve organizational effectiveness. HRP is a decision making process that combines activities
such as identifying and acquiring the right number of people with the proper skills, motivating them to
achieve high performance and creating interactive links between business objectives are resource planning
activities. HRP sets out requirements in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Accurate manpower plan
is a dream. A common error of many managers is to focus on the organization’s short term replacement
needs. Any human resource plan, if it is to be effective, must be derived from the long term plans and
strategies of the organization. The various approaches to human resource planning under which a number
of major issues and trends in today’s work plan that will affect organization and employees are (1) Examine
external and internal issues, (2) Determining future organizations capabilities, (3) Determining future
organizational needs, and (4) Implementing human resources programmes to address anticipated problems.
Although change is occurring very rapidly in the work world it is important for both organizations and
employees to monitor issues and events continuously and consider their potential effects.

2.14 Self Assessment Questions

1. Explain the role of HR professional in human resource planning process in organizations.
2 Describe the various forecasting techniques and how these techniques are being used in
human resource planning.
3 Explain the barriers to HRP. Bring out the requisites for effective planning.

2.15 Reference Books

- Lloyd L. Byars and Leslie W. Rue (1997), Human Resource Management (5th edition), The
McGraw-Hill Companies, USA.
- Michael Armstrong (1999), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (7th
edition), Kogan Page Limited, 120 Pentonvelle Road, London.
- Biswajeet Pattanayak (2001), Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
- K. Aswathappa (1999), Human Resource and Personnel Management (2nd edition), Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
- P. Subba Rao (2004), Management and Organisational Behaviour (First edition), Himalaya
Publishing House.

28
 Unit - 3 : Job Analysis and Job Design
Structure of Unit:
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Job Analysis Defined
3.3 Uses of Job Analysis
3.4 Steps in Job Analysis
3.5 Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Data
3.6 Job Description
3.7 Writing Job Description
3.8 Job Specification
3.9 Job Design
3.10 Methods of Job Design
3.11 Summary
3.12 Self Assessment Questions
3.13 Reference Books

3.0 Objectives
After completing this unit, you will be able to:
 Define job analysis.
 Understand the basic steps in a Job analysis.
 Identify the major methods of collecting Job analysis data.
 Recognize the major elements of job descriptions
 Explain how to prepare job descriptions and job specification and their use.
 Point out and explain job design and its various methods
 Distinguish between job enlargement and job enrichment.

3.1 Introduction
Manpower planning is concerned with determination of quantitative and qualitative requirements of
manpower for the organization. Determination of manpower requirements is one of the most important
problems in manpower planning. Job analysis and job design, provide this knowledge. Before going
through the mechanism of job analysis and job design, it is relevant to understand the terms which are
used in job analysis and job design.

Job: A job may be defined as a “collection or aggregation of tasks, duties and responsibilities which as a
whole, are regarded as a regular assignment to individual employees,” and which is different from other
assignments, In other words, when the total work to be done is divided and grouped into packages, we
call it a “job.” Each job has a definite title based upon standardized trade specifications within a job; two
or more grades may be identified, where the work assignment may be graded according to skill, the
difficulty of doing them, or the quality of workmanship. Thus, it may be noted that a position is a “collection
o tasks and responsibilities regularly assigned to one person;” while a job is a “group of position, which
involve essentially the same duties, responsibilities, skill and knowledge.” A position consists ofa particular
set of duties assigned to an individual.
29
 Decenzo and P. Robbins define other terms as follows:
Task: It is a distinct work activity carried out for a distinct purpose.
Duty: It is a number of tasks.
Position: It refers to one or more duties performed by one person in an organization, There are at
least as many positions as there are workers in the organization; vacancies may create
more positions than employees.
Job: It is a type of position within the organization.
Job Family: It is group of two or more jobs that either call for similar worker characteristics or contain
parallel work tasks as determined by job analysis.
Occupation: It is a group of similar jobs found across organizations.
Career: It represents a sequence of positions, jobs, or occupations that a
person has over his working life.

Career
Occupation
Job Family

Job
Position
Duty
Task

Element

Figure 3.1: Job Analysis Information Hierarchy

(Adapted from Decenzo and P. Robbins, Personnel/Human Resource Management)
3.2 Job Analysis Defined
Developing an organizational structure, results in jobs which have to be staffed. Job analysis is the procedure
through which you determine the duties and nature of the jobs and the kinds of people (in terms of skills
and experience) who should be hired for them.’ It provides you with data on job requirements, which are
then used for developing job descriptions (what the job entails) and job specifications (what kind of
people to hire for the job). Some of the definitions of job analysis ate given as follows, to understand the
meaning of the term more clearly:
According to Michael L. Jucius, “Job analysis refers to the process of studying the operations, duties
and organizational aspects of jobs in order to derive specifications or as they called by some, job
descriptions.”
According to DeCenzo and P. Robbins, “A job analysis is a systematic exploration of the activities
within a job. It is a basic technical procedure, one that is used to define the duties, responsibilities, and
accountabilities of a job.”
30
According to Herbert G Herman “A job is a collection of tasks that can be performed by a single
employee to contribute to the production of some product or service provided by the organization. Each
job has certain ability requirements (as well as certain rewards) associated with it. Job analysis process
used to identify these requirements.”
Flippo has offered a more comprehensive definition of job analysis as, “Job analysis is the process
of studying and collecting information relating to the operations and responsibilities of a specific job. The
immediate products of the analysis are job descriptions and job specifications”
Thus, job analysis involves the process of identifying the nature of a job (job description) and the qualities
of the likely job holder (job specification).

3.3 Uses of Job Analysis

As summarized in Figure 3.2 the information generated by the job analysis is used as a basis of several
interrelated personnel management activities:

Organizational design

O rganiz a tion a nd m a n

pow e r pla nning

Job Description Placement & orientation

Job
Analysis Recruitment & selection

Job Specification
Training &development

Safety and health

Employee counseling

Performance appraisal

Figure 3.2 : Uses of Job3.2:Analysis

Figure Uses of Job Analysis

1. Achievement of Goals: Weather and Davis have stated, “Jobs are at the core of every organization’s
productivity, if they are designed well and done right, the organization makes progress towards its objectives.
Otherwise, productivity suffers, profits fall, and the organization is less able to meet the demands of
society, customer, employees, and other with a stake in its success.”
2. Organizational Design: Job analysis will be useful in classifying the jobs and the interrelationships
among the jobs. On the basis of information obtained through job analysis, sound decisions regarding
hierarchical positions and functional differentiation can be taken and this will improve operationalefficiency.
3. Organization and Manpower Planning: It is helpful in organization planning, for it defines labour in
concrete terms and co-ordinates the activities of the work force, and clearly divides duties and responsibilities.
4. Recruitment and Selection: Job analysis provides you with information on what the job entails and
what human requirements are required to carry out these activities. This information is the basis on which
you decide what sort of people to recruit and hire.
31
5. Placement and Orientation: Job analysis helps in matching the job requirements with the abilities,
interests and aptitudes of people. Jobs will be assigned to persons on the basis of suitability for the job.
The orientation programme will help the employee in learning the activities and understanding duties that
are required to perform a given job more effectively.
6. Employee Training and Management Development: Job analysis provides the necessary information
to the management of training and development programmes. It helps in to determine the content and
subject matter of in training courses. It also helps in checking application information, interviewing test
results and in checking references.
7. Job Evaluation and Compensation: Job evaluation is the process of determining the relative worth of
different jobs in an organization with a view to link compensation, both basic and supplementary, with the
worth of the jobs. The worth of a job is determined on the basis of job characteristics and job holder
characteristics. Job analysis provides both in the forms of job description and job specification.
8. Performance Appraisal: Performance appraisal involves comparing each employee’s actual
performance with his or her desired performance. Through job analysis industrial engineers and other
experts determine standards to be achieved and specific activities to be performed.
9. Health and Safety: It provides an opportunity for identifying hazardous conditions and unhealthy
environmental factors so that corrective measures may be taken to minimize and avoid the possibility of
accidents.
10. Employee Counselling: Job analysis provides information about career choices and personal limitation.
Such information is helpful in vocational guidance and rehabilitation counselling. Employees who are unable
to cope with the hazards and demands of given jobs may be advised to opt for subsidiary jobs or to seek
premature retirement.

3.4 Steps in Job Analysis

The six steps of job analysis are shown in figure 3.3:
Determination of uses
of job analysis

Collection of back
ground information

Selection of job
for analysis

Collection of job
analysis data

Information processing

Job Job
Description Specification

Figure 3.3 : Job Analysis Process

32
1. Determine the Use of the Job Analysis Information: Start by identifying the use to which the
information will be put, since this will determine the type of data you collect and the technique you use to
collect them.
2. Collection of Background Information: According to Terry, “The make-up of a job, its relation to
other jobs, and its requirements for competent performance are essential information needed for a job
evaluation. This information can be had by reviewing available background information such as organization
charts (which show how the job in question relates to other jobs and where they fit into the overall
organization); class specifications (which describe the general requirements of the class of job to which the
job under analysis belongs); and the existing job descriptions which provide a starting point from which to
build the revised job description”.
3. Selection of Jobs for Analysis: To do job analysis is a costly and time consuming process. It is
hence, necessary to select a representative sample of jobs for purposes of analysis. Priorities of various
jobs can also be determined. A job may be selected because it has undergone undocumented changes in
job content. The request for analysis of a job may originate with the employee, supervisor, or a manager.
When the employee requests an analysis it is usually because new job demands have not been reflected in
changes in wages. Employee’s salaries are, in part, based upon the nature of the work that they perform.
Some organizations establish a time cycle for the analysis of each job. For example: A job analysis may
be required for all jobs every three years. New jobs must also be subjected to analysis.
4. Collection of Job Analysis Data: Job data on features of the job, requited employee qualification
and requirements, should be collected either form the employees who actually perform a job; or from
other employees (such as foremen or supervisors) who watch the workers doing a job and there by
acquire knowledge about it; or from the outside persons, known as the trade job analysis who are appointed
to watch employees performing a job. The duties of such a trade job analyst are (i) to outline the complete
scope of a job and to consider all the physical and mental activities involved in determining what the
worker does.; (ii) find out why a worker does a job; and for this purpose he studies why each task is
essential for the overall result; and (iii) the skill factor which may be needed in the worker to differentiate
between jobs and establish the extent of the difficulty of any job.
5. Processing the Information: Once job analysis information has been collected, the next step is to
place it in a form that will make it useful to those charged with the various personnel functions. Several
issues arise with respect to this. First, how much detail is needed? Second, can the job analysis information
be expressed in quantitative terms? These must be considered properly.
6. Preparing Job Descriptions and Job Classifications: Job information which has been collected
must be processed to prepare the job description form. It is a statement showing full details of the activities
of the job. Separate job description forms may be used for various activities in the job and may be
compiled later on. The job analysis is made with the help of these description forms. These forms may be
used as reference for the future.

7. Developing Job Specifications: Job specifications are also prepared on the basis of information
collected. It is a statement of minimum acceptable qualities of the person to be placed on the job. It
specifies the standard by which the qualities of the person are measured. Job analyst prepares such
statement taking into consideration the skills required in performing the job properly. Such statement is
used in selecting a person matching with the job.
33
3.5 Methods for Collecting Job Analysis Data
As discussed earlier, information is to be collected for job analysis. Such information may be collected by
the trained job analysis, superiors concerned and job holders themselves. Job information is collected
through the following methods:
1. Participant Diary/Logs: Workers can be to keep participant diary/long or lists of things they do
during the day. For every activity he or she engages in, the employee records the activity (along with the
time) in a log. This can provide you with a very comprehensive picture of the job, especially when it’s
supplemented with subsequent interviews with the worker and his or her supervisor. This method provides
more accurate information if done faithfully. However, it is quite time consuming. Further, each job holder
may maintain records according to his own way which presents problems in analysis at later stage. Therefore,
it has limited application.
2. Interview: There are three types of interviews you can use to collect job analysis data: individual
interviews with each employee; group interviews with groups of employees having the same job; and
supervisor interviews with one or more supervisors who are thoroughly knowledgeable about the job
being analyzed. The group interview is used when a large number of employees are performing similar or
identical work, since this can be a quick and inexpensive way of learning about the job. As a rule, the
worker’s immediate supervisor would attend the group session; if not, you should interview the supervisor
separately to get that person’s perspective on the duties and responsibilities of the job.
3. Critical Incidents: In this method, job holders are asked to describe incidents concerning the job on
the basis of their past experience. The incidents so collected are analyzed and classified according to the
job areas they describe, A fairly picture of actual job requirements can be obtained by distinguishing
between effective and ineffective behaviors of workers on the job. However, this method is time consuming.
The analyst requires a high degree of skill to analyze the contents of descriptions given by workers.
4. Technical Conference Method: This method utilizes supervisors with extensive knowledge of the
job. Here, specific characteristics of a job are obtained from the “experts.” Although it is a good data
gathering method, it often overlooks the incumbent worker’s perception about what they do on their job.
5. Job Performance: Under this method, the job analyst actually performs the job under study to get
first-hand experience of the actual tasks, and physical and social demands of the job. This method can be
used only for jobs where skill requirements are low and can be learnt quickly and easily. This is a time-
consuming method and is not appropriate for jobs requiring extensive training.
6. Functional Job Analysis: Functional job analysis (FJA) is employee- oriented analytical approach of
job analysis. This approach attempts to describe the whole person on the job. The main features of FJA
include the following:
 The extent to which specific instruction are necessary to perform the task
 The extent to which reasoning and judgment are required to perform the task
 The mathematical ability required to perform the task and
 The verbal and language facilities required to perform the task.
7. Observation Method: Using this method, a job analyst watches employees directly on the job.
Observations are made on various tasks, activities, the pace at which tasks are carried out, and the way
different activities are performed. This method is suitable for jobs that involve manual, standardized, and
short job cycle activities. This method also requires that the entire range of activities be observable;
possible with some jobs.
34
8. Questionnaires: The method is usually employed by engineering consultants. Properly drafted
questionnaires are sent out to job-holders for completion and are returned to supervisors. However, the
information received is often unorganized and incoherent. The idea in issuing questionnaire is to elicit the
necessary information from job –holders so that any error may first be discussed with the employee and,
after corrections, may be submitted to the job analyst.

Questionnaire for Job Analysis

1. Your Name ………..………..………..………..………..………..………..
2. Title or Designation of your job …………………………………………
3. Regular or Extra …………………………………………………………
4. Your Department ……………………………………………………….
5. To whom do you report directly (Name and Title): ………………………
6. Description of work:
(a) Daily Duties:
(b) Periodical Duties:
(c) Occasional Duties:
7. Your knowledge Requirements:
(A) Store Procedure and Methods:
(B) Merchandise:
8. What Equipment do you use?
9. What Materials do you work with or sell?
10. If you supervise the work of others, state how many and what their jobs are.
11. To what job would you normally expect to be promoted?
12. From what job were you transferred to your present job?

This technique is time consuming and generally does not yield satisfactory results because many employees
do not complete the questionnaire or furnish incorrect information because of their own limitations. The
use of questionnaire is recommended only in case of those technical jobs where the job contents are not
completely known to the supervisor or the operation is too complex to observe.

There are certain standardized questionnaires developed by a few agencies which are used by various
organizations for job analysis. Most of these questionnaires are of two types: position analysis questionnaire
and management position description questionnaire that are decribed as follows:

a. Position Analysis Questionnaire. Position analysis questionnaire (PAQ) is a highly specialized

instrument for analyzing a job in terms of employee activities. The PAQ developed by Purdue University
is a comprehensive questionnaire for collecting information for job analysis.

In this questionnaire, various job elements have been grouped into six categories with each category
containing relevant job elements resulting into 195 elements as shown in Table 3.1.

35
 Table 3.1 : Position Analysis Questionnaire

Job Aspects No. of

elements
Information input - Where and how do employee get information to do their 35
job?
Mental processes- what reasoning, planning, organizing, and decision 14
making is done?
Work output – what physical activities, tools and machines are used? 49
Relationships – what contact with other people, both in the company and 36
outside is maintained or developed?
Job context- what is the physical and social context in which the job is 19
maintained?
Other job characteristics – what other activities, conditions or Characteristics 42
not covered by the categories are relevant?

The advantage of PAQ is that it provides a quantitative score or profile of any job in terms of how that job
rates on the basic activities. The PAQ’s real strength is, thus, in classifying jobs. PAQ’s results can be used
to compare the jobs relative to one another and pay levels can be assigned for each job.
The major problem with PAQ is the time it takes for a job analyst to fill out the ratings. However, PAQ has
been widely researched and tested and appears to be both reliable and valid.
b. Management Position Description Questionnaire: Management position description is a highly
structured questionnaire containing 208 items relating to managerial responsibilities, restrictions, demands
and other miscellaneous position characteristics. W.W. Tomov and P.R. Pinto have developed the following
Management position Description factors:

 Product, marketing and financial strategy planning.

 Coordination of other organization units and personnel
 Internal business Control
 Products and services responsibility
 Public and customer relations
 Advanced consulting
 Autonomy of actions
 Approval of financial commitments
 Staff Service
 Supervision
 Complexity and stress
 Advanced financial responsibility
 Broad personnel responsibility
The above methods are the most popular ones for gathering job analysis data. They all provide realistic
information about what job incumbents actually do. They can thus be used for developing job descriptions
and job specifications. Caroll L. Shartle, Otis and Lenhert have provided the following suggestions for
making the job analyst’s task simple.
36
  Introduce yourself so that the worker knows who you are and why you are there.
 Show a sincere interest in the worker and the job that is analyzed;
 Do not try to tell the employee how to do his job.
 Try to talk to the employee and supervisors in their own language;
 Do a complete job study within the objectives of the programmer: and
 Verify the job information obtained.

3.6 Job Description

Job description is the immediate product of job analysis process; the data collected through job analysis
provides a basis for job description and job specification.
Job Description: is a written record of the duties, responsibilities and requirements of a particular job.
It is concerned with the job itself and not with the job holders. It is a statement describing the job in such
terms as its title, location, duties, working conditions and hazards.
Flippo has Defined Job Description as, “A job description is an organized, factual statement of duties
and responsibilities of a specific job. In brief, it should tell what is to be done. How it is done why. It is a
standard of function, in that defines the appropriate and authorized content of a job.
According to Pigors and Myres, “Job description is a pertinent picture (in writing) of the organizational
relationships, responsibilities and specific duties that constitutes a given job or position. It defines a scope
of responsibility and continuing work assignments that are sufficiently different form that of other jobs to
warrant a specific title.”

According to Zerga, who analyzed 401 articles on job description about 30 years ago. A job description
helps us in:
(i) Job grading and classification
(ii) Transfers and promotions.
(iii) Adjustments of grievances;
(iv) Defining and outlining promotional steps:
(v) Establishing a common understanding of a job between employers and employees;
(vi) Investigation accidents ;
(vii) Indicating faulty work procedures or duplication of papers;
(viii) Maintaining, operating and adjusting machinery;
(ix) Time and motion studies;
(x) Defining the limits of authority;
(xi) Indicating case of personal merit;
(xii) Studies of health and fatigue;
(xiii) Scientific guidance;
(xiv) Determining jobs suitable for occupational therapy;
(xv) Providing hiring specifications; and
(xvi) Providing performance indicators.

“Job description” is different from “performance assessment.” The former concerns such functions as
planning, co-ordination, and assigning responsibility; while the latter concerns the quality of performance
itself. Though job description is not assessment, it provides an important basis establishing assessment
standards and objectives.
37
3.7 Writing Job Description
A Job description is a written statement of what the job holder actually does, how he or she does it, and
under what conditions the job is performed. This information is in turn used to write a job specification.
This lists the knowledge, abilities, and skills needed to perform the job satisfactorily. While there is no
standard format you must use in writing a job description, most descriptions contain at least sections on:
1. Job Identification: It includes the job title, alterative title, department, division, and plant and
code number of the job. The job title identifies and designates the job properly, the department, division,
etc., indicate the name of the department where it is situated – whether it is the maintenance department,
mechanical shop etc. Location gives the name of the place. This portion of job description gives answer
to two important questions: to what higher level job is this job accountable. And who is supervised
directly?
2. Job Summary: Job summary describes the contents of the jobs in terms of activities or tasks
performed. Job summary should clear the nature of the job. Primary, secondary and other duties to be
performed on the job should clearly be indicated separately.
3. Duties and Responsibilities: This is the most important phase of job description and should be
prepared very carefully. It describes the duties to be performed along with frequency of each major
duty. Responsibilities concerning custody of money, supervision and training of staff etc. are also described
in this part.
Example of a Job Description
Job Title: Record Clerk Job No. 011
Supervisor: Record Supervisor Job Grand –III
Supervises: None Date: 2/21/12
Job Summary: Originate, process, and maintain comprehensive records; implement
required controls; collect and summarize data as requested.
Job Duties and Responsibilities :
 Review a variety of documents, listings, summarizes, etc, for completeness and
accuracy.
 Check records against other current sources such as reports or summaries; investigate
differences and take required action to ensure that records are accurate and up to date;
compile and summarize data report format as required.
 Implement controls or obtaining, preserving, and supplying a variety of information.
Prepare simple requisitions, forms, and other routine memoranda.
 Provide functional guidance to lower-level personnel as required.
Working Conditions: Normal working conditions. But visits sites on average twice a week.
Eight hours per day
Relationships:
 With equivalent officers in other departments.
 Maintains formal and social contacts with local officials.
Job Characteristics: Skilled operation of computer, calculating machine, or key punch
machine is not necessarily a requirement of this job.

The above information is correct and approved by:

(Signed) (Signed)
Job Analyst In charge Manager
4. Supervision: Under it is given number of persons to be supervised along with their job titles, and the
extent of supervision involved –general, intermediate or close supervision.
38
5. Relation to Other Jobs: It describes the vertical and horizontal relationships f work flow. It also
indicates to whom the jobholder will report and who will report to him. It gives an idea of channels of
promotion.
6. Machine, tools and equipment define each major type or trade name of the machines and tools and the
raw materials used.
7. Working Conditions: The working environment in terms of heat, light, noise, dust and fumes etc, the
job hazards and possibility of their occurrence and working conditions should also be described. It will be
helpful in job evaluation.
8. Social Environment: It specifies the social conditions under which the work will be performed. In this
part the size of work group, interpersonal interactions required to perform the job and development
facilities are mentioned

3.8 Job Specification

The job specification states the minimum acceptable qualifications that the incumbent must possess to
perform the job successfully. Based on the information acquired through job analysis, the job specification
identifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to do the job effectively. Individuals possessing the
personal characteristics identified in the job specification should perform the job more effectively than
individuals lacking these personal characteristics. The job specification, therefore, is a important tool in the
selection process, for it keeps the selector’s attention on the list of qualifications necessary for an incumbent
to perform the job and assists in determining whether candidates are qualified.
According to Dale Yoder, “The job specification, as such a summary properly described is thus a
specialized job description, emphasizing personnel requirement and designed especially to facilitate selection
and placement.”
Flippo has defined job specification as, “Job specification is a statement of the minimum acceptable
human qualities necessary to perform a job properly ………….. It is a standard of personnel and designates
the qualities required for acceptable performance.”
In is clear from the above definitions that job specification is a statement of summary of personnel
requirements for a job. It may also be called “standard of personal for the selection”
A Job Specification should include:
(i) Physical characteristics, which include health, strength, endurance, age, height, weight, vision,
voice, eye, hand and foot co-ordination, motor co-ordination, and colour discrimination.
(ii) Psychological and social characteristics such as emotional stability, flexibility, decision making
ability, analytical view, mental ability, pleasing manners, initiative, conversational ability etc.
(iii) Mental Characteristics such as general intelligence, memory, judgement, ability to concentrate,
foresight etc.
(iv) Personal Characteristics such as sex, education, family background, job experience, hobbies,
extracurricular activities etc.
All these characteristics must be classified into three categories:
 Essential attributes which a person must possess.
 Desirable attributes which a person ought to posses.
 Contra indicators which will become a handicap to successful job performance.
39
3.9 Job Design
Job design is of comparatively recent origin. The human resource managers have realized that the design
of a job has considerable influence on the productivity and job satisfaction; poorly designed jobs often
result in boredom to the employees, increased turnover, job dissatisfaction, low productivity and an increase
in overall costs of the organization. All these negative consequences can be avoided with the help of
proper job design.
According to Jon Werner and DeSimone, “Job design is the development and alteration of the
components of a job (such as the tasks one performs, and the scope of one’s responsibilities) to improve
productivity and the quality of the employees’ work life.”
Job design has been defined by Davis (1966) as: “The specification of the contents, methods, and
relationships of jobs in order to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the social
and personal requirements of the job-holder.”
Milkovich and Boudreau defined job design as, “Job design integrates work content (tasks, functions,
and relationships), the rewards (extrinsic and intrinsic) and the qualifications required (skills, knowledge,
abilities) for each job in a way that meets the needs of employees and the organization.”
Michael Armstrong has defined job design as “the process of deciding on the content of a job in
terms of its duties and responsibilities, on the methods to be used in carrying out the job, in terms of
techniques, systems and procedures, and on the relationships that should exist between the job holder and
his superiors, subordinates and colleagues.”
Job design is an attempt to create a match between job requirements and human attributes. It involves
organizing the components of the job and the interaction patterns among the members of a work group. It
helps in developing appropriate design of job to improve efficiency and satisfaction.
Principles of Job Design:
Principles are the bases of the approach used in job design. Robertson and Smith (1985) have suggested
the following five principles of job design:
 To influence skill variety, provide opportunities for people to do several tasks and combine
tasks.
 To influence task identity, combine tasks and from natural work units.
 To influence task significance, form natural work units and inform people of the importance of
their work.
 To influence autonomy, give people responsibility for determining their own working systems.
 To influence feedback; establish good relationship and open feedback channels.

3.10 Methods of Job Design

The various techniques of job design and redesign are discussed below:
1. Job Simplification: In job simplification, the complete job is broken down into small subparts; this is
done so that employee can do these jobs without much specialized training. Moreover, small operations of
the job can also be performed simultaneously so that the complete operation can be done more quickly.
For job simplification, generally time and motion studies are used.
2. Job Rotation: Another technique designed to enhance employee motivation is job rotation, or periodically
assigning employees to alternating jobs or tasks. For example, an employee may spend two weeks attaching
40
bumpers to vehicles and the following two weeks making final checks of the chassis. During the next
month, the same employee may be assigned to two different jobs. Therefore, the employee would be
rotated among four jobs. The advantage of job rotation is that employees do not have the same routine
job day after day. Job rotation only addresses the problem of assigning employees to jobs of limited
scope; the depth of the job does not change. The job cycle of the actual daily work performed has not
been lengthened or changed. Instead, employees are simply assigned to different jobs with different cycles.
Because job rotation does not change the basic nature of jobs, it is criticized as nothing more than having
an employee perform several boring and monotonous jobs rather than one. Some employees dislike job
rotation more than being assigned to one boring job because when they are assigned to one job they know
exactly where to report and what work to expect each day. Workers quickly realize that job rotation does
not increase their interest in their work.
Although it seldom addresses the lack of employee motivation, it give manages a means of coping with
frequent absenteeism and high turnover. Thus when absenteeism or turnover occurs in the work force,
managers can quickly fill the vacated position because each employee can perform several jobs.
Job rotation is often effectively used as a training technique for new, inexperienced employees. At higher
organizational levels, rotation also helps to develop managerial generalists because it exposes them to
several different operations.
Advantage of Job Rotation Technique:
 The employee experiences variety of work, workplace and peer group.
 Job rotation helps to broaden the knowledge and skills of an employee.
 The main advantage of job rotation is that it relieves the employee from the boredom and monotony
of doing the same job.
 With the help of this method, people become more flexible. They are prepared to assume
responsibility especially at other positions.
 Job rotation broadens the work experience of employees and turns specialists into generalists.
 It is beneficial for the management also as the management gets employees who can perform a
variety of tasks to meet the contingencies.
 This method improves the self image and personal worth of the employee.
Disadvantage of Job Rotation Technique:
 Job rotation also creates disruptions. Members of the work group have to adjust to the new
employee.
 Productivity is reduced by moving a worker into new position just when his efficiency at the prior
job was creating organizational economies.
 Training costs are increased.
 The supervisor may also have to spend more time answering question and monitoring the work of
the recently rotated employee.
 It can demotivate intelligent and ambitious trainees who seek specific responsibilities in their chosen
specialty.
3. Job Enlargement: Another means of increasing employee’s satisfaction with routine jobs is job
enlargement, or increasing the number of tasks performed (i.e. increasing the scope of the job). Job
enlargement, like job rotation, tries to eliminate short job cycles that create boredom. Unlike job rotation,
job enlargement actually increases the job cycle. When a job is enlarged, either the tasks being performed
are enlarged or several short tasks are given to one worker. Thus, the scope of the job is increased
because there are many tasks to be performed by the same worker. Job enlargement programs change
41
many methods of operation- in contrast to job rotation, in which the same work procedures are used by
workers who rotate through work stations. Although job enlargement actually changes the pace of the
work and the operation by reallocating tasks and responsibilities, it does not increase the depth of a job.
The focus of designing work for job enlargement is the exact opposite of that for job specialization.
Instead of designing jobs to be divided up into the fewest of tasks per employee, a job is designed to have
many tasks for the employee to perform. An enlarged job requires a longer training period because there
are more tasks to be learned. Worker satisfaction should increase because is reduced as the job scope is
expanded. However, job enlargement programs are successful with jobs what have increased scope;
such workers are less prone to resort to absenteeism, grievances, slowdowns and other means of displaying
job dissatisfaction.
Enlargement is done only on the horizontal level. Thus, the job remains the same, but becomes of a larger
scale than before. In the words of Geroge Strauss and L.R. Sayles “Job enlargement implies that instead
of assigning one man to each job, a group of men can be assigned to a group of jobs and then allowed to
decide for themselves how to organize the work. Such changes permit more social contacts and control
over the work process.”
Job enlargement has the following advantages:
 Increase in diversity of jobs
 Job satisfaction
 Provides wholeness and identity with the task and increases the knowledge necessary to perform
it.
 Provides variety of skills.
 Reduces tension and boredom.
 Trains and develops more versatile employees.
Despite these advantages this is not a completely satisfactory method of job design as it does not increase
the depth of a job. Enlarged jobs require longer training period as there are more tasks to be learned.
4. Job Enrichment: The concept of job enrichment has been derived from Herzberg’s two-factor theory
of motivation in which he has suggested that job content is one of the basic factors of motivation. If the job
is designed in such a manner that it becomes more interesting and challenging to the job performer and
provides him opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement and growth, the job
itself becomes a source of motivation to the individual.
According to Richard W. Beatty and Graig Eric. Schneider, “Job enrichment is a motivational technique
which emphasizes the need for challenging and interesting work. It suggests that jobs be redesigned so
that intrinsic satisfaction is derived from doing the job. In its best applications it leads to a vertically
enhanced job by adding function from other organizational levels, making it contain more variety and
challenge and offer autonomy and pride to the employee.”
According to P. Robbins, “Job enrichment refers to the vertical expansion of the jobs. It increases the
degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution and evaluation of his work.”
In the words of Robert Albanese, “Job enrichment sometimes called. “vertical job leading’ is a job
redesign strategy that focuses on job depth.”
According to Mondy. Holmes, and Flippo, “Job enrichment refers to basic changes in the content and
level of responsibility of a job so to provide for the satisfaction of the motivation needs of personnel.
Rebert Ford, who was associated with designing of jobs to make them more enriched, has provided
some bases (though not exhaustive) for job enrichment as shown in Table 3.3.
42
 Table 3.2 : Job Enrichment Bases

Tasks Motivator involved

Assign specific or specialized task to Responsibility, growth, advancement
individuals enabling them to become expert
Making periodic reports directly available Internal recognition
to the individual himself rather than to the
supervisor.
Giving a person a whole, natural unit of Responsibility, achievement, recognition
work (module, exchange district, division,
area, etc.)
Increasing the accountability of individuals Responsibility, recognition
for own work

Techniques of Job Enrichment: In order to enrich the jobs. The management should adopt the following
measures:

 Freedom in decisions
 Assign a natural work unit to an employee.
 Encouraging participation
 Allow the employee to set his own standards of performance.
 Minimize the controls to provide freedom to the employees
 Make an employee directly responsible for his performance.
 Encourage participation of employees in deciding organizational goals and policies.
 Expand job vertically
 Introducing new, difficult and creative tasks to the employees.
 Sense of achievement.
Advantages of Job Enrichment: The advantages of job enrichment are as follows:

 It enriches the role.

 Job enrichment is the most widely used of job design as it provides a meaningful learning to
employees.
 It makes the work interesting and employee get motivated.
 It helps in reducing the rate of labour turnover and absenteeism.
 It increases skills of the employees.
 It increases morale and performance.
 Reduce Boredom and dissatisfaction.
 Increase in output both qualitative and quantitative.
Disadvantages of Job Enrichment: Dunham and Newstrom state, “Even the strongest supporters of
job enrichment readily admit that there are limitations in its application.” Newstrom and Keith Davis also
write, “Employees are the final judges of what enriches their jobs. All that management can do is to gather
information about what tends to enrich jobs, try these changes in the job system, and then determine
whether employees feel that enrichment has occurred.” A few limitations of or problems with job enrichment
are as follows:
43
  Increase cost
 Need more employee counseling, training, and guidance.
 Not applicable to all jobs.
 Negative impact on personnel.
 Imposed on people.
 Objected by unions
 Pay dissatisfaction
JOB ENLARGEMENT vs. JOB ENRICHMENT
Job enlargement and job enrichment are both important forms of job design in order to enhance productivity
and satisfaction of the employees. They differ from each other in the following respects:
1. Nature of Job: The major difference between job enrichment and enlargement lies in the nature of
additions to the job. Enlargement involves a horizontal loading or expansion, or addition of tasks of the
same nature. Enrichment involves vertical loading of tasks and responsibility of the job holder; it improves
the quality of the job in terms of its intrinsic worth.
2. Purpose: The purpose of job enlargement is to reduce the monotony in performing repetitive jobs
by lengthening the cycle of operation. On the other hand, the purpose of job enrichment is making the
job lively, challenging and satisfying. It satisfies the higher level needs such as ego satisfaction, self
expression, sense of achievement and advancement of Job holders.
3. Skill Requirement: Job enlargement may not necessarily require the use of additional skills which
the job holder was using in performing the job before the enlargement. This is due to similarity of
additional tasks. Enrichment calls foe development and utilization of higher skills, initiative, and innovation
on the part of the job holder in performing the job.
4. Direction and Control: Job enlargement requires direction and control from external sources, say
supervisor. In fact, the job holder may require more direction and control because of enlargement of his
responsibility. Enrichment does not require external direction and control as these come from the job
holder himself. He requires only feedback from his supervisor.

3.11 Summary
 The purpose of an organization is to give each person a separate distinct job and to ensure that
these jobs are coordinated in such a way that the organization accomplishes its goals.
 Developing an organization structure results in jobs that have to be staffed. Job analysis is the
procedure through which you find out (1) what the job entails, and (2) what kinds of people
should be hired for the job. It involves six steps: (1) determine the use of the job analysis information;
(2) collection of background information; (3) selection of jobs for analysis; (4) collection of job
analysis data; (5) processing the information; (6) preparing job descriptions and job classifications;
and (7) developing job specifications.
 Techniques of job analysis are – observation method, questionnaires, participant diary/logs,
interview, critical incidents, technical conference method, and job performance.
 Job description and job specification are products of job analysis. Job description should indicate:
duties to be performed by the job holder and the manner he should complete the tasks. Job
specification: answer the question “what human traits and experience are necessary to do the job.
It portrays what kind of person to recruit and for what qualities that person should be tested”.
44
  Job design is an attempt to create a match between job requirements and job attribute. Job
rotation implies transfer to a job of same level and status. Job simplification enables the employees
to do the without much specialized training
 Job enlargement is the process of increasing the scope of job of a particular by adding more tasks
to it. And job enrichment implies increasing the contents of a job or the deliberate upgrading of
responsibility scope and challenge in work.
 Job enlargement and job enrichment are both important forms of job design in order to enhance
the productivity and satisfaction of the job holders.

3.12 Self Assessment Questions

1. What do you understand by job analysis? What is its importance in the management of human
resources?
2. What is job analysis? What steps are involved in the preparation of job analysis?
3. What are the byproducts of job analysis? Discuss the techniques used for collecting data for job
analysis?
4. What is job description? How is it prepared?
5. Define job specification? How is it different from job description?
6. Write notes on :
(i) Job Rotation
(ii) Job Simplification
7. Distinguish between :
(a) Job description and job specification
(b) Job enlargement and job enrichment
8. “Job analysis is the most basic personnel management function.” Discuss.
9. Clearly define and discuss the relationship among job analysis, job description and job specification.

3.13 Reference Books

- Mamoria C.B., Gankar S.V., (2006), “A Textbook of Human Resource Management”, Himalaya
Publishing House, New Delhi.
- Dwivedi R.S., (1997), “Personnel Management in Indian Enterprises”, Galgotia Publising Company,
New Delhi.
- Devid A. DeCENZO, STEPHEN P. ROBBINS (2002), “Personnel/Human Resource
Management”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
- Prasad L.M., (2005), Human Resource Management,” Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
- Dessler Gary (2010), “Human Resource Management”, Prentice Hall International Editions, New
Jersey.
- Carrell Michael R., Elbert Norbert F., Hatfield Robert D. (1999), “Human Resource Management,”
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

45
 Unit - 4 : Recruitment
Structure of Unit:
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Recruitment: Meaning and Definition
4.3 Process of Recruitment
4.4 Recruitment Policy
4.5 Factor Affecting Recruitment
4.6 Sources of Recruitment
4.7 Methods of Recruitment
4.8 Philosophies of Recruitment
4.9 Summary
4.10 Self Assessment Questions
4.11 Reference Books

4.0 Objectives
After completing this unit, you will be able to:
 Define recruitment.
 Cite the steps in recruitment process.
 Understand the prerequisites of a good recruitment policy.
 Describe the various sources of recruitment.
 Understand the methods through which prospective candidates may be recruited.
 Point out the various factors affecting recruitment.

4.1 Introduction
Successful human resource planning should identify our human resource needs. Once we know these
needs, we will want to do something about meeting them. The next step in the acquisition function, therefore,
is recruitment. This activity makes it possible for us to acquire the number and types of people necessary
to ensure the continued operation of the organization.
Hallett says, “It is with people that quality performance really begins and ends.” Robert Heller also says,
“If people of poor calibre are hired, nothing much else can be accomplished and Gresham’s law will work:
the bad people will drive out the good or cause them to deteriorate.”
Recruiting is the discovering of potential candidates for actual or anticipated organizational vacancies. Or,
from another perspective, it is a linking activity-bringing together those with jobs to fill and those seeking
jobs.

4.2 Recruitment: Meaning and Definition

Recruitment forms a step in the process which continues with selection and ceases with the placement of
the candidate. It is the next step in the procurement function, the first being the manpower planning.
Recruiting makes it possible to acquire the number and types of people necessary to ensure the continued
operation of the organisation. Recruiting is the discovering of potential applicants for actual or anticipated
organisational vacancies.
46
According to Edwin B. Flippo, “Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and
stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation.”
According to Lord, “Recruitment is a form of competition. Just as corporations compete to develop,
manufacture, and market the best product or service, so they must also compete to identify, attract and
hire the most qualified people. Recruitment is a business, and it is a big business.”
In the words of Dale Yoder, “ Recruiting is a process to discover the sources of manpower to meet the
requirements of the staffing schedule and to employ effective measures for attracting that manpower in
adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an efficient working force.”
Human Resource
Planning

Job Analysis

Recruitment

Selection

Placement

Figure 4.1: Recruitment to Human Resource Acquisition Process

According to Werther and Davis, “Recruitment is the process of finding and attracting capable
applicants for employment. The process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications
are submitted. The result is a pool of applicants form which new employees are selected.”
Dales S. Beach writes, “Recruitment is the development and maintenance of adequate manpower
resources. It involves the creation of a pool of available labour upon whom the organisation can depend
when it needs additional employees.”
Thus, recruitment process is concerned with the identification of possible sources of human resource
supply and tapping those sources. In the total process of acquiring and placing human resources in the
organisation, recruitment falls in between different sub-processes as shown in Figure 4.2.
According to Scott, Clothier and Spriegel the need for recruitment arises out of the following situations:
 Vacancies created due to expansion, diversification, and growth of business.
 An increase in the competitive advantage of certain concerns, enabling them to get more of the
available business than formerly.
 An increase in business arising from an upswing during the recovery period of a business cycle.
 Vacancies created due to transfer, promotion, retirement, termination, permanent disability or
death.
 The normal population growth, which requires increased goods and services to meet the needs of
the people.
 A rising standard of living, which requires more of the same goods and services as well as the
creation of new wants to be satisfied.
47
4.3 Process of Recruitment
Recruitment process passes through the following stages:
 Recruitment process begins when the personnel department receives requisitions for recruitment
from any department of the company, The personnel requisitions contain details about the position
to be filled, number of persons to be recruited, the duties to be performed, qualifications expected
from the candidates, terms and conditions of employment and the time by which the persons
should be available for appointment etc.
 Locating and developing the sources of required number and type of employees.
 Identifying the prospective employees with required characteristics.
 Developing the techniques to attract the desired candidates. The goodwill of an organisation in the
market may be one technique. The publicity about the company being a good employer may also
help in stimulating candidates to apply. There may be others of attractive salaries, proper facilities
for development etc.
 Evaluating the effectiveness of recruitment process.
According to Famularo, personnel recruitment process involves five elements, viz., a recruitment policy,
a recruitment organisation, a forecast of manpower, the development of sources of recruitment, and different
techniques used for utilising these sources, and a method of assessing the recruitment programme. The
explanation of these is described below:
1. Recruitment Policy: It specifies the objectives of recruitment and provides a framework for the
implementation of the recruitment programme. It also involves the employer’s commitment to some
principles as to find and employ the best qualified persons for each job, to retain the most promising of
those hired, etc. It should be based on the goals, needs and environment of the organisation.
Human
Resource Recruitment Selection Placement
Planning

Search for Evaluating

Prospective Recruiting
Employees Effectiveness

Upgrading in
Same Position
Personnel
Research

Internal Transferring
Sources to New Job

Job Posting
Prompting
to Higher
Responsibilities

Employee
Referrals

External Advertising Evaluating

Sources for Selection

Scouting

Figure 4.2 : Place of Recruitment in Selection System

48
2. Recruitment Organisation: The recruitment may be centralised like public sector banks or
decentralised. Both practices have their own merits. The choice between the two will depend on the
managerial philosophy and the particular needs of the organisation.
3. Sources of Recruitment: Various sources of recruitment may be classified as internal and external.
These have their own merits and demerits.
4. Methods of Recruitment: Recruitment techniques are the means to make contact with potential
candidates, to provide them necessary information and to encourage them to apply for jobs.
5. Evaluation of Recruitment Programme: The recruitment process must be evaluated periodically.
The criteria for evaluation may consist of cost per applicant, the hiring ratio, performance appraisal, tenure
of stay, etc. After evaluation, necessary improvements should be made in the recruitment programme.

4.4 Recruitment Policy

As Yoder et al observe recruitment policy spells out the objectives of the recruitment and provides a
framework for implementations of the recruitment programme in the form of procedures. It may involve a
commitment to broad principles such as filling vacancies with the best qualified individuals. The recruitment
policy may embrace several issues such as the extent of promotion from within, attitudes of enterprise in
recruiting old, handicapped, and minor individuals, minority group members, part-time employees and
relatives of present employees. In addition, the recruitment policy may also involve the organisation system
to be developed for implementing the recruitment programme and procedures to be employed. Explicitly,
an organisational system is a function of the size of an enterprise. In smaller enterprises, there may be
merely informal recruiting procedures and the line official may be responsible to handle this function along
with their usual responsibilities. On the other hand, in larger organisations, there is usually a staff unit
attached with personnel or an industrial relations department designated as employment or recruitment
office. This specialisation of recruitment enables staff personnel to become highly skilled in recruitment
techniques and their evaluation. However, recruitment remains the line responsibility as far as the personnel
requisition forms are originated by the line personnel, who have also the final word in the acceptance or
rejection of a particular applicant. Despite this, the staff personnel have adequate freedom in respect of
sources of manpower to be tapped and the procedure to be followed for this purpose.
Recruitment policy covers the following areas:
 To prescribe the degree of emphasis. Inside the organisation or outside the organisation.
 To provide the weightage that would be given to certain categories of people such as local
population, physically-handicapped personnel, personnel from scheduled castes/tribes and other
backward classes.
 To prescribe whether the recruitment would be centralised or decentralised at unit levels.
 To specify the degree of flexibility with regard to age, qualifications, compensation structure and
other service conditions.
 To prescribe the personnel who would be involved in recruitment process and the role of human
resource department in this regard.
 To specify the budget for meeting the expenditures incurred in completing the recruitment process.
According to Yoder, “the recruitment policy is concerned with quantity and qualifications of manpower.”
It establishes broad guidelines for the staffing process. Generally, the following factors are involved in a
recruitment policy:
49
  To provide each employee with an open road and encouragement in the continuing development
of his talents and skills;
 To provide individual employees with the maximum of employment security, avoiding, frequent
lay-off or lost time;
 To avoid cliques which may develop when several members of the same household or community
are employed in the organisation;
 To carefully observe the letter and spirit of the relevant public policy on hiring and, on the whole,
employment relationship;
 To assure each employee of the organisation interest in his personal goals and employment objective;
 To assure employees of fairness in all employment relationships, including promotions and transfers;
 To provide employment in jobs which are engineered to meet the qualifications of handicapped
workers and minority sections; and
 To encourage one or more strong, effective, responsible trade unions among the employees.
Prerequisites of a Good Recruitment Policy: The recruitment policy of an organisation must satisfy
the following conditions:
 It should be in conformity with its general personnel policies;
 It should be flexible enough to meet the changing needs of an organisation;
 It should be so designed as to ensure employment opportunities for its employees on a long-term
basis so that the goals of the organisation should be achievable; and it should develop the potentialities
of employees;
 It should match the qualities of employees with the requirements of the work for which they are
employed; and
 It should highlight the necessity of establishing job analysis.

4.5 Factor Affecting Recruitment

The factors affecting recruitment can be classified as internal and external factors.
The internal factors are:
 Wage and salary policies;
 The age composition of existing working force;
 Promotion and retirement policies;
 Turnover rates;
 The nature of operations involved the kind of personnel required;
 The level and seasonality of operations in question;
 Future expansion and reduction programmes;
 Recruiting policy of the organisation;
 Human resource planning strategy of the company;
 Size of the organisation and the number of employees employed;
50
  Cost involved in recruiting employees, and finally;
 Growth and expansion plans of the organisation.
The external factors are:
 Supply and demand of specific skills in the labour market;
 Company’s image perception of the job seekers about the company.
 External cultural factors: Obviously, the culture may exert considerable check on recruitment. For
example, women may not be recruited in certain jobs in industry.
 Economic factors: such as a tight or loose labour market, the reputation of the enterprise in the
community as a good pay master or otherwise and such allied issues which determine the quality
and quantity of manpower submitting itself for recruitment.
 Political and legal factors also exert restraints in respect of nature and hours of work for women
and children, and allied employment practices in the enterprise, reservation of Job for SC, ST and
so on.

4.6 Sources of Recruitment

After the finalisation of recruitment plan indicating the number and type of prospective candidates, they
must be attracted to offer themselves for consideration to their employment. This necessitates the
identification of sources from which these candidates can be attracted. Some companies try to develop
new sources, while most only try to tackle the existing sources they have. These sources, accordingly, may
be termed as internal and external.
Internal Sources
It would be desirable to utilise the internal sources before going outside to attract the candidates. Yoder
and others suggest two categories of internal sources including a review of the present employees and
nomination of candidates by employees. Effective utilisation of internal sources necessitates an understanding
of their skills and information regarding relationships of jobs. This will provide possibilities for horizontal
and vertical transfers within the enterprise eliminating simultaneous attempts to lay off employees in one
department and recruitment of employees with similar qualification for another department in the company.
Promotion and transfers within the plant where an employee is best suitable improves the morale along
with solving recruitment problems. These measures can be taken effectively if the company has established
job families through job analysis programmes combining together similar jobs demanding similar employee
characteristics. Again, employees can be requested to suggest promising candidates. Sometimes, employees
are given prizes for recommending a candidate who has been recruited. Despite the usefulness of this
system in the form of loyalty and its wide practice, it has been pointed out that it gives rise to cliques posing
difficulty to management. Therefore, before utilising this system attempts should be made to determine
through research whether or not employees thus recruited are effective on particular jobs. Usually, internal
sources can be used effectively if the numbers of vacancies are not very large, adequate, employee records
are maintained, jobs do not demand originality lacking in the internal sources, and employees have prepared
themselves for promotions.
Merits of Internal Sources: The following are the merits of internal sources of recruitment:
 It creates a sense of security among employees when they are assured that they would be preferred
in filling up vacancies.
51
  It improves the morale of employees, for they are assured of the fact that they would be preferred
over outsiders when vacancies occur.
 It promotes loyalty and commitment among employees due to sense of job security and opportunities
for advancement.
 The employer is in a better position to evaluate those presently employed than outside candidates.
This is because the company maintains a record of the progress, experience and service of its
employees.
 Time and costs of training will be low because employees remain familiar with the organisation and
its policies.
 Relations with trade unions remain good. Labour turnover is reduced.
· As the persons in the employment of the company are fully aware of, and well acquainted wit, its
policies and know its operating procedures, they require little training, and the chances are that
they would stay longer in the employment of the organisation than a new outsider would.
 It encourages self-development among the employees. It encourages good individuals who are
ambitious.
 It encourages stability from continuity of employment.
 It can also act as a training device for developing middle and top-level managers.
Demerits of Internal Sources: However, this system suffers from certain defects as:
 There are possibilities that internal sources may “dry up”, and it may be difficult to find the requisite
personnel from within an organisation.
 It often leads to inbreeding, and discourages new blood from entering and organisation.
 As promotion is based on seniority, the danger is that really capable hands may not be chosen.
The likes and dislikes of the management may also play an important role in the selection of
personnel.
 Since the learner does not know more than the lecturer, no innovations worth the name can be
made. Therefore, on jobs which require original thinking (such as advertising, style, designing and
basic research), this practice is not followed.
This source is used by many organisations; but a surprisingly large number ignore this source, especially
for middle management jobs.
External Sources
DeCenzo and Robbins remark, “Occasionally, it may be necessary to bring in some ‘new blood’ to
broaden the present ideas, knowledge, and enthusiasm.” Thus, all organisations have to depend on external
sources of recruitment. Among these sources are included:
 Employment agencies.
 Educational and technical institutes. and
 Casual labour or “applicants at the gate” and nail applicants.
Public and private employment agencies play a vital role in making available suitable employees for different
positions in the organisations. Besides public agencies, private agencies have developed markedly in large
cities in the form of consultancy services. Usually, these agencies facilitate recruitment of technical and
professional personnel. Because of their specialisation, they effectively assess the needs of their clients
and aptitudes and skills of the specialised personnel. They do not merely bring an employer and an
employee together but computerise lists of available talents, utilising testing to classify and assess applicants
and use advanced techniques of vocational guidance for effective placement purposes.
52
Educational and technical institutes also form an effective source of manpower supply. There is an increasing
emphasis on recruiting student from different management institutes and universities commerce and
management departments by recruiters for positions in sales, accounting, finance, personnel and production.
These students are recruited as management trainees and then placed in special company training
programmes. They are not recruited for particular positions but for development as future supervisors and
executives. Indeed, this source provides a constant flow of new personnel with leadership potentialities.
Frequently, this source is tapped through on-campus interview with promising students. In addition, vocational
schools and industrial training institutes provide specialised employees, apprentices, and trainees for
semiskilled and skilled jobs. Persons trained in these schools and institutes can be placed on operative and
similar jobs with a minimum of in-plant training. However, recruitment of these candidates must be based
on realistic and differential standards established through research reducing turnover and enhancing
productivity.
Frequently, numerous enterprises depend to some extent upon casual labour or “applicants at the gate”
and nail applicants. The candidates may appear personally at the company’s employment office or send
their applications for possible vacancies. Explicitly, as Yoder and others observe, the quality and quantity
of such candidates depend on the image of the company in community. Prompt response to these applicants
proves very useful for the company. However, it may be noted that this source is uncertain, and the
applicants reveal a wide range of abilities necessitating a careful screening. Despite these limitations, it
forms a highly inexpensive source as the candidates themselves come to the gate of the company. Again,
it provides measures for good public relations and accordingly, all the candidates visiting the company
must be received cordially.
Table 4.1 : Recruiting Sources Used by Skill and Level

Skill/Level Recruiting Source Percentage of Use

Unskilled and Semiskilled Informal contacts 85
Walk-ins 74
Public Employment Agencies 66
Want Ads 52
Skilled Informal Contacts 88
Walk-ins 66
Public Employment Agencies 55
Want Ads 55
Professional Employees Internal Search 94
Informal Contacts 92
Walk-ins 71
Public Employment Agencies 52
Want Ads 48
Private Employment Agencies 22
Managerial Level Internal Search 100
Informal Contacts 71
Walk-ins 31
Private Employment Agencies 20
Want Ads 17
Public Employment Agencies 12

Source: Adapted from Stephen L. Mangum, “Recruitment and job Search: The Recruitment Tactics of
Employers. “Personnel Administrator, June 1982, p. 102.
53
As Jucius observes, trade unions are playing an increasingly important role in labour supply. In several
trades, they supply skilled labour in sufficient numbers. They also determine the order in which employees
are to be recruited in the organisation. In industries where they do not take active part in recruitment, they
make it a point that employees laid off are given preference in recruitment.
Application files also forms a useful source of supply of work force. Attempts may be made to review the
application to determine jobs for which the candidates filed for future use when there are openings in these
jobs. The candidates may be requested to renew their cards as many times as they desire. All the renewed
cards may be placed in “active” files and those not renewed for considerable time may be placed in
“inactive” file or destroyed. Indeed, a well-indexed application file provides utmost economy from the
standpoint of a recruiting budget.
Efficacy of alternative sources of supply of human resources should be determined through research.
Attempts may be made to relate the factor of success on the job with a specific source of supply. Alternative
sources can also be evaluated in terms of turnover, grievances and disciplinary action. Those sources
which are significantly positively related with job performance and significantly negatively related with
turnover, grievances and disciplinary action, can be effectively used in recruitment programmes. The
assessment should be periodically performed in terms of occupations. It may be that source “A” is most
effective for technical workers, while source “B” for semiskilled workers.
Advantages of External Recruitment: External sources of recruitment are suitable for the following
reasons:

 It will help in bringing new ideas, better techniques and improved methods to the organisation.
 The cost of employees will be minimised because candidates selected in this method will be
placed in the minimum pay scale.
 The existing employees will also broaden their personality.
 The entry of qualitative persons from outside will be in the interest of the organisation in the long
run.
 The suitable candidates with skill, talent, knowledge are available from external sources.
 The entry of new persons with varied expansion and talent will help in human resource mix.

Disadvantages of External Sources:

 Orientation and training are required as the employees remain unfamiliar with the organisation.
 It is more expensive and time-consuming. Detailed screening is necessary as very little is known
about the candidate.
 If new entrant fails to adjust himself to the working in the enterprise, it means yet more expenditure
on looking for his replacement.
 Motivation, morale and loyalty of existing staff are affected, if higher level jobs are filled from
external sources. It becomes a source of heart-burning and demoralisation among existing
employees.

4.7 Methods of Recruitment

Methods of recruitment are different from the sources of recruitment. Sources are the locations where
prospective employees are available. On the other hand, methods are way of establishing links with the
prospective employees. Various methods employed for recruiting employees may be classified into the
following categories:
54
1. Direct Methods:
These include sending recruiters to educational and professional institutions, employees, contacts with
public, and manned exhibits. One of the widely used direct methods is that of sending of recruiters to
colleges and technical schools. Most college recruiting is done in co-operation with the placement office
of a college. The placement office usually provides help in attracting students, arranging interviews, furnishing
space, and providing student resumes.
For managerial, professional and sales personnel campus recruiting is an extensive operation. Persons
reading for MBA or other technical diplomas are picked up in this manner. For this purpose, carefully
prepared brochures, describing the organisation and the jobs it offers, are distributed among students,
before the interviewer arrives. Sometimes, firms directly solicit information from the concerned professors
about students with an outstanding record. Many companies have found employees contact with the
public a very effective method. Other direct methods include sending recruiters to conventions and seminars,
setting up exhibits at fairs, and using mobile offices to go to the desired centres.
Table 4.2: Methods of Contacting Prospective Candidates

Based on personnel to be recruited

Managerial/technical personnel Operative personnel
Advertisement Public employment exchanges
Internet Labour unions
Walk-ins Employee referrals
Campus recruitments Gate hiring
Job fairs Labour contractors
Consultancy firms
Personnel contacts
Poaching and raiding
Based on the movement of the organisation
Direct methods Third party method
Advertisement Consultancy firms
Internet recruiting Public employment exchanges
Campus recruitment Labour unions
Job fairs Employee referrals
Personnel contacts Labour contractors
Gate hiring

2. Indirect Methods:
The most frequently used indirect method of recruitment is advertisement in newspapers, journals, and on
the radio and television. Advertisement enables candidates to assess their suitability. It is appropriate
when the organisation wants to reach out to a large target group scattered nationwide. When a firm wants
to conceal its identity, it can give blind advertisement in which only box number is given. Considerable
details about jobs and qualifications can be given in the advertisements. Another method of advertising is
a notice-board placed at the gate of the company.
3. Third-Party Methods:
The most frequently used third-party methods are public and private employment agencies. Public
employment exchanges have been largely concerned with factory workers and clerical jobs. They also
provide help in recruiting professional employees. Private agencies provide consultancy services and
charge a fee. They are usually specialised for different categories of operatives, office workers, salesmen,
55
supervisory and management personnel. Other third-party methods include the use of trade unions. Labour-
management committees have usually demonstrated the effectiveness of trade unions as methods of
recruitment.
Several criteria discussed in the preceding section for evaluating sources of applicants can also be used for
assessing recruiting methods. Attempts should be made to identify how the candidate was attracted to the
company. To accomplish this, the application may consist of an item as to how the applicant came to learn
about the vacancy. Then, attempts should be made to determine the method which consistently attracts
good candidates. Thus, the most effective method should be utilised to improve the recruitment programme.

4.8 Philosophies of Recruitment

There are basically two philosophies of recruitment:
 Traditional
 Realistic
The traditional philosophy is to get as many people as possible to apply for the job. As a result of this, a
large number of job seekers apply for the job, which makes the final selection process difficult and can
often result in the selection of wrong candidates. Wrong selection can, in turn, lead to employee dissatisfaction
and turnover in the long run.
In realistic philosophy, the needs of the organisation are matched with the needs of the applicants, which
enhance the effectiveness of the recruitment process. In realistic approach, the employees who are recruited
will stay in the organisation for a longer period of time and will perform at higher level of effectiveness.
Table 4.3 : Difference between Traditional and Realistic Job Preview

Traditional Job Preview Realistic Job Preview

Setting unrealistic and high job expectations. Setting realistic job expectations.
Job is viewed by the candidates as highly attractive Attractiveness of job is evaluated in the
light of realistic job expectations
High rate of acceptance of job offers. Some accept and some reject job
offers.
High expectation belied by actual job experience Expectations are confirmed by job
experience.
Creations of dissatisfaction, frustration and Creation of satisfaction in the light of
thoughts for leaving the job job expectations.
High rate of personnel turnover and lower rate of High rate of personnel retention and
job survival high rate of job survival

4.9 Summary
Recruitment forms a step in the process which continues with selection and ceases with the placement of
the candidate. It is the next step in the procurement function, the first being the manpower planning.
Recruiting makes it possible to acquire the number and types of people necessary to ensure the continued
operation of the organisation. Thus, recruitment process is concerned with the identification of possible
sources of human resource supply and tapping those sources.
Recruitment process involves five elements, viz., a recruitment policy, a recruitment organisation, the
development of sources of recruitment, and different techniques used for utilising these sources, and a
method of assessing the recruitment programme. After the finalisation of recruitment plan indicating the
56
number and type of prospective candidates, they must be attracted to offer themselves for consideration
to their employment. This necessitates the identification of sources from which these candidates can be
attracted. Some companies try to develop new sources, while most only try to tackle the existing sources
they have. These sources, accordingly, may be termed as internal and external.
Methods of recruitment are different from the sources of recruitment. Sources are the locations where
prospective employees are available. On the other hand, methods are way of establishing links with the
prospective employees. Various methods employed for recruiting employees may be classified into direct
methods, indirect methods and third party methods.

4.10 Self Assessment Questions

1. Define recruitment and identify the various factors which affect recruitment.
2. Discuss the steps of recruitment process. How will you reconcile the internal and external sources
of recruitment?
3. Discuss various sources of recruitment.
4. What is realistic job preview? How does it differ from traditional job preview?
5. What do you mean by recruitment policy? Explain the prerequisites of a good recruitment policy.
6. Write short notes on following.
(i) Advantages and disadvantages of internal sources of recruitment.
(ii) Advantages and disadvantages of external source of recruitment.
7. Explain the direct, indirect and third party methods of recruitment.

4.11 Reference Books

- Mamoria C.B., Gankar S.V., (2006), “A Textbook of Human Resource Management”, Himalaya
Publishing House, New Delhi.
- Dwivedi R.S., (1997), “Personnel Management in Indian Enterprises”, Galgotia Publising Company,
New Delhi.
- Devid A. DeCENZO, STEPHEN P. ROBBINS (2002), “Personnel/Human Resource
Management”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
- Prasad L.M., (2005), Human Resource Management,” Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
- Dessler Gary (2010), “Personnel Management”, Prentice Hall International Editions, New Jersey.
- Carrell Michael R., Elbert Norbert F., Hatfield Robert D. (1999), “Human Resource Management,”
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

57
 Unit - 5 : Selection
Structure of Unit:
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction: Selection
5.2 Selection Procedure
5.3 Selection Decision Outcomes
5.4 Placement – Orientation - Socialization
5.5 Summary
5.6 Self Assessment Questions
5.7 Reference Books

5.0 Objectives
After completing this unit, you will be able to:
 Understand and define selection and its process.
 Understand the selection process so as to make it effective.
 Explain how the final selection decision is made.
 Point out the outcomes of selection decision.
 Understand in brief about placement and orientation.
 Develop a selection decision process.

5.1 Introduction: Selection

Human resource selection is the process of choosing qualified individuals who are available to fillpositions
in an organization. In the ideal personnel situation, selection involves choosing the best applicant to fill a
position. Selection is the process of choosing people by obtaining and assessing information about the
applicants with a view to matching these with the job requirements. It involves a careful screening and
testing of candidates who have put in their applications for any job in the enterprise. It is the process of
choosing the most suitable persons out of all the applicants. The purpose of selection is to pick up the right
person for every job.
It can be conceptualised in terms of either choosing the fit candidates, or rejecting the unfit candidates, or
a combination of both. Selection involves both because it picks up the fits and rejects the unfits. In fact, in
Indian context, there are more candidates who are rejected than those who are selected in most of the
selection processes. Therefore, sometimes, it is called a negative process in contrast to positive programme
of recruitment.
According to Dale Yoder, “Selection is the process in which candidates for employment are divided into
two classes-those who are to be offered employment and those who are not”.
According to Thomas Stone, “Selection is the process of differentiating between applicants in order to
identify (and hire) those with a greater likelihood of success in a job”.
In the words of Michael Jucius, “The selection procedure is the system of functions and devices
adopted in a given company for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not candidates possess the
qualifications called for by a specific job or for progression through a series of jobs.”
According to Keith Davis, “Selection is the process by which an organisation chooses from a list of
screened applicants, the person or persons who best meet the selection criteria for the position available.”
58
Thus, the selection process is a tool in the hands of management to differentiate between the qualified and
unqualified applicants by applying various techniques such as interviews, tests etc. The cost incurred in
recruiting and selecting any new employee is expensive. The cost of selecting people who are inadequate
performers or who leave the organisation before contributing to profits proves a major cost of doing
business. Decenzo and Robbins write, “Proper selection of personnel is obviously an area where
effectiveness - choosing competent workers who perform well in their position-can result in large saving.”
According to them, selection has two objectives: (1) to predict which job applicants would be successful
if hired and (2) to inform and sell the candidate on the job and the organization. Satisfaction of employee
needs and wants as well as the fullest development of his potential are important objectives of selection.
Dale Yoder says, “Selection has long held a high rank in the priority of problem areas in management.
Investments in good people produce a very high rate of return. A good choice of people can provide a
basis for long, sustained contributions.”
Difference between Recruitment and Selection: Difference between recruitment and selection has
been described by Flippo as, “Recruitment is a process of searching for prospective employees and
stimulating and encouraging them to apply for jobs in an organisation. It is often termed positive as is
stimulates people to apply for jobs, selection on the other hand tends to be negative because it rejects a
good number of those who apply, leaving only the best to be hired.” Recruitment and selection differs in
following manner:
1. Difference in Objective: The basic objective of recruitment is to attract maximum number of candidates
so that more options are available. The basic objective of selection is to choose best out of the available
candidates.
2. Difference is Process: Recruitment adopts the process of creating application pool as large as possible
and therefore. It is known as positive process. Selection adopts the process through which more and
more candidates are rejected and fewer candidates are selected or sometimes even not a single candidate
is selected. Therefore, it is known as negative process or rejection process.
3. Technical Differences: Recruitment techniques are not very intensive, and not require high skills. As
against this, in selection process, highly specialised techniques are required. Therefore, in the selection
process, only personnel with specific skills like expertise in using selection tests, conducting interviews,
etc., are involved.
4. Difference in Outcomes: The outcome of recruitment is application pool which becomes input for
selection process. The outcome of selection process is in the form of finalising candidates who will be
offered jobs.

5.2 Selection Procedure

The selection procedure is concerned with securing relevant information about an applicant. This information
is secured in a number of steps or stages. The objective of selection process is to determine whether an
applicant meets the qualification for a specific job and to choose the applicant who is most likely to
perform well in that job. Selection is a long process, commencing from the preliminary interview of the
applicants and ending with the contract of employment (sometimes).
The selection procedure consists of a series of steps. Each step must be successfully cleared before the
applicant proceeds to the next. The selection process is a series of successive hurdles or barriers which an
applicant must cross. These hurdles are designed to eliminate an unqualified candidate at any point in the
selection process. Thus, this technique is called “Successive Hurdles Technique”. In practice, the process
differs among organisations and between two different jobs within the same organisation. Selection procedure
59
for the senior managers will be long drawn and rigorous, but it is simple and short while hiring lower level
employees.
The major factors which determine the steps involved in a selection process are as follows:
 Selection process depends on the number of candidates that are available for selection.
 Selection process depends on the sources of recruitment and the method that is adopted for
making contact with the prospective candidates.
 Various steps involved in as selection process depend on the type of personnel to be selected.
All the above factors are not mutually exclusive, rather these operate simultaneously. In any case, the basic
objective of a selection process is to collect as much relevant information about the candidates as is
possible so that the most suitable candidates are selected. A comprehensive selection process involves the
various steps as shown in Figure 5.1.

Application pool from “

recruitment process

Primary screening Eliminate those who does not

& interview fulfil job requirement.

Application Unfavourable personnel data

Blank

Selection tests Eliminate those who obtain

unfavourable test score

Eliminate those not meeting job

Interviews and organisational requirements

Background Eliminate those with adverse remarks

investigations

Physical examination Eliminate those not meeting physical standards

Approval by appropriate
Adopt objectivity
authority

Final Employment Congratulate

decision

Check the reliability and validity

Evaluation

Figure 5.1 Steps in Selection Process

60
1. Application Pool: Application pool built-up through recruitment process is the base for selection
process. The basic objective at the recruitment level is to attract as much worthwhile applications as
possible so that there are more options available at the selection stage.
2. Preliminary Screening and Interview: It is highly noneconomic to administer and handle all the
applicants. It is advantageous to sort out unsuitable applicants before using the further selection steps. For
this purpose, usually, preliminary interviews, application blank lists and short test can be used. All applications
received are scrutinised by the personnel department in order to eliminate those applicants who do not
fulfil required qualifications or work experience or technical skill, his application will not be entertained.
Such candidate will be informed of his rejection.

Preliminary interview is a sorting process in which the prospective candidates are given the necessary
information about the nature of the job and the organisation. Necessary information is obtained from the
candidates about their education, skills, experience, expected salary etc. If the candidate is found suitable,
he is elected for further screening. This courtesy interview; as it is often called helps the department screen
out obvious misfits. Preliminary interview saves time and efforts of both the company and the candidate. It
avoids unnecessary waiting for the rejected candidates and waste of money on further processing of an
unsuitable candidate. Since rejection rate is high at preliminary interview, the interviewer should be kind,
courteous, receptive and informal.

3. Application Blank or Application Form: An application blank is a traditional widely accepted device
for getting information from a prospective applicant which will enable the management to make a proper
selection. The blank provides preliminary information as well as aid in the interview by indicating areas of
interest and discussion. It is a good means of quickly collecting verifiable (and therefore fairly accurate)
basic historical data from the candidate. It also serves as a convenient device for circulating information
about the applicant to appropriate members of management and as a useful device for storing information
for, later reference. Many types of application forms, sometimes very long and comprehensive and
sometimes brief, are used. Information is generally taken on the following items:
(a) Biographical Data: Name, father’s name, data and place of birth, age, sex, nationality,
height, weight, identification marks, physical disability, if any, marital status, and number of
dependants.
(b) Educational Attainment: Education (subjects offered and grades secured), training acquired
in special fields and knowledge gained from professional/technical institutes or through
correspondence courses.
(c) Work Experience: Previous experience, the number of jobs held with the same or other
employers, including the nature of duties, and responsibilities and the duration of various assignments,
salary received, grades, and reasons for leaving the present employer.
(d) Salary and Benefits: Present and expected.
(e) Other Items: Names and addresses of previous employers, references, etc. An application
blank is a brief history sheet of an employee’s background and can be used for future reference,
in case needed.
The application blank must be designed from the viewpoint of the applicant as well as with the company’s
purpose in mind. It should be relatively easy to handle in the employment office. Application form helps to
serve many functions like:
61
  Its main usefulness is to provide information for reference checking, good interviewing, and
correlation with testing data.
 It helps to weed out candidates who are lacking in education, experience or some other eligibility
traits.
 It helps in formulating questions to be asked in the interview.
 Data contained in application form can be stored for future reference.
 It also tests the candidate’s ability to write, to organize his thoughts, and to present facts clearly
and succinctly.
 It indicates further whether the applicant has consistently progressed to better jobs. It provides
factual information.
Weighted Application Blanks
Some organisations assign numeric values or weights to the responses provided by the applicants. This
makes the application form more job related. Generally, the items that have a strong relationship to job
performance are given higher scores. For example, for a sales representative’s position, items such as
previous selling experience, area of specialisation, commission earned, religion, language etc. The total
score of each applicant is then obtained by adding the weights of the individual item responses. The
resulting scores are then used in the final selection. WAB is best suited for jobs where there are many
employees especially for sales and technical jobs. It can help in reducing the employee turnover later on.
However, there are several problems associated with WAB e.g.
 It takes time to develop such a form.
 The WAB would have to be updated every few years to ensure that the factors previously identified
are still valid products of job success.
 The organisation should be careful not to depend on weights of a few items while finally selecting
the employee.
4. Selection Tests: Many organisations hold different kinds of selection tests to know more about the
candidates or to reject the candidates who cannot be called for interview etc. Selection tests normally
supplement the information provided in the application forms. Such forms may contain factual information
about candidates. Selection tests may give information about their aptitude, interest, personality, which
cannot be known by application forms. Types of tests and rules of good of testing have been discussed in
brief below:

A. Aptitude Tests: These measure whether an individual has the capacity or talent ability to learn a
given job if given adequate training. These are more useful for clerical and trade positions.
B. Personality Tests: At times, personality affects job performance. These determine personality
traits of the candidate such as cooperativeness, emotional balance etc. These seek to assess an
individual’s motivation, adjustment to the stresses of everyday life, capacity for interpersonal relations
and self-image.
C. Interest Tests: These determine the applicant’s interests. The applicant is asked whether he
likes, dislikes, or is indifferent to many examples of school subjects, occupations, amusements,
peculiarities of people, and particular activities.
62
 D. Performance Tests: In this test the applicant is asked to demonstrate his ability to do the job. For
example, prospective typists are asked to type several pages with speed and accuracy.
E. Intelligence Tests: This aim at testing the mental capacity of a person with respect to reasoning,
word fluency, numbers, memory, comprehension, picture arrangement, etc. It measures the ability
to grasp, understand and to make judgement.
F. Knowledge Tests: These are devised to measure the depth of the knowledge and proficiency in
certain skills already achieved by the applicants such as engineering, accounting etc.
G. Achievement Tests: Whereas aptitude is a capacity to learn in the future, achievement is concerned
with what one has accomplished. When applicants claim to know something, an achievement test
is given to measure how well they know it.
H. Projective Tests: In these tests the applicant projects his personality into free responses about
pictures shown to him which are ambiguous.
Rules of Good Testing
 Norms should be developed for each test. Their validity and reliability for a given purpose should
be established before they are used.
 Adequate time and resources must be provided to design, validate, and check tests.
 Tests should be designed and administered only by trained and competent persons.
 The user of tests must be extremely sensitive to the feelings of people about tests.
 Tests are to be uses as a screening device.
 Reliance should not be placed solely upon tests in reaching decisions.
 Tests should minimize the probabilities of getting distorted results. They must be ‘race-free’.
 Tests scores are not precise measures. They must be assigned a proper weightage.
5. Interview: An interview is a procedure designed to get information from a person and to assess his
potential for the job he is being considered on the basis of oral responses by the applicant to oral inquiries
by the interviewer. Interviewer does a formal in-depth conversation with the applicant, to evaluate his
suitability. It is one of the most important tools in the selection process. This tool is used when interviewing
skilled, technical, professional and even managerial employees. It involves two-way exchange of information.
The interviewer learns about the applicant and the candidate learns about the employer.
Objectives of Interviews: Interview helps:
 To obtain additional information from the candidate.
 Facilitates giving to the candidate information about the job, company, its policies, products etc.
 To assess the basic suitability of the candidate.
The selection interview can be:
 One to one between the candidate and the interviewer:
 Two or more interviewers by employers representatives-sequential;
 By a panel of selections, i.e., by more than representative of the employer.
The sequential interview involves a series of interviews; each interviewer meeting the candidate separately.
The panel interview consists of two or more interviews meeting the candidate together.
Types of interviews: Interviews can be classified in various ways according to:
(A) Degree of Structure
(B) Purpose of Interview
(C) Content of Interview
63
(A) Degree of Structure:
(1) Unstructured or non directive: in which you ask questions as they come to mind. There is
no set format to follow.
(2) Structured or directive: in which the questions and acceptable responses are specified in
advance. The responses are rated for appropriateness of content.
Structured and non-structured interviews have their pros and cons. In structured interviews all applicants
are generally asked all required questions by all interviewers. Structured interviews are generally more
valid. However structured interviews do not allow the flexibility to pursue points of interests as they
develop.
(B) Purpose of Interview: A selection interview is a type of interview designed to predict future job
performance, on the basis of applicant’s responses to the oral questions asked to him.
A stress interview is a special type of selection interview in which the applicant is made
uncomfortable by series of awkward and rude questions. The aim of stress interview is supposedly
to identify applicant’s low or high stress tolerance. In such an interview the applicant is made
uncomfortable by throwing him on the defensive by series of frank and often discourteous questions
by the interviewer.
(C) Content of Interview: The content of interview can be of a type in which individual’s ability to
project a situation is tested. This is a situation type interview. In job-related interview, interviewer
attempts to assess the applicant’s past behaviours for job related information, but most questions
are not considered situational.
In a behaviour interview a situation in described and candidates are asked how they behaved
in the past in such a situation. While in situational interviews candidates are asked to describe
how they would react to situation today or tomorrow. In the behavioural interview they are asked
to describe how they did react to the situation in the past.
Principles of Interviewing
To make it effective, an interview should be properly planned and conducted on certain principles; Edwin
B. Flippo has described certain rules and principles of good interviewing to this end:
 Provide proper surroundings. The physical setting for the interview should be both private and
comfortable.
 The mental setting should be one of rapport. The interviewer must be aware of non-verbal behaviour.
 Plan for the interview by thoroughly reviewing job specifications and job descriptions.
 Determine the specific objectives and the method of the interviewing.
 Inform yourself as much as possible concerning the known information about the interviewee.
 The interviewer should possess and demonstrate a basic liking and respect for people.
 Questions should be asked in a manner that encourages the interviewee to talk. Put the applicant
at ease.
 Make a decision only when all the data and information are available. Avoid decisions that are
based on first impressions.
 Conclude the interview tactfully, making sure that the candidate leaves feeling neither too elated
nor frustrated.
 Maintain some written record of the interview during or immediately after it.
 Listen attentively and, if possible, protectively.
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  Questions must be stated clearly to avoid confusion and ambiguity. Maintain a balance between
open and overtly structured questions.
 ‘Body language’ must not be ignored.
 The interviewer should make some overt sign to indicate the end of the interview.
Interviewing is largely an art, the application of which can be improved through practice.
6. Background Investigation: The next step in the selection process is to undertake an investigation of
those applicants who appear to offer potential as employees. This may include contacting former employers
to confirm the candidate’s work record and to obtain their appraisal of his or her performance/ contacting
other job-related and personal references, and verifying the educational accomplishments shown on the
application.
The background investigation has major implications. Every personnel administrator has the responsibility
to investigate each potential applicant. In some organization, failure to do so could result in the loss of his
or her job. But many managers consider the background investigation data highly biased. Who would
actually list a reference that would not give anything but the best possible recommendation? The seasoned
personnel administrator expects this and delves deeper into the candidate’s background, but that, too,
may not prove to be beneficial. Many past employers are reluctant to give any information to another
company other than factual information (e.g., date of employment).
Even though there is some reluctance to give this information, there are ways in which personnel
administrators can obtain it. Sometimes, for instance information can be obtained from references once
removed. For example, the personnel administrator can ask a reference whose name has been provided
on the application form to give another reference, someone who has knowledge of the candidate’s work
experience. By doing this, the administrator can eliminate the possibility of accepting an individual based
on the employee’s current employer’s glowing recommendation when the motivation for such a positive
recommendation was to get rid of the employee.
7. Physical Examination: After the selection decision and before the job offer is made, the candidate is
required to undergo physical fitness test. Candidates are sent for physical examination either to the
company’s physician or to a medical officer approved for the purpose. Such physical examination provides
the following information.
 Whether the candidate’s physical measurements are in accordance with job requirements or not?
 Whether the candidate suffers from bad health which should be corrected?
 Whether the candidate has health problems or psychological attitudes likely to interfere with work
efficiency or future attendance?
 Whether the candidate is physically fit for the specific job or not?
Policy on these physical exams has changed today. Dale Yoder writes, “Modem policy used the physical
examination not to eliminate applicants, but to discover what jobs they are qualified to fill. The examination
should disclose the physical characteristics of the individual that are significant from the standpoint of his
efficient performance of the job he may enter or of those jobs to which he may reasonably expect to be
transferred or promoted. It should note deficiencies, not as a basis for rejection, but as indicating restrictions
on his transfer to various positions also.”
8. Approval by Appropriate Authority: On the basis of the above steps, suitable candidates are
recommended for selection by the selection committee or personnel department. Though such a committee
or personnel department may have authority to select the candidates finally, often it has staff authority to
recommend the candidates for selection to the appropriate authority. Organisations may designate the
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various authorities for approval of final selection of candidates for different categories of candidates. Thus,
for top level managers, board of directors may be approving authority; for lower levels, even functional
heads concerned may be approving authority.
9. Final Employment Decision: After a candidate is finally selected, the human resource department
recommends his name for employment. The management or board of the company offers employment in
the form of an appointment letter mentioning the post, the rank, the salary grade, the date by which the
candidate should join and other terms and conditions of employment. Some firms make a contract of
service on judicial paper. Usually an appointment is made on probation in the beginning. The probation
period may range from three months to two years. When the work and conduct of the employee is found
satisfactory, he may be confirmed. The personnel department prepare a waiting list and informs the
candidates. In case a person does not join after being selected, the company calls next person on the
waiting list.
10. Evaluation: The selection process, if properly performed, will ensure availability of competent and
committed personnel. A period audit, conducted by people who work independently of the human resource
department, will evaluate the effectiveness of the selection process. The auditors will do a thorough and
the intensive analysis and evaluate the employment programme.

5.3 Selection Decision Outcomes

Consider, for a moment, that any selection decision can result in four possible outcomes. As shown in
Figure 5.2, two of these outcomes would indicate correct decisions, but two would indicate errors.
Correct decisions are those where the applicant was predicted to be successful and later did prove to be
successful on the job, or where the applicant was predicted to be unsuccessful and would have performed
accordingly if hired. In the former case, we have successfully accepted; in the latter case, we have successfully
rejected. Thus the purpose of selection activities is to develop outcomes shown as “correct decisions” in
Figure 5.2.
Problems occur when we make errors-by rejecting candidates who would later perform successfully on
the job (reject errors) or accepting those individuals who subsequently perform poorly on the job (accept
errors). These problems are, unfortunately far from insignificant. Reject errors historically meant that the
costs in performing selection activities would be increased. Accept errors, on the other hand, have very
obvious costs to the organization including the cost of training the employee, the costs generated (or
profits forgone) due to the employee’s incompetence, the cost of severance and the subsequent costs of
further recruiting and selection screening. The major thrust of any selection activity, therefore, is to reduce
the probability of making reject or accept errors while increasing the probability of making reject or
accept errors while increasing the probability of making correct decisions.
Accept Reject

Correct Reject
Later Job Pertormance

Successful decision error

Unsuccessful Accept Correct

error decision

Figure 5.2: Selection Decision Outcomes

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In summary, selection have two objectives: (1) to predict which job applicants would be successful if hired
and (2) to inform and sell the candidate on the job and the organization. Unfortunately, these two objectives
are not always compatible Putting a job candidate through hours of filling out forms, taking tests, and
completing interviews rarely endears the organization to the candidate. These are tiresome and often
stressful activities. Yet if the selection activities place too great an emphasis on public relations, obtaining
the information needed to make successful selection decisions may be subordinated. Hence a manager’s
dilemma in selection is how to balance the desire to attract people with the desire to gather relevant
selection data.

5.4 Placement – Orientation - Socialization

After an employee has been recruited he is provided with basic background information about the employer,
working conditions and the information necessary to perform his job satisfactorily. The new employee’s
initial orientation helps him perform better by providing him information of the company rules, and practices.

According to Pigors and Myers, “Placement consists in matching what the supervisor has reason to
think the new employee can do with what the job demands (job requirements), imposes (in strain, working
conditions, etc.), and offers (in the form of pay rate, interest, companionship with other, promotional
possibilities, etc.)” They further state that it is not easy to match all these factors for a new worker who is
still in many ways an unknown quantity. For this reason, the first placement usually carries with it the status
of probationer.

A few basic principles should be followed at the time of placement of an employee on the job.
These may be enumerated as below:

 The job should be offered to the man according to his qualifications. The placement should neither
be higher nor lower than the qualifications.

 While introducing the job to the new employee, an effort should be made to develop a sense of
loyalty and cooperation in him so that he may realise his responsibilities better towards the job and
the organisation.
 The employee should be made conversant with the working conditions prevailing in the industry
and all things relating to the job. He should also be made aware of the penalties if he commits a
wrong.
 Man should be placed on the job according to the requirements of the job. The job should not be
adjusted according to the qualifications or requirements of the man. Job first; man next, should be
the principle of placement.
 The placement should be ready before the joining date of the newly selected person.
 The placement in the initial period may be temporary as changes are likely after the completion of
training. The employee may be later transferred to the job where he can do better justice.
In the words of John M. Ivancevich, “Orientation orients, directs, and guides employees to understand
the work, firm, colleagues, and mission. It introduces new employees to the organisation, and to his new
tasks, managers, and work groups.”
According to John Bernardin, “Orientation is a term used for the organizationally sponsored, formalized
activities associated with an employee’s socialisation into the organisation.”
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Billimoria has defined orientation as, “Induction (orientation) is a technique by which a new employee
is rehabilitated into the changed surroundings and introduced to the practices, policies, and purposes of
the organisation.”
Orientation is one component of the new employee socialization process. Socialization is the ongoing
process of instilling in all new employees prevailing attitudes, standards, values, patterns of behaviour that
are expected by the organisation and its departments.
Thus, orientation is a process through which a new employee is introduced to the organisation. It is the
process wherein an employee is made to feel comfortable and at home in the organisation. The new
employee is handed over a rulebook, company booklets, policy manuals, progress reports and documents
containing company information which are informational in nature. It is responsibility of the human resource
department to execute the orientation programme.

5.5 Summary
 Selection is the process of picking up individuals out of the pool of the job applicants with requisite
qualifications and competence to fill jobs in the organisation. Proper selection can minimize the
costs of replacement and training, reduce legal challenges, and result in a more productive work
force.
 The discrete selection process would include the following.
a. Application Pool,
b. Preliminary Screening and Interview,
c. Application Blank or Application Form,
d. Selection Tests,
e. Interview
f. Background Investigation,
g. Physical Examination,
h. Approval by Appropriate Authority,
i. Final Employment Decision,
j. Evaluation
 Selection process involves mutual decision making. The organisation decides whether or not to
make a job offer and how attractive the job offer should be. The candidate decides whether or
not the organisation and the job offer is according to his goals and needs. Selection of proper
personnel helps the management in getting the work done by the people effectively.
 To be an effective predictor, a selection device should be
a. Reliable
b. Valid
c. Predict a relevant criterion
 In India the selection process on hiring skilled and managerial personnel are fairly well defined and
systematically practical.

5.6 Self Assessment Questions

1. What do you understand by selection process? Discuss various steps involved in it.
2. What is application blank? What purpose does it serve? Explain the contents of an application
blank.
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3. Discuss the characteristics of a good test. Explain various types of tests used in the selection process.
4. What is an interview? What purpose does it serve? Discuss various types of interviews.
5. Discuss various guidelines to be followed for an interview.
6. Explain various steps involved in the selection of personnel.
7. What do you understand by placement and orientation?

5.7 Reference Books

- Mamoria C.B., Gankar S.V., (2006), “A Textbook of Human Resource Management”, Himalaya
Publishing House, New Delhi.
- Dwivedi R.S., (1997), “Personnel Management in Indian Enterprises”, Galgotia Publising Company,
New Delhi.
- Devid A. DeCENZO, STEPHEN P. ROBBINS (2002), “Personnel/Human Resource
Management”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
- Prasad L.M., (2005), Human Resource Management,” Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
- Dessler Gary (2001), “Personnel Management”, Prentice Hall International Editions, New Jersey.
- Carrell Michael R., Elbert Norbert F., Hatfield Robert D. (1999), “Human Resource Management,”
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
- Mamoria C.B., Rao, VSP (2012) Personnal Management (Text and cases), Himalays Publishing,
Mumbai.

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 Unit - 6 : Employee Training
Structure of Unit:
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction : Concept
6.2 Need for Employee Training
6.3 Importance
6.4 Types of Employee Training
6.5 Objectives and Process of Employee Training
6.6 Advantages of On the Job Training Methods
6.7 Summary
6.8 Self Assessment Questions
6.9 Reference Books

6.0 Objectives
After completing this unit, you would be able to:
 Understand various aspects of the training design process;
 Classify the various training methods;
 Point out various factors affecting training decisions;
 Know about various objectives of employee training;
 Learn and appreciate the significance of employee training;
 Understand difference between on the job and off the job training.

6.1 Introduction : Concept

Training is a process of learning a sequence of programmed behavior. It is the application of knowledge &
gives people an awareness of rules & procedures to guide their behavior. It helps in bringing about positive
change in the knowledge, skills & attitudes of employees.
Thus, training is a process that tries to improve skills or add to the existing level of knowledge so that the
employee is better equipped to do his present job or to mould him to be fit for a higher job involving higher
responsibilities. It bridges the gap between what the employee has & what the job demands.
Training refers to a planned effort by a company to facilitate employees’ learning of job related competencies.
These competencies include knowledge, skills, or behaviors that are critical for successful job performance.
The goal of training is for employees to master the knowledge, skill, and behaviors emphasized in training
programs and to apply them to their day to day activities. Training is seen as one of several possible
solutions to improve performance. Other solutions can include such actions as changing the job or increasing
employee motivation through pay and incentives. Today there is a greater emphasis on-
 Providing educational opportunities for all employees. These educational opportunities may include
training programs, but they also include support for taking courses offered outside the company,
self-study, and learning through job rotation.
 An ongoing process of performance improvement that is directly measurable rather than organizing
one time training events.
 The need to demonstrate to executives, managers, and trainees the benefits of training.
 Learning as a lifelong event in which senior management, trainer manager, and employees have
ownership.
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  Training being used to help attain strategic business objectives, which help companies, gains a
competitive advantage.
The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the
teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. It
forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology (also
known as technical colleges or polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation
or profession, observers of the labor-market recognize as of 2008[update] the need to continue training
beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within
many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development.
Training usually refers to some kind of organized (and finite it time) event — a seminar, workshop that has
a specific beginning data and end date. It’s often a group activity, but the word training is also used to refer
to specific instruction done one on one.
Employee development, however, is a much bigger, inclusive “thing”. For example, if a manager pairs up
a relatively new employee with a more experienced employee to help the new employee learns about the
job, that’s really employee development. If a manager coaches and employee in an ongoing way, that’s
employee development. Or, employees may rotate job responsibilities to learn about the jobs of their
colleagues and gain experience so they might eventually have more promotion opportunities. That’s employee
development.
In other words employee development is a broader term that includes training as one, and only one of its
methods for encouraging employee learning. The important point here is that different activities are better
for the achievement of different results. For example, if the desire is provide an employee with a better
understanding of how the department works, job rotation might work very well. If the goal is to improve
the employee’s ability to use a computer based accounting package direct training would be more
appropriate than, let’s say, job rotation.
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES
The principal objective of training and development division is to make sure the availability of a skilled and
willing workforce to an organization. In addition to that, there are four other objectives: Individual,
Organizational, Functional, and Societal. Training and development is a subsystem of an organization. It
ensures that randomness is reduced and learning or behavioural change takes place in structured format.
Individual Objectives – help employees in achieving their personal goals, which in turn, enhances the
individual contribution to an organization.
Organizational Objectives – assist the organization with its primary objective by bringing individual
effectiveness.
Functional Objectives – maintain the department’s contribution at a level suitable to the organization’s
needs.
Societal Objectives – ensure that an organization is ethically and socially responsible to the needs and
challenges of the society.
The quality of employees and their development through training and education are major factors in
determining long-term profitability of a small business. If you hire and keep good employees, it is good
policy to invest in the development of their skills, so they can increase their productivity.
Training often is considered for new employees only. This is a mistake because ongoing training for current
employees helps them adjust to rapidly changing job requirements. Reasons for emphasizing the growth
and development of personnel include
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  Creating a pool of readily available and adequate replacements for personnel who may leave or
move up in the organization.
 Enhancing the company’s ability to adopt and use advances in technology because of a sufficiently
knowledgeable staff.
 Building a more efficient, effective and highly motivated team, which enhances the company’s
competitive position and improves employee morale.
 Ensuring adequate human resources for expansion into new programs.
Research has shown specific benefits that a small business receives from training and developing its
workers, including:
 Increased productivity.
 Reduced employee turnover.
 Increased efficiency resulting in financial gains.
 Decreased need for supervision.
Employees frequently develop a greater sense of self-worth, dignity and well-being as they become more
valuable to the firm and to society. Generally they will receive a greater share of the material gains that
result from their increased productivity. These factors give them a sense of satisfaction through the
achievement of personal and company goals.

6.2 Need for Employee Training

Training of employees takes place after orientation takes place. Training is the process of enhancing the
skills, capabilities and knowledge of employees for doing a particular job. Training process moulds the
thinking of employees and leads to quality performance of employees. It is continuous and never ending in
nature.
Training is given on four basic grounds:
1. New candidates who join an organization are given training. This training familiarizes them with the
organizational mission, vision, rules and regulations and the working conditions.
2. The existing employees are trained to refresh and enhance their knowledge.
3. If any updations and amendments take place in technology, training is given to cope up with those
changes. For instance, purchasing new equipment, changes in technique of production, computer
impartment. The employees are trained about use of new equipments and work methods.
4. When promotion and career growth becomes important. Training is given so that employees are
prepared to share the responsibilities of the higher level job.
Training needs can be assessed by analyzing three major human resource areas: the organization as a
whole, the job characteristics and the needs of the individuals. This analysis will provide answers to the
following questions:
 Where is training needed?
 What specifically must an employee learn in order to be more productive?
 Who needs to be trained?
Begin by assessing the current status of the company how it does what it does best and the abilities of your
employees to do these tasks. This analysis will provide some benchmarks against which the effectiveness
of a training program can be evaluated. Your firm should know where it wants to be in five years from its
long-range strategic plan. What you need is a training program to take your firm from here to there.
Second, consider whether the organization is financially committed to supporting the training efforts. If
not, any attempt to develop a solid training program will fail.
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Next, determine exactly where training is needed. It is foolish to implement a companywide training effort
without concentrating resources where they are needed most. An internal audit will help point out areas
that may benefit from training. Also, a skills inventory can help determine the skills possessed by the
employees in general. This inventory will help the organization determine what skills are available now and
what skills are needed for future development.
Also, in today’s market-driven economy, you would be remiss not to ask your customers what they like
about your business and what areas they think should be improved. In summary, the analysis should focus
on the total organization and should tell you (1) where training is needed and (2) where it will work within
the organization. Once you have determined where training is needed, concentrate on the content of the
program. Analyze the characteristics of the job based on its description, the written narrative of what the
employee actually does. Training based on job descriptions should go into detail about how the job is
performed on a task-by-task basis. Actually doing the job will enable you to get a better feel for what is
done. Individual employees can be evaluated by comparing their current skill levels or performance to the
organization’s performance standards or anticipated needs.

6.3 Importance
Training is crucial for organizational development and success. It is fruitful to both employers and employees
of an organization. An employee will become more efficient and productive if he is trained well. The
benefits of training can be summed up as:
1. Improves Morale of Employees- Training helps the employee to get job security and job
satisfaction. The more satisfied the employee is and the greater is his morale, the more he will
contribute to organizational success and the lesser will be employee absenteeism and turnover.
2. Less Supervision- A well trained employee will be well acquainted with the job and will need
less of supervision. Thus, there will be less wastage of time and efforts.
3. Fewer Accidents- Errors are likely to occur if the employees lack knowledge and skills required
for doing a particular job. The more trained an employee is, the less are the chances of committing
accidents in job and the more proficient the employee becomes.
4. Chances of Promotion- Employees acquire skills and efficiency during training. They become
more eligible for promotion. They become an asset for the organization.
5. Increased Productivity- Training improves efficiency and productivity of employees. Well trained
employees show both quantity and quality performance. There is less wastage of time, money and
resources if employees are properly trained.

6.4 Types of Employee Training

Some commentator use a similar term for workplace learning to improve performance: “training and
development”. One can generally categorize such training as on-the-job or off-the-job:
 On-the-job training takes place in a normal working situation, using the actual tools, equipment,
documents or materials that trainees will use when fully trained. On-the-job training has a general
reputation as most effective for vocational work.
 Off-the-job training takes place away from normal work situations — implying that the employee
does not count as a directly productive worker while such training takes place. Off-the-job training
has the advantage that it allows people to get away from work and concentrate more thoroughly
on the training itself. This type of training has proven more effective in inculcating concepts and
ideas.
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The most frequently used method in smaller organizations that is on the job training. This method of
training uses more knowledgeable, experienced and skilled employees, such as mangers, supervisors to
give training to less knowledgeable, skilled, and experienced employees. OJT can be delivered in classrooms
as well. This type of training often takes place at the work place in informal manner.
On the Job Training is characterized by following points
 It is done on ad-hoc manner with no formal procedure, or content
 At the start of training, or during the training, no specific goals or objectives are developed
 Trainers usually have no formal qualification or training experience for training
 Training is not carefully planned or prepared
 The trainer are selected on the basis of technical expertise or area knowledge
Formal OJT programs are quite different from informal OJT. These programs are carried out by identifying
the employees who are having superior technical knowledge and can effectively use one-to-one interaction
technique. The procedure of formal on the job training program is:
1. The participant observes a more experienced, knowledgeable, and skilled trainer (employee)
2. The method, process, and techniques are well discussed before, during and after trainer has
explained about performing the tasks
3. When the trainee is prepared, the trainee starts performing on the work place
4. The trainer provides continuing direction of work and feedback
5. The trainee is given more and more work so that he accomplishes the job flawlessly

The four techniques for on the job development are:

 COACHING
 MENTORING
 JOB ROTATION
 JOB INSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE (JIT)
1.) Coaching is one of the training methods, which is considered as a corrective method for inadequate
performance. According to a survey conducted by International Coach Federation (ICF), more than
4,000 companies are using coach for their executives. These coaches are experts most of the time outside
consultants.
A coach is the best training plan for the CEO’s because
 It is one to one interaction
 It can be done at the convenience of CEO
 It can be done on phone, meetings, through e-mails, chat
 It provides an opportunity to receive feedback from an expert
 It helps in identifying weaknesses and focus on the area that needs improvement
This method best suits for the people at the top because if we see on emotional front, when a person
reaches the top, he gets lonely and it becomes difficult to find someone to talk to. It helps in finding out the
executive’s specific developmental needs. The needs can be identified through 60 degree performance
reviews.
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Procedure of the Coaching
The procedure of the coaching is mutually determined by the executive and coach. The procedure is
followed by successive counseling and meetings at the executive’s convenience by the coach.
1. Understand the participant’s job, the knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and resources required to
meet the desired expectation
2. Meet the participant and mutually agree on the objective that has to be achieved
3. Mutually arrive at a plan and schedule
4. At the job, show the participant how to achieve the objectives, observe the performance and then
provide feedback
5. Repeat step 4 until performance improves
For the people at middle level management, coaching is more likely done by the supervisor; however
experts from outside the organization are at times used for up and coming managers. Again, the personalized
approach assists the manger focus on definite needs and improvement.
2.) Mentoring is an ongoing relationship that is developed between a senior and junior employee. Mentoring
provides guidance and clear understanding of how the organization goes to achieve its vision and mission
to the junior employee.
The meetings are not as structured and regular than in coaching. Executive mentoring is generally done by
someone inside the company. The executive can learn a lot from mentoring. By dealing with diverse
mentee’s, the executive is given the chance to grow professionally by developing management skills and
learning how to work with people with diverse background, culture, and language and personality types.
Executives also have mentors. In cases where the executive is new to the organization, a senior executive
could be assigned as a mentor to assist the new executive settled into his role. Mentoring is one of the
important methods for preparing them to be future executives. This method allows the mentor to determine
what is required to improve mentee’s performance. Once the mentor identifies the problem, weakness,
and the area that needs to be worked upon, the mentor can advise relevant training. The mentor can also
provide opportunities to work on special processes and projects that require use of proficiency.
Some key points on Mentoring
 Mentoring focus on attitude development
 Conducted for management-level employees
 Mentoring is done by someone inside the company
 It is one-to-one interaction
 It helps in identifying weaknesses and focus on the area that needs improvement
3.) For the executive, job rotation takes on different perspectives. The executive is usually not simply
going to another department. In some vertically integrated organizations, for example, where the supplier
is actually part of same organization or subsidiary, job rotation might be to the supplier to see how the
business operates from the supplier point of view.
Learning how the organization is perceived from the outside broadens the executive’s outlook on the
process of the organization. Or the rotation might be to a foreign office to provide a global perspective.
For managers being developed for executive roles, rotation to different functions in the company is regular
carried out.
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This approach allows the manger to operate in diverse roles and understand the different issues that crop
up. If someone is to be a corporate leader, they must have this type of training. A recent study indicated
that the single most significant factor that leads to leader’s achievement was the variety of experiences in
different departments, business units, cities, and countries.
An organized and helpful way to develop talent for the management or executive level of the organization
is job rotation. It is the process of preparing employees at a lower level to replace someone at the next
higher level. It is generally done for the designations that are crucial for the effective and efficient functioning
of the organization.
Some of the major benefits of job rotation are:
 It provides the employees with opportunities to broaden the horizon of knowledge, skills, and
abilities by working in different departments, business units, functions, and countries
 Identification of Knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) required
 It determines the areas where improvement is required
 Assessment of the employees who have the potential and caliber for filling the position
4.) Job Instruction Technique (JIT) uses a strategy with focus on knowledge (factual and procedural),
skills and attitudes development.
JIT Consists of Four Steps:
Plan – This step includes a written breakdown of the work to be done because the trainer and the trainee
must understand that documentation is must and important for the familiarity of work. A trainer who is
aware of the work well is likely to do many things and in the process might miss few things. Therefore, a
structured analysis and proper documentation ensures that all the points are covered in the training program.
The second step is to find out what the trainee knows and what training should focus on. Then, the next
step is to create a comfortable atmosphere for the trainees’ i.e. proper orientation program, availing the
resources, familiarizing trainee with the training program, etc.
Present – In this step, trainer provides the synopsis of the job while presenting the participants the
different aspects of the work. When the trainer finished, the trainee demonstrates how to do the job and
why is that done in that specific manner. Trainee actually demonstrates the procedure while emphasizing
the key points and safety instructions.

Figure 6.1 : Steps in JIT

Trial – This step actually a kind of rehearsal step, in which trainee tries to perform the work and the
trainer is able to provide instant feedback. In this step, the focus is on improving the method of instruction
because a trainer considers that any error if occurring may be a function of training not the trainee. This
step allows the trainee to see the after effects of using an incorrect method. The trainer then helps the
trainee by questioning and guiding to identify the correct procedure.
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Follow-up – In this step, the trainer checks the trainee’s job frequently after the training program is over
to prevent bad work habits from developing. There are various methods of training, which can be divided
in to cognitive and behavioral methods. Trainers need to understand the pros and cons of each method,
also its impact on trainees keeping their background and skills in mind before giving training.
OFF THE JOB TRAINING –
There are many management development techniques that an employee can take in off the job. The few
popular methods are:
 SENSITIVITY TRAINING
 TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
 STRAIGHT LECTURES/ LECTURES
 SIMULATION EXERCISES
1.) Sensitivity Training is about making people understand about themselves and others reasonably,
which is done by developing in them social sensitivity and behavioral flexibility.
Social sensitivity in one word is empathy. It is ability of an individual to sense what others feel and think
from their own point of view. Behavioral flexibility is ability to behave suitably in light of understanding.
Sensitivity Training Program requires three steps:
Unfreezing the Old Values –
It requires that the trainees become aware of the inadequacy of the old values. This can be done when the
trainee faces dilemma in which his old values is not able to provide proper guidance. The first step consists
of a small procedure:
 An unstructured group of 10-15 people is formed.
 Unstructured group without any objective looks to the trainer for its guidance
 But the trainer refuses to provide guidance and assume leadership
 Soon, the trainees are motivated to resolve the uncertainty
 Then, they try to form some hierarchy. Some try assume leadership role which may not be liked
by other trainees
 Then, they started realizing that what they desire to do and realize the alternative ways of dealing
with the situation

Figure 6.2 Procedure of Sensitivity Training

Development of New Values – With the trainer’s support, trainees begin to examine their interpersonal
behavior and giving each other feedback. The reasoning of the feedbacks are discussed which motivates
trainees to experiment with range of new behaviors and values. This process constitutes the second step
in the change process of the development of these values.
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Refreezing the new ones – This step depends upon how much opportunity the trainees get to practice
their new behaviors and values at their work place.
2.) Transactional Analysis provides trainees with a realistic and useful method for analyzing and
understanding the behavior of others. In every social interaction, there is a motivation provided by one
person and a reaction to that motivation given by another person. This motivation reaction relationship
between two persons is a transaction.
Transactional analysis can be done by the ego states of an individual. An ego state is a system of
feelings accompanied by a related set of behaviors. There are basically three ego states:
Child: It is a collection of recordings in the brain of an individual of behaviors, attitudes, and impulses
which come to her naturally from her own understanding as a child. The characteristics of this ego are to
be spontaneous, intense, unconfident, reliant, probing, anxious, etc. Verbal clues that a person is operating
from its child state are the use of words like “I guess”, “I suppose”, etc. and non verbal clues like, giggling,
coyness, silent, attention seeking etc.
Parent: It is a collection of recordings in the brain of an individual of behaviors, attitudes, and impulses
imposed on her in her childhood from various sources such as, social, parents, friends, etc. The
characteristics of this ego are to be overprotective, isolated, rigid, bossy, etc. Verbal clues that a person is
operating from its parent states are the use of words like, always, should, never, etc and non-verbal clues
such as, raising eyebrows, pointing an accusing finger at somebody, etc.

Figure 6.3
Adult: It is a collection of reality testing, rational behavior, decision making, etc. A person in this ego state
verifies, updates the data which she has received from the other two states. It is a shift from the taught and
felt concepts to tested concepts. All of us evoke behavior from one ego state which is responded to by the
other person from any of these three states.
3.) Lecture is telling someone about something. Lecture is given to enhance the knowledge of listener or
to give him the theoretical aspect of a topic. Training is basically incomplete without lecture. When the
trainer begins the training session by telling the aim, goal, agenda, processes, or methods that will be used
in training that means the trainer is using the lecture method. It is difficult to imagine training without lecture
format. There are some variations in Lecture method. The variation here means that some forms of lectures
are interactive while some are not.
Straight Lecture: Straight lecture method consists of presenting information, which the trainee attempts
to absorb. In this method, the trainer speaks to a group about a topic. However, it does not involve any
kind of interaction between the trainer and the trainees. A lecture may also take the form of printed text,
such as books, notes, etc. The difference between the straight lecture and the printed material is the
trainer’s intonation, control of speed, body language, and visual image of the trainer. The trainer in case of
straight lecture can decide to vary from the training script, based on the signals from the trainees, whereas
same material in print is restricted to what is printed. A good lecture consists of introduction of the topic,
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purpose of the lecture, and priorities and preferences of the order in which the topic will be covered.
Some of the main features of lecture method are:
 Inability to identify and correct misunderstandings
 Less expensive
 Can be reached large number of people at once
 Knowledge building exercise
 Less effective because lectures require long periods of trainee inactivity
4.) Games and Simulations are structured and sometimes unstructured, that are usually played for
enjoyment sometimes are used for training purposes as an educational tool. Training games and simulations
are different from work as they are designed to reproduce or simulate events, circumstances, processes
that take place in trainees’ job.
A Training Game is defined as spirited activity or exercise in which trainees compete with each other
according to the defined set of rules. Simulation is creating computer versions of real-life games. Simulation
is about imitating or making judgment or opining how events might occur in a real situation. It can entail
intricate numerical modeling, role playing without the support of technology, or combinations. Training
games and simulations are now seen as an effective tool for training because its key components are:
 Challenge
 Rules
 Interactivity
These three components are quite essential when it comes to learning. Some of the examples of this
technique are:

Figure 6.4
Trainees can therefore experience these events, processes, games in a controlled setting where they can
develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes or can find out concepts that will improve their performance. The
various methods that come under Games and Simulations are:
 BEHAVIOR-MODELLING
 BUSINESS GAMES
 CASE STUDIES
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  EQUIPMENT STIMULATORS
 IN-BASKET TECHNIQUE
 ROLE PLAYS

6.5 Objectives and Process of Employee Training

The training design process refers to a systematic approach for developing training programs. It includes
the seven steps in this process. Training is one of the most profitable investments an organization can
make. No matter what business or industry you are in the steps for an effective training process are the
same and may be adapted anywhere. If you have ever thought about developing a training program within
your organization consider the following four basic training steps. You will find that all four of these steps
are mutually necessary for any training program to be effective and efficient.
Step1 is to conduct a needs assessment, which is necessary to identify whether training is needed. This
step identifies activities to justify an investment for training. The techniques necessary for the data collection
are surveys, observations, interviews, and customer comment cards. Several examples of an analysis
outlining specific training needs are customer dissatisfaction, low morale, low productivity, and high turnover.

The objective in establishing a needs analysis is to find out the answers to the following questions:
 “Why” is training needed?
 “What” type of training is needed?
 “When” is the training needed?
 “Where” is the training needed?
 “Who” needs the training? and “Who” will conduct the training?
 “How” will the training be performed?

By determining training needs, an organization can decide what specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes
are needed to improve the employee’s performance in accordance with the company’s standards.

The needs analysis is the starting point for all training. The primary objective of all training is to improve
individual and organizational performance. Establishing a needs analysis is, and should always be the first
step of the training process.

Step 2 is to ensure that employees have the motivation and basic skills necessary to master training
content. This step establishes the development of current job descriptions and standards and procedures.
Job descriptions should be clear and concise and may serve as a major training tool for the identification
of guidelines. Once the job description is completed, a complete list of standards and procedures should
be established from each responsibility outlined in the job description. This will standardize the necessary
guidelines for any future training.

Step 3 is to create a learning environment that has the features necessary for learning to occur. This step
is responsible for the instruction and delivery of the training program. Once you have designated your
trainers, the training technique must be decided. One-on-one training, on-the-job training, group training,
seminars, and workshops are the most popular methods.
Before presenting a training session, make sure you have a thorough understanding of the following
characteristics of an effective trainer. The trainer should have:
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 - A desire to teach the subject being taught.
- A working knowledge of the subject being taught.
- An ability to motivate participants to “want” to learn.
- A good sense of humour.
- A dynamic appearance and good posture.
- A strong passion for their topic.
- A strong compassion towards their participants.
- Appropriate audio/visual equipment to enhance the training session.
For a training program to be successful, the trainer should be conscious of several essential elements,
including a controlled environment, good planning, the use of various training methods, good communication
skills and trainee participation.
Step 4 is to ensure that trainees apply the training content to their jobs.
This step will determine how effective and profitable your training program has been. Methods for evaluation
are pre-and post- surveys of customer comments cards, the establishment of a cost/benefit analysis outlining
your expenses and returns, and an increase in customer satisfaction and profits. The reason for an evaluation
system is simple. The evaluations of training programs are without a doubt the most important step in the
training process. It is this step that will indicate the effectiveness of both the training as well as the trainer.
There are several obvious benefits for evaluating a training program. First, evaluations will provide feedback
on the trainer’s performance, allowing them to improve themselves for future programs. Second, evaluations
will indicate its cost-effectiveness. Third, evaluations are an efficient way to determine the overall
effectiveness of the training program for the employees as well as the organization.
The importance of the evaluation process after the training is critical. Without it, the trainer does not have
a true indication of the effectiveness of the training. Consider this information the next time you need to
evaluate your training program. You will be amazed with the results.
The need for training your employees has never been greater. As business and industry continues to grow,
more jobs will become created and available. Customer demands, employee morale, employee productivity,
and employee turnover as well as the current economic realities of a highly competitive workforce are just
some of the reasons for establishing and implementing training in an organization. To be successful, all
training must receive support from the top management as well as from the middle and supervisory levels
of management. It is a team effort and must be implemented by all members of the organization to be fully
successful.

6.6 Advantages of On the Job Training Methods

On the job training method has the following advantages that can be considered:
 Generally most cost-effective
 Employees are actually productive
 Opportunity to learn whilst doing
 Training alongside real colleagues.
 Training can be delivered on time and at the optimum time.
 The trainee will have the good opportunities to practice and implement.
 The trainee will have feedbacks.
 Trainee builds confidence by working with own speed and productivity.
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6.7 Summary
The unit begins with an introduction of the concept and explains the importance of training. It explains the
difference between training and development and defines the utility and purpose of training, the levels of
training, the need and importance of training, and the benefits of training to the individual and the organization.
It expounds on the philosophy of training, process of training and purpose or objectives of training.

6.8 Self Assessment Questions

1. Explain the term training and the need of training for organizations.
2. Distinguish between training and development.
3. Explain the methods and approaches to training.
4. Explain various On the job and off the job training methods in detail.

6.9 Reference Books

- Aswathappa K.(2009) “Human Resource and Personnel Management” – Text and Cases, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
- Chhabra T.N. “Human Resources Management – Concepts and Issues, Fourth Edition”, Shampat
Rai & Co., Delhi.
- Gupta, C. B. (2004), “Human Resource Management”, Sixth Edition, Sultan Chand & Sons,
New Delhi.
- Dessler, G. (2000); ‘Human Resource Management’; Prentice Hall, New York.
- Grundy, T. and Brown, L.(2003); ‘Value-based Human Resource Strategy; Elsevier, Boston.
- Mabey, C. and Salaman, G. (2000); ‘Strategically Managing Human Resources’; Infinity Books,
New Delhi.
- Rao, V.S.P. (2001); ‘Managing Human Resources- Text and Cases, Excel Books, New Delhi.
- Thite, M. (2004); Managing People in the New Economy, Sage Publications, New Delhi.

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