UNIT-I

V
(
Ref
erencenot
es)

Ur
ban&Rur
alSet
tl
ement
Sett
lementisa pl acewherepeopleliveandi nt
eractthr
oughacti
vit
iessuchas
agri
cult
ure, t
rading and enter
tai
nment.Sett
lement i
n geography hel
p us to
underst
andman’ srel
ati
onshi
pwithhisenvir
onment.

Aruralset t
lementi sacommuni t
yinvolvedpr edomi
nantl
yprimaryacti
viti
essuchas
far
ming, lumberingandmi ning.
Anur banset tl
ementengagesi npr edomi nantl
yinsecondaryandterti
aryacti
vit
ies
suchasf oodpr ocessingandbanki ng.
Thereisof t
encor r
elati
onbet weenf uncti
onspopulati
onsizesandpopulation
densi
t y.A ruralset t
lementt endst o havesmal lpopulati
on and l
ow population
densi
t y.Urbanset tl
ementof tenhasal argepopulat
ionsizeandhi ghpopulation
densi
t y.

Si
teFact orsforSet t
lement
Physicalenvironmentdet erminethesiteofaset tl
ementdependon
1.Wat ersuppl y–wat erisessenti
alforhumansur vi
valandagr i
cul turalacti
vit
ies.
2.Reli
ef–t heavai l
abi l
it
yofbr oadflatlandsuchasf l
oodplai
nspr omot eagr i
cult
ur al
acti
viti
es.
3.Soil
s-f ert
ili
tyofsoi lsalsoanotherconsiderati
onsf oragri
culturalact i
vit
ies
4.Shelter-whichareshel t
eredfrom naturalel
ement s.Windswepthi ghlandwithhar sh
coldclimat eareconduci vef
orset t
lement .
5.Defence– Thr eatf r
om enemi es and pr edatory ani
mal s drove peopl et olive
togetherf orprotection.

Ty
pesofSet
tl
ement

Aset
tl
ementi
sapl
acewher
epeopl
eli
ve.Theyar
eal
ldi
ff
erentsi
zes:

Haml
etsar
ear
eti
nyset
tl
ement
s-t
heyar
ejustacol
l
ect
ionofhouses,
per
hapscent
eredar
oundaf
ew

f
armsandmay
bewi
thoutev
enashop;

Vi
ll
agesar
esmal
lset
tl
ement
s-sev
eral
hundr
edpeopl
eli
vei
nthem andt
heyhav
e:af
ewshops,

apl
aceofwor
shi
pandmay
beaschool
too;

1
Townsar
emedi
um-
sizedset
tl
ement
s-t
housandsofpeopl
eli
vei
nthem andt
heyhav
eashoppi
ng

cent
reandf
act
ori
es;

Ci
ti
esar
elar
geset
tl
ement
s-t
heyusual
l
yhav
elot
sofameni
ti
esandsomet
imesacat
hedr
alt
oo

(
megaci
ti
eshav
eov
er10mi
l
li
onpeopl
eli
vi
ngi
nthem)
.

Ty
pesofRur
alSet
tl
ement
s:

Mostoft
hewor
ld’
sset
tl
ement
sar
erur
alandt
heyar
est
abl
eandper
manent
.Theyar
e
off
oll
owi
ngt
ypes:

1.CompactSet
tl
ement
s:
Acompactset
tl
ementi
sbasedonf
armi
ng.Thesear
emost
lyf
oundi
nhi
ghl
ypr
oduct
ive
al
l
uvi
alpl
ainsl
i
keI
ndo-
Ganget
icPl
ains,
theHwangHoVal
l
ey,
Val
l
eyoNi
l
e.Thehouses

ar
ecompactandcongest
edwi
thnar
rowpl
ains.
Thesi
zeoft
heseset
tl
ement
sdepends
on nat
ure and r
esour
ces ofsur
roundi
ng count
ry.They hav
e a hi
gh degr
ee of
segr
egat
ionanddi
ff
erent
iat
ionoft
heupperandl
owercast
es.Compactset
tl
ement
sar
e
al
sof
oundi
nhunt
¬ingandf
ishi
ngcommuni
ti
es.

2.Semi
-CompactSet
tl
ement
:
Semi
-Compacti
sat
ransi
ti
onalphasei
nthegr
owt
hofcompactset
tl
e¬ment
.The
emer
gencei
sbecauseoft
hedi
ff
erenceofsemi
-ar
idr
egi
onsf
rom humi
dregi
onsand

mar
ginalpr
oduct
ivel
andt
othatoff
ert
il
eland.I
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
oncausev
il
lagest
o
gr
ow i
nnumberofhouses.Thesehousesoccupyopenspacesandl
eadt
osemi
-
compactset
tl
ementwhi
chul
ti
mat
elyacqui
resanucl
eat
edset
tl
ement
.

3.Di
sper
sedSet
tl
ement
:
Theset
tl
ementi
schar
act
eri
zedbyuni
tsofsmal
lsi
zewhi
chmayconsi
stofasi
ngl
e
houset
oasmal
lgr
oupofhouses.I
tvar
iesf
rom t
wot
osev
enhut
s.
Ther
efor
e,i
nthi
sty
pe,haml
etsar
escat
ter
edov
erav
astar
eaanddoesnothav
eany

2
speci
fi
cpat
ter
n.Thesear
egener
all
yfoundi
nhi
l
ls,pl
ateausandgr
assl
ands.Thesear
e
f
oundi
nar
easwher
eiti
sessent
ial
thatt
hef
armershoul
dli
veonhi
sownl
and.

4.Haml
etedSet
tl
ement
s:

These t
ype ofset
tl
ement
s,ar
efr
agment
ed i
nto sev
eralsmal
luni
ts.The mai
n
set
tl
ementdoesnothav
emuchi
nfl
uenceont
heot
heruni
ts.Ver
yof
tent
heor
igi
nalsi
te
i
snoteasi
l
ydi
sti
ngui
shabl
eandt
hesehaml
etsar
eof
tenspr
eadov
ert
hear
eawi
th
i
nter
veni
ngf
iel
ds.Thehaml
etsar
elocal
l
ynamed.Theseset
tl
ement
sar
egener
all
y

f
oundi
nWestBengal
,east
ernUt
tarPr
adesh,
Madhy
aPr
adeshandcoast
alpl
ains.

PATTERN

Pat
ter
nsofCompactSet
tl
ement
s:
i
. Li
nearPat
ter
n:I
tiscommonl
yfoundal
ongmai
nroads,
rai
l
way
s,st
reams,
etc.
I
tmayhav
easi
ngl
erowofhousesar
rangedal
ongt
hemai
nar
ter
y.
exampl
erur
alset
tl
ement
sfoundal
ongt
heseacoast
,ri
verv
all
ey,
mount
ain
r
anges.

i
i
. Rect
angul
arPat
ter
n:Thi
sisav
erycommont
ypewhi
chdev
elopsar
oundt
he
r
ect
angul
arshapeofagr
icul
tur
alf
iel
dsuni
ts.Vi
l
lagepat
hsandcar
ttr
acks

al
soconf
ir
mtot
her
ect
angul
arf
iel
dpat
ter
nsandr
unt
hrought
hev
il
lagei
n
nor
th-
sout
handeast
-westdi
rect
ions.Exampl
es:Theset
tl
ement
sofcoast
al
Mahar
asht
raandAndhr
aPr
adeshandei
thersi
deofAr
aval
ihi
l
ls.

i
i
i. Squar
ePat
ter
n:Thi
sisbasi
cal
l
yav
ari
entofr
ect
angul
art
ype.Suchapat
ter
n
i
sassoci
atedwi
thv
il
lagesl
yi
ngatt
hecr
ossi
ngofcar
ttr
acksorr
oadsand
al
sor
elat
edt
ofeat
uresr
est
ri
cti
ngt
heext
ensi
onoft
hev
il
lageout
sidea
squar
espace.Exampl
es:Thesef
eat
uresmayi
ncl
udeanol
dboundar
ywal
l
,

3
 t
hickor
char
ds,
aroadorapond.

i
v. Ci
rcul
arPat
ter
n:I
ntheupperDoabandTr
ans–Yamunadi
str
ict
s,Mal
wa
r
egi
on,Punj
abandGuj
arat
,lar
gev
il
lagesar
echar
act
eri
zedbyav
eryhi
gh
degr
eeofcompact
ness.Theout
erwal
l
sofdwel
l
ingsadj
oineachot
herand
pr
esentacont
inuousf
rontsot
hatwhenv
iewedf
rom out
side,t
hev
il
lages
l
ookl
i
keawal
l
edandf
ort
if
iedencl
osur
epi
ercedbyaf
ew openi
ngs.The
r
oundf
orm wasanat
uralout
comeofmaxi
mum aggr
egat
ionf
ort
hepur
pose
ofdef
encedur
ingt
hepast
.

v
. Radi
alPat
ter
n:I
nthi
sty
pe,anumberofst
reet
sconv
ergeononecent
re
whi
chmaybeasour
ceofwat
er(
pond,
wel
l
),at
empl
eormosque,
acent
reof
commer
cialact
ivi
tyorsi
mpl
yanopenspace.Thus,t
hest
reet
sseem t
obe
r
adi
ati
ngf
rom acommoncent
re.Exampl
esar
eset
tl
ement
snearGur
ushi
kar
,
MountAbui
nRaj
ast
han,
Vindhy
achal
inUt
tarPr
adesh,
etc

Pat
ter
nsSemi
-CompactSet
tl
ement

i
. CheckerBoar
dPat
ter
n:Thi
sisat
ypeofset
tl
ementf
oundgener
all
yatt
he
j
unct
ionoft
wor
oads.Thev
il
lagest
reet
smeeteachot
heratanangl
eorar
e

par
all
elt
oeachot
her
.Thi
spat
ter
niscommoni
nthenor
ther
npl
ains.

i
i
. El
ongat
edPat
ter
n:Suchset
tl
ementoccur
sasar
esul
tofel
ongat
ionoft
he
r
ect
angul
arpat
ter
nduet
oinf
luenceofsi
tef
eat
ures.

i
i
i. FanShapedPat
ter
n:Thi
sisseenwher
esomef
ocalpoi
ntsorl
i
nei
ssi
tuat
ed
atoneendoft
hev
il
lage.Af
ocalobj
ectmaybeat
ankar
iver
side,ar
oad,an
or
char
d,awel
lorev
enapl
aceofwor
shi
p.Suchpat
ter
nsar
ecommoni
nthe
del
tar
egi
onwher
ethedwel
l
ingssi
mpl
yfol
l
ow t
hef
anshapedpr
ofi
l
eoft
he

4
 del
ta asi
nthe case ofMahanadi
,Godav
ari
,Kr
ishna,Cauv
ery
,Hi
mal
yan
f
oot
hil
l
s.

Maj
orpr
obl
em ofr
uralset
tl
ement
sar
e:

i
. Rur
alset
tl
ement
sint
hedev
elopi
ngcount
ri
eshav
epoori
nfr
ast
ruct
uref
aci
l
iti
es.
i
i
. Supplyofwat ertoruralsett
lement
sindev el
opi
ngcountr
iesi
snotadequate.
Peopleinv
il
lages,part
icular
lyinmount
ainousandar
idareashavet
owalklong
di
stancest
of etchdr
inkingwater.
i
i
i. Waterbornediseasessuch ascholer
a and j
aundi
ceare common pr
obl
em
becauseofl
ackofsafedr
inki
ngwaterandunhy
gieni
ccondi
ti
ons.
i
v. Vil
l
agesareadversel
yaffectedbyt
hecondi
ti
onsofdr
oughtandf
lood.Thi
sin
t
urnaf
fect
sthecropcult
ivati
on.
v
. The absence oft
oil
etand gar
bage di
sposalf
aci
l
iti
es cause heal
thr
elat
ed
probl
ems.
v
i. Thehousesmadeupofmud,woodandthat
chgetdamageddur
ingheav
yrai
ns
andf
loods.v
ii
.Mosthouseshav
enopr
operv
ent
il
ati
on.
v
ii
. Unmet all
ed roads and lack of moder n communi cat
ion net work causes
di
ffi
cul
tiesinprovi
dingemergencyserv
icesduri
ngfloods.ix.I
tisalsodiff
icul
tto
prov
ideadequatehealthandeducati
onalinf
rast
ruct
ureforlargeruralpopulat
ion.
Theproblem i
sparti
cular
lyser
iouswherehousesarescat t
eredov eralar
gear ea

Ur
banSet
tl
ement
s

Urbanset t
lementi sal argenucleatedsettlementinwhi chthemaj or
it
yofthe
employedi nhabit
antsareengagedi nnon- agri
cul
¬turalact
ivit
ies.Urbanareasmaybe
defi
ned bynat i
onalgov ernment saccor di
ng to dif
fer
entcr i
teria;forexample,si
ze,
populati
on density,occupation oft he people,and type ofl ocalgovernment.Thi
s
divi
sionbetweenur banandr uralisarbi
traryandthatiswhyt odaymostofschol ar
suse
theterm'rural
-urbancontinuum' rat
herthandichotomy .

5
Basesofcl
assi
fyi
ngaset
tl
ementasur
banar
oundt
hewor
ld

Ur
bansettl
ement
sareclassi
fi
edonthebasi
sofi
tssi
zeoft
hepopul
ati
on,
occupati
onal
str
uctur
eandadmi
nist
rat
ion.

1.Popul
ati
on si
ze:-inIndia a sett
lementhav i
ng popul
ation mor
et han 5000
per
sonsiscal
ledur
ban.I
nJapani ti
s30000per sonswhereasinSwedeniti
s250
per
sons.Thecutof
ffi
gur
edependsont hedensit
yofpopulati
onint
hecountry.
2.Occupati
onalstructure:-besi
despopulati
onsize,occupati
oni sal
sotakenasthe
cri
ter
ia.InI ndia,i f mor ethan 75 per cent of workforce i
s engaged in
nonagri
cul
turalactivi
tiesthenthesett
lementiscalledasur ban.Othercount
ri
es
havethei
rowncr iteri
af ore.
g.i
nItal
yitis50percent.
3.Admini
str
ati
vestr
uct
ure:-i
nIndi
aaset
tl
ementi
sclassi
fi
edasurbani
fithasa
munici
pal
it
y,cant
onmentboardoranot
if
iedar
ea.InBrazi
lanyadmi
nist
rat
ive
cent
reist
ermedasurban.
Funct
ionsofur
bancent
res:

 Theear
li
erfuncti
onsoftownswer
erel
atedt
oadmi
nist
rat
ion,t
rade,i
ndust
ry,
def
enceandreli
gious.
 Today,t
ownsperform mul
ti
plefunct
ionssuchas,r
ecreati
onal,r
esident
ial
,
tr
anspor
t,mini
ng,manufact
uri
ng and mostrecent
ly act
ivi
ti
es rel
ated to
i
nformat
iont
echnology
.
 Somet ownsar eknown f
orthei
rf unct
ionsforexampl
e,Sheffi
eld asan
i
ndust
ri
alcit
y,Londonasapor
tcit
y,Chandigar
hasanadmini
str
ati
vecity.
 Lar
geci
ti
eshav
ear
athergr
eat
erdi
ver
sit
yoff
unct
ions.

Funct
ionalcl
assi
fi
cat
ionsoft
ownsi
nthewor
ld.

1.Admini
str
ati
veTowns:-Nat ionalcapi
tal
s,whi
chhaveheadquart
ersoft
he
admini
str
ati
veoff
icesofCentralGov
ernment
,ar
ecal
ledadmi
nist
rati
vet
owns,
suchasnewDelhi,Canber
ra,
Moscow, andWashi
ngt
on.
2.DefenceTowns:-Centr
esofmi li
tar
yactivi
ti
esareknownasdef encetowns.
Theyareofthr
eetypes:For
ttowns,Gar
risontownsandNavalbases.Jodhpur
i
saf ortt
own;Mhowi sagarri
sontown;andKochiisanav
albase.
3.Cultur
alTowns:-t ownsf amousf orreli
gious,educationalorrecr
eati
onal
functi
onsar
ecalledcultur
altowns.Placesofpi l
gri
mage,suchasJer usalem,
Mecca,Jagannat
hPur iandVar anasietc.areconsideredasr el
i
gioustowns.
Thereareal
sorecreat
ionaltownssuchasLasVegasi nt heUSA.

6
 4.Indust
ri
alTowns:-Mini
ngandmanuf act
uri
ngregi
ons.DhanbadandKhetr
i
areexamplesofmini
ngtowns.Townswhichhavedevel
opedduetosett
ing
upofindust
ri
essuchasJameshdpurar
ecall
edi
ndustr
ial
towns.
5.Tradi
ngandCommer cialTowns:-Manyol dt ownswer efamousast rade
centr
essuchasLahor einPaki
stan,BaghdadinIraqandAgrainIndi
a.Some
towns have dev
eloped as tr
ansportt owns such as Rott
erdam int he
Netherl
ands,
AdeninYemenandMumbai inI
ndi
aar epor
ttowns.

Ty
pesofur
banset
tl
ementont
hebasi
sofi
tssi
ze,
ser
viceandf
unct
ion.

i
. Town:Populat
ionsizeintowni shi
ghert hanthevil
lage.Funct
ions
suchas,manufact
uring,r
etai
landwholesaletr
ade,andpr of
essi
onal
serv
icesexi
sti
ntowns.
i
i. Cit
y:Acitymayber egardedasal eadingt
own.Cit
iesaremuchl ar
ger
t
hant ownsandhav eagr eaternumberofeconomi cfuncti
ons.They
t
end to havet r
ansportterminal
s,maj orfi
nanci
alinsti
tuti
ons and
r
egionaladmi
nistr
ati
veof f
ices.Whent hepopul
ati
oncrossest heone
mil
l
ionmar ki
tisdesi
gnatedasami l
li
oncit
y.
i
ii
. Conurbat
ion:Theterm conurbati
onwascoi nedbyPat r
ickGeddesi n
1915andappl i
edtoal argear eaofurbandevel
opmentt hatresult
ed
fr
om themer gi
ngofori
ginall
yseparat
etownsorciti
es.GreaterLondon,
Great
erMumbai ,Manchester,
ChicagoandTokyoareexampl es.
i
v. Megal opoli
s:ThisGreekwordmeani ng“greatcity
”,waspopularised
byJean Got tman (1957)and signi
fi
es‘super -metropol
it
an’region
extendi
ng,asuni onofconurbat
ions.Theur banlandscapestr
etching
fr
om Bost oninthenorthtosouthofWashingt oninU.S.A.i
sthebest
knownexampl eofamegal opol
is

Maj
orpr
obl
emsofur
banset
tl
ement
sar
e:

Thet ownandci t
iesgrowinsizeandnumberast heur banpopulat
ionexpands.The
rapidrateofUrbanisati
onindevelopedanddevelopingcountr
iesbringsahostof
urban probl
ems due t oal arge i
ncrease i
nthe numberofur ban dwell
ers.
The
problemsare
i. Housing-lackofhouseandcantaf fordofproperhousing.Developmentof
squat
tersett
lement.

i
i
. Watersupply
-short
ageofwat
ersuppl
yduet
othedemandofwat
ersuppl
y
andpoorpipi
ngsyst
em.

i
i
i. Tr
anspor
t-t
oomanycar
sinmaj
orci
ti
es.Poorpubl
ict
ranspor
tsy
stem

7
 i
v. Pol
lut
ion-domesti
c and i
ndust
ri
alwast
e cont
ri
but
etol
and,ai
r,wat
ert
pol
lut
ioni
nurbanareas.

Tr
endsandPat
ter
nsofWor
ldUr
bani
sat
ion
Ifthet ransformat i
onofhumansoci etysi ncet heIndustri
alRev olut
ionwer etobe
summar i
zedi nnomor ethant hreewor ds,t herewoul dbef ew betteral t
ernati
vest han
i
ndust rial
ization,ur banizati
on,andgl obalization.Theset hr
eedi mensi onshav ecl ose
relati
onswi theach ot her.Indust rial
izationl eadst ot hedirectout putofeconomi c
growt h,whi chf urt
hergi vesi mpet ust oav i
gor ouspr ocessofur banizati
oni nbot h
dev el
opedcount ri
esandnewl yindust ri
ali
zedones,mai nl
yv i
aaspeci ali
zati
onofl abor
and t he unpr ecedented dev elopmentofnon- agricult
uralsectors.Undoubt edly,the
histori
calf actsandst ati
sti
csr evealt hatal mostal lofthedev el
opedcount ri
eshav ea
higherl evelofGDPpercapi taandal soahi gherl evelofurbanizat
ion.Itisfoundt hatthe
l
ev elofur bani zati
oni scloselycor r
elatedwi tht hel evelofGDPpercapi t
a.Iti
sgener all
y
accept edt hateconomi cgrowt hpr omot est heexpansi onofmoder ni ndustr
iesandan
i
ncr easei nt heur banpopul ation;int urn,ur bani zationalsopromot eseconomi cgr owth
tosomeext ent .

Causesofur
bani
sat
ion

Ur
banisationisnotnew.I
tbeganinthe1850sinEur
opeandNor t
hAmer i
ca.Howev er
,
mostur banisati
onhasbeeninthelast20y ear
sasar esultoflar
gerural-
to-
urban
movement s.Forexampl
e,i
nChina150mill
ionpeopl
emov edf r
om rur
alt
our banareas
i
njust10y ears.Thi
swaswasduetobothpushandpullf
actors.

Pushfactors:ar et hosewher epeopl ehavebeenf or

cedaway( pushed)from t
hei
r
homes.Reasonsmi ghtinclude:
 confl
ictandf earofwar
 natur
al disasterssuchasv olcani
cerupti
ons
 foodshor tagesandpossi blefaminecausedbyanunpredict
ablecli
mat e
 l
ackofi ndustri
ali
sationandmechani sati
onleadi
ngtol ow producti
vi
tyandlow
wages
 poor-
qual it
yandl i
mit edhealt
hcareandeducati
onser
vices.

8
Pul
lfactor
sar ethereasonswhypeopl emi ghtbeatt
ract
ed(pul
led)t
otheci
ty(
alt
hough
i
nreali
tysuch‘advantages’maynotexist).Thesei
ncl
ude:
 muchl essri
skofnat ural
disast
er s
 f ood,shel
terandmedi calprovi
sionmor ewi
delyavai
l
able
 gr eat
erjoboppor tuni
ti
esetc.

Gl
obalUr
bani
sat
ionTr
endsandpat
ter
n

Today ,54percentoft hewor ld’

spopul at
ionli
vesinurbanar eas,apr oporti
on
thati
sexpect edtoincr
easet o66percentby2050.Pr oject
ionsshowt haturbanizati
on
combinedwi tht heover
allgrowthoft hewor l
d’spopul
ati
oncouldaddanot her2.5bil
li
on
peoplet o urban populati
ons by2050,wi th cl
ose to 90 percentoft he incr
ease
concentrat
edi nAsiaandAf r
ica,accordingtoanew Uni t
edNat i
onsr eportlaunched
today.
Onlyabout30%oft hewor l
d’spopul at
ionli
vedinurbanareasin1950
Thepr opor
tionr oseto~50%by2007
Pr oj
ectedurbanshar eofglobal populat
ionin2030is~60%

Wor
ldUr
bani
sat
ionTr
ends,
1950-
2030

Keyf
act
sofgl
obalur
bani
zat
iont
rend

9
  GrowthofRur alvs.UrbanPopulati
on
Between2007and2030, t
hewor l
d’spopul
ationi
sexpectedtoincreaseby1.
8bi
l
li
on
Almostallpopulati
ongrowthduringthi
speriodwil
lbeinurbanareas
Therural
populationwil
lactual
lydecr
easebyabout20mi l
l
ion
1950 1975 2007 2030
Rural 1.
77 2.52 3.3 3.
29
Urban 0.75 1.54 3.3 5

 Mega- cit
ieswithmor ethan10mi l
lionpeopl earei ncreasinginnumber
I
n1990, ther
ewer et en“mega- cit
ies”with10mi l
li
oni nhabi t
antsormor e,whichwere
homet o153mi l
li
onpeopl eorsl i
ghtlyl
esst hansev enpercentoft hegl obalurban
popul
ati
onatt hatt i
me.I n2014,t herear e28mega- citieswor ldwide,homet o453
mil
li
onpeopl eorabout12per centoft hewor l
d’surbandwel l
ers.Oft oday’
s28mega-
ci
ti
es,si
xteenar elocatedinAsi a,
f ourinLatinAmer ica,thr eeeachi nAf r
icaandEur ope,
andtwoinNor thernAmer ica.By2030,t hewor l
dispr oj ectedtohav e41mega- ci
ti
es
wit
h10mi ll
ioninhabitantsormor e.
 Tokyor emainst hewor ld’slargestcitywith38mi l
lioninhabitants,
 fol
lowedbyDel hiwit
h25mi l
li
on,
 Shanghai with23mi lli
on,
 MexicoCi ty,Mumbai andSãoPaul o, eachwi t
har ound21mi ll
i
oni nhabit
ants.

 Smal lci
ti
esarenumer ousandmanyar egrowingrapi
dly
Halfoftheworld’s3.9bil
li
onurbandweller
sr esi
deinrel
at i
vel
ysmallsett
lements
wi
thfewerthan500,000inhabi
tant
s,whi
leonlyaroundoneineightli
vei
nt he28mega-
ci
ti
eswith10mi ll
i
oni nhabit
antsormore.Manyoft hefastestgrowi
ngciti
esint he
worl
darerel
ati
vel
ysmal lur
bansettl
ements.

 Rur alpopulati
onsexpectedtodecreaseasurbanpopulati
onscontinuetogr ow
Ther ur
alpopul at
ionofthewor l
dhasgr ownslowlysince1950andi sexpect edto
reachitspeakaround2020.Thegl obalrur
alpopul
ati
onisnowcl oseto3.4bil
li
onandi s
expectedtodeclineto3. 1bi
ll
i
onby2050.Whi l
eAf r
icaandAsiaareurbanizi
ngr apidl
y,
theregionsarestil
lhomet onearl
y90percentoft heworld’
srur
alpopulati
on.Indiahas
thelar
gestruralpopulati
onwit
h857mi l
l
ion,f
oll
owedbyChi nawith635mill
ion.

Tabl
e:per
cent
ageur
banpopul
ati
onf
orsel
ect
ednat
ions,
2014

I
ncomeperper son($) Ur
banpopul
ati
on(
%)
Afghanistan 26
Austral
ia 89
China 54
Ethi
opia 19
Germany 75
I
ndia 32
I
ndonesi a 53
RussianFederati
on 74

10
Saudi Ar
abia 83
Sout hKorea 82
Sudan 34
Sweden 86
Ukraine 69
UnitedArabEmi
rat
es 85

UK 82
USA 81

Sour
ce:Wor
ldBankDat
abase

Accor
dingt
othisyear
’sUni
tedNat
ionsr
epor
tonWor
ldUr
bani
zat
ionwewi
l
lobser
vet
he
fol
l
owingtr
ends:

 Cont
inui
ng popul
ati
on gr
owt
h and ur
bani
zat
ionar
e pr
oject
ed t
o add2.
5 bi
ll
ion
peoplet ot hewor ld’sur banpopul ati
onby2050,wi thnear ly90% oft hei ncrease
concent ratedi nAsi aandAf rica.
 Thef astestgr owi ngur banaggl omer ati
onsar emedi um- sizedci ti
esandci t
ieswith
l
esst han1mi ll
ioni nhabi tant slocat edinAsi aandAf ri
ca.
 Mostmegaci ti
esandl ar geci tiesar elocatedi nthegl obalSout h.
 Justt hreecount ri
es—I ndi a,Chi naandNi ger i
a–t ogetherar eexpect edt oaccount
for37percentoft hepr oject edgr owthoft hewor l
d’sur banpopul ati
onbet ween2014
and2050.I ndiai spr oject edt oadd404mi l
lionur bandwel lers,China292mi l
lionand
Nigeria212mi lli
ons.
 Closet ohal foft hewor ld’sur bandwel lersr esidei nrelat i
velysmal lset t
lement sof
l
esst han500, 000i nhabi tants,whi l
eonl yar ound1/ 8l i
v eint he28mega- citi
eswith
mor ethan10mi ll
ioni nhabi tant s.
 Thenumberofmega- citieshasnear l
yt ripledsi nce1990;andby2030,41ur ban
agglomer ationsar epr oj ect edt ohouseatl east10mi ll
ioni nhabitantseach.
 Toky ois pr ojected t or emai nt he wor l
d’sl argestci t yi n 2030wi th 37 mi l
li
on
i
nhabi tants,foll
owedcl osel ybyDel hiwher et hepopul ationi sprojectedtor iseswiftl
y
to36mi ll
ion.

Cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionofTownsasperc
ens
us

1.Allpl
aceswi t
hamunici
pali
ty,
corpor
ation,cant
onmentboar
dornot
if
iedt
ownar
ea
commi t
tee,etc.
2.Allot
herplaceswhi
chsati
sfi
edthefol
lowingcrit
eri
a:

11
 i
. Ami
nimum popul
ati
onof5,
000;

i
i
. Atleast75 percentoft he male main wor
king popul
ati
on
engagedi
nnon-agr
icul
tur
alpur
sui
ts;and

i
i
i. Adensi
tyofpopul
ati
onofatl
east400per
sonspersq.km.

Thef i
rstcategoryofur banuni t
si sknownasSt at
utoryTowns.Theset ownsarenotifi
ed
underlawbyt heconcer nedSt at
e/ UTGovernmentandhav elocalbodiesli
kemuni cipal
corporati
ons, muni cipali
ties, municipal committees, et
c.,irrespect
ive of t heir
demogr aphi
cchar acteri
sticsasr eckonedon31stDecember2009.Exampl es:Vadodara
(M Corp.)
,Shimla(M Cor p.)etc.

Thesecondcategor
yofTowns(asinit
em 2abov
e)i
sknownasCensusTown.These
werei
denti
fi
edonthebasi
sofCensus2001dat
a.

TheCensusofI
ndi
ahascl
assi
fi
edt
ownsi
ntosi
xcat
egor
iesont
hebasi
soft
hei
r
popul
ati
on:

I
)Cl
ass1t
ownswi
thmor
ethan1,
00,
000popul
ati
on,

2)Cl
assI
Itownswi
th50,
000t
o99,
999popul
ati
on,

3)Cl
assI
IIt
ownswi
th20,
000t
o49,
999popul
ati
on,

4)Cl
assI
Vtownswi
th10,
000t
o19,
999popul
ati
on,

5)Cl
assVt
ownswi
th5000t
o9,
999popul
ati
on

6)Cl
assVIt
ownswi
thl
esst
han5,
000popul
ati
on.

UrbanAggl omerat
ion( UA):Anur banagglomer at
ionisacont i
nuousurbanspr ead
consti
tut
ingat ownandi tsadjoiningoutgrowths( OGs),ortwoormor ephysicall
y
conti
guous towns togetherwith orwi t
houtout growths ofsuch towns.An Ur ban
Agglomerati
onmustconsi stofatleastastatutor
ytownandi t
stotalpopul
ati
on(
i.
e.all
theconsti
tuent
sputtogether)shouldnotbelessthan20, 000asperthe2001Census.

12
I
nv ar
yingl
ocalcondi
ti
ons,ther
ewer esimil
arothercombinat
ionswhichhav
ebeen
t
reat
edasurbanagglomerat
ionssat
isf
yingt
hebasiccondi
ti
onofcont
igui
ty.

Exampl
es:
Great
erMumbai
UA,
Del
hiUA,
etc.

OutGrowths(OG):AnOutGrowth(OG)isav iabl
eunitsuchasav i
ll
ageorahaml etor
anenumerati
onblockmadeupofsuchvill
ageorhaml etandcl
earl
yidenti
fi
ableinterms
ofitsboundari
esandlocati
on.Someoft heexampl esarer ai
l
waycol ony,univ
er si
ty
campus,portarea,mil
i
tar
ycamps,etc.,whichhav ecomeupnearast atut
oryt own
outsi
de i
ts st
atutor
ylimi
ts butwit
hinthe r ev
enue li
mits ofa vil
lage orv i
ll
ages
conti
guoustothetown.

Examples:Cent
ralRail
wayColony(
OG),Tr
iveniNagar(
N.E.
C.S.
W. )(
OG),et
c.Eachsuch
towntogetherwithitsoutgr
owth(
s)istreatedasani ntegr
atedurbanareaandi s
desi
gnatedasan‘urbanaggl
omerat
ion’
.

NumberofUAs/
TownsandOutGr
owt
hs(
OGs)
:

AttheCensus2011t her
ear e7,935townsint hecount r
y.Thenumberoft ownshas
i
ncreasedby2,774sincelastCensus.Manyoftheset ownsarepartofUAsandtherest
areindependenttowns.The t ot
alnumberofUr ban Aggl
omerati
ons/Towns,which
consti
tut
estheurbanframe,is6166inthecount
r y
.

Thef oll
owingisthelistofmostpopulousciti
esinIndi
a.Thepopulat
ionst
ati
sti
cs
i
ndicatedinthi
sart
icl
earefort
heyear2011.Theli
stdoesnoti
ndi
cat
ethepopul
ati
onof
theurbanagglomerat
ions.

13
URBANCHALLENGES:
1.Pov er t
y and housi ng: Mor e urban i nequalit
y and dev el
opment of sl um
popul ations.Manypeopl ehav el
imitedaccesst oelectri
cit
yandheal t
hcare.They
havel i
ttl
epol iti
calpower .
2.Wast e:Onebi ll
i
ont onnesi spr oducedi nciti
eseachy ear.Devel
opedwor ldcities
havedev elopedschemest odealwi thwast e,developingwor l
dcit
iesstil
lstruggle
tocopewi thit.
3.Disast ers:The dest ructi
on ofPor t-
au- Pr
ince,Hai tiin 2010 highli
ghted t he
probl emsofov erpopulati
on, highdensitiesandpoor -
qualit
ybuil
dings.Withr i
sing
seal ev el
sandmor ef r
equentcl i
mateev ents,therearelikel
ytobemor edisasters
infutur e.
4.Wat erandsani tati
on:Int hel ast30y earstherehav ebeenmaj orimprovement s,
but1bi l
lionpeopl est i
lldonothav eaccesst ocleanwat er
.Evenmor edonot
haveadequat esanit
ation,whi chleadstodi seaseandi l
l
ness.
5.Ener gy:Ci tiesconsumeov er75%oft heent ir
ewor ld’senergyandemi tov er50%
ofgr eenhousegases.Mostener gyst i
l
lcomesf rom non-renewableresources.

Posi
ti
veI
mpact
sofUr
bani
zat
ion:

 Ci
ti
eshavefaci
l
itat
edt
hedi
ff
usi
onofi
nfor
mat
iont
hroughi
nter
act
ionamong
di
ver
secul
tur
es

 The densit
y ofurban popul
ati
ons off
ers si
gni
fi
cantcostadvantages f
or
government
sinthedeli
ver
yofessent
ialgoodsandserv
icesandf
orthepriv
ate
sectori
nthepr
oduct
ionandconsumpt
ionofsuchit
ems

 Ci
ti
eshav
eal
sopl
ayedacr
uci
alr
olei
nreduci
ngf
ert
il
it
y

14
Negat
iveI
mpactofRapi
dUr
bani
zat
ion:

 Rapi
d urbanizati
on has gi
ven ri
se to sl
um and squat
terpopul
ati
ons An
est
imated 30–50% of ur ban inhabi
tant
si n devel
opi
ng count
ri
es li
vein
i
mpov er
ishedslumsandsquatterset
tl
ements

 Thesesettl
ement
slack-Adequatehousi
ng-Adequat
ewat er
,sani
tat
ion,r
efuse
coll
ect
ion -Adequate heal
th car
efaci
li
ti
es 39 Negat
iveImpactofRapi d
Urbani
zat
ion

 Urbanpovert
ydegr adesbot
hphy si
calandsoci
alenvi
ronments Theurbanpoor
areasarecharacter
izedby-Crowding-Poll
uti
on-Concentr
ati
onoft hepoorin
centr
alci
ti
es-Vi ol
enceandcri
me-Pr ost
it
uti
on-Drugabuse-Str
eetchil
dren

 Thepoorphysi
calenvironmenti nturni
ncr
easesmor bi
dit
yandmor t
ali
tyinci
ti
es
morethaninsurroundingr ur
alareas Thepover
ty-burdenedsoci
alenvir
onment
causessoci
alinstabi
li
ty,whi chaff
ect
sbothphy sicalandmentalhealt
h This
wasthecaseinsomeU. S.cit
iesin1900

15
16