A Project Report

on
Land Registry Application using Blockchain

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree

of

Bachelor of Technology
in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology
by
Anurag 18CSU029

Harshit Goel 18CSU078

Rubal 18CSU180

Raveesh Ahuja 18CSU198

Under supervision of
Dr. Yogita Gigras
Assistant Professor

Department of CSE & IT

The NorthCap University, Gurugram
May 2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Synopsis entitled, “Land Registry Application using
Blockchain” submitted by “Anurag(18CSU029), Harshit Goel(18CSU078),
Rubal(18CSU180), Raveesh Ahuja(18CSU198)” to The NorthCap University,
Gurugram, India, is a record of bona fide synopsis work carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance and is worthy of consideration for the partial fulfilment of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering of the
University.

Dr. Yogita Gigras

Assistant Professor

Date: 16th May 2022

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

An undertaking is never a result of a solitary individual; rather it bears the

engravings of various individuals who specifically or by implication helped in

finishing that venture. We would bomb in my obligations on the off chance that

we don't let out the slightest peep of gratitude to every one of the individuals who

helped us in finishing this task of our own.

Before we start with the details of my projects, we would like to add a few

heartfelt words for the people who were part of my project in numerous ways, the

people who gave me their immense support right from the initial stage.

As a matter of first importance, we are amazingly appreciative of Dr. Yogita

Gigras for her direction, consolation, smooth feedback, and tutelage throughout

this task not withstanding his to a great degree occupied timetable.

We also heartily thank our friends who greatly helped us in our project work

without them we would never have gained the actual problem set solutions that

we faced.

Last but not the least, we heartily thank our respected H.O.D. Dr. Rita Chhikara

who kept on pushing our limits and taught us to be positive in every way.

Anurag 18CSU029

Harshit Goel 18CSU078

Rubal 18CSU180

Raveesh Ahuja 18CSU198

 ABSTRACT
With [2] this report we aim at creating a system which is decentralized, secure and
transparent way of registering of land. The process involves the use of different aspects
of blockchain and how blockchain technology will help in improving the of land
registration.

This report also aims at how with use of smart contracts we can make anything available
in market as secure and decentralized. Besides this it also gives an insight about the use
of Etherum technology. This report also shows the various aspects of traditional land
registration system and how the current process is slow.

Besides this it will also describe the complete workflow of land registration system using
Etherum framework and will also why one should switch to this system in comparison to
the traditional method of land registration. Also it aims to make secure payments and
faster process and reducing the intermediary cost in comparison to traditional method. In
end it shows the benefits of using the system based on Etherum framework.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The world is almost 30% covered by land, making land as the most valued possession of
any individual in the world. The need for a system ensuring proper maintenance of land
records can be gauged from the fact that today land prices in the world run in crores or
millions of bucks and a small mistake in maintenance of land records can lead to a huge
monetary loss to the parties involved. Many news related to counterfeit land titles, fraud
land registry, delay in ownership transfer, the involvement of government officers in
fraudulent activities is frequently being heard.

The [2] land registration framework is a chain structure comprising of an enormous

number of mediators connected simultaneously to conduct the overall operation. The land
registration framework associates numerous entities like vendor, purchaser, dealer,
government authorities. Current land registration system experiences an enormous stage
to move possession from vender to purchaser. This may lead to stoppage of the complete
operation. In customary land registration framework, the information is noted by every
element in a concentrated ledger, that is kept locally. That can prompt altering of
recorded land details and subsequently records might be forged without any issues.
Nonetheless, development of blockchain innovation gives us a reasonable way to tackle
the problems stated above.

The blockchain perspective is a cryptography based appropriated record which enables

reliable trades through distrustful peer in the grid. To lessen above mentioned risks on the
land registration framework, optimistic unusual practice ought to be recommended to
diminish the possibilities of breaches in the security.

In this report, we proposed a decentralized land registry system based on blockchain

technology. The processes involved in the land registry system such as land registration
by the owner, request made by buyer to view land details, ownership transfer after both
the parties agree for the deal is controlled by smart contracts.

In seeking to explore blockchain technology and its platforms and how they can be
disrupting the current commerce and economy systems. We mainly focused on the issues
in the existing land registry system and how they can be solved using blockchain.

In this report, we tend to explain the importance and the benefits of the blockchain
technology and its platform especially on the Ethereum, addresses the issues and
problems in the current land registry system, point out the importance of smart contracts
and how efficiently they can be used to change the economic system and demonstrate,
describe and interpret the whole implementation of the land registry system using
Ethereum blockchain platform.

CHAPTER 2
UTILITY
Security, trust, and privacy are always the most important things people look at whenever
they start using an application or platform. In the world, there are many platforms which
are pruned to fraud, manipulation of content, and hacking. All these platforms are
centralized and they are always prone to hacking, manipulation and other security,
privacy, and trust issues. However, with the use of blockchain technology, the security,
privacy can be enhanced exponentially because of its properties like distributed,
decentralized, and immutability. And other utilities of blockchain based land registry
system are as followed:

2.1 Accelerating the process

Middlemen involved in the land registry process hold information that you cannot access,
or you might not have the license required to operate in a property transaction ecosystem.
But the blockchain land registry platform can offer you a distributed database where
anyone can record and access information without the involvement of any centralized
authority. At present, the title to a property/land is just a piece of paper. You are required
to fill blanks in the deed, sign it, get it notarized for rubber stamping and send the
documents to the government to transfer the property. The process looks too old and
slow. However, creating a digital title with a blockchain land registry platform can
improve the process. With the blockchain’s potential to prove authenticity, homeowners
can transfer the land ownership legitimately to the buyer without needing third-party
verification.

2.2 Reducing Fraud Cases

In today’s digital world, it is now possible for imposters to forge the documents and fake
the title ownership with the editing software. Blockchain land registry platform will allow
you to upload the title documentation to the blockchain network where signers can sign
the document and government will first verify those documents then only owner can use
that land for the purpose of selling. By keeping an immutable record of transactions,
blockchain can prove that you are the owner of the land title and prevent from forgery of
documents. Therefore, it can be said that the blockchain land registry platform could
serve as proof of ownership, existence, exchange and transaction.
3. Bringing Transparency with Smart Contracts

There are only a few people who buy property directly. The process of loan or mortgage
is comparatively slower due to administrative issues. But smart contracts can make the
process simpler by automating verified transactions. With the blockchain land registry
platform, you can create a digital, decentralized ID as a seller and buyer.

CHAPTER 3
STUDY OF EXISTING SOLUTION
Land [4] registration is a very tedious and challenging task. It consists of participants
involved in the land registration process who hold information that you cannot access, or
you may not have the required license to operate a real estate transaction. At the moment,
the local / global title is just a piece of paper. fill the blanks on the title deed, sign it,
stamp the rubber stamp, and send the documents to the government for the transfer.
The process looks too old and slow.

Fig.1 Existing Land Registry System [1]

 CHAPTER 4
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING SOLUTION
In this section, we illustrate our proposed blockchain-based decentralized app, namely the
Land Registry Application using Blockchain. We can compare them on the basis of the
following parameters

Parameters Present model Our model

1. Decentralization No Yes

2. middlemen cost Quite high Low

3. Scalability Low High

4. Secure Less Highly

5. Time taken for ownership transfer High Low

6. Accountability Low High

Table 1. Comparison of entities

4.1 Decentralization

We have thought of using the blockchain technology along with the current system of
land registry to eliminate the possibility of disrupting the records by anyone involved in
the process. Also, blockchain only involves one shared ledger and it is the only one
shared with any person involved in the network. This level of decentralization in
communities is very low in the current land registry system.
4.2 Intermediary cost

In the traditional land registry system, there are a lot of mediators involved in the process
to put a faith into it but blockchain technology reduces the number of intermediaries
involved in transferring the asset from one party to another, which thus implies a reduced
intermediary cost. This also happens because unlike the traditional system, there’s no
land registration cost involved that the broker takes thus further reducing the cost.

4.3 Scalability

The land registry system is designed in such a way that it can easily manage a large
amount of land registration in DApp. Smart contract jobs are the ones that handle the
most daunting issues in DApp, making our proposed model even more terrifying than the
traditional one.

4.4 Security

International records are kept with a distributed and allocated ledger. World records are
protected in the sense that they can be easily accessed by anyone. One needs to seek
permission from the owner to view the world record, thus making blockchain technology
more secure

4.5 Time taken for ownership transfer

Each step involved in the global blockchain registration system is automated with smart
contracts. Since, the transfer function can be done in seconds with just a click, there is no
delay in transferring ownership from the current owner to the new buyer of the world.
Therefore, the time involved in the transfer of ownership is very low compared to the
traditional system.

4.6 Accountability

Our model does not include a dispute resolution authority. In addition, the chances of
land disputes are also low, because the land is certified by a government official himself,
and therefore, the accountability of our proposed model is very high.
 CHAPETR 5
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Everyone is concerned for their personal security and for their sensitive information like
passwords, bank details and many more as nowadays, we listen about new breaches
occurred on social media or on any applications, organization on daily basis. This
damages and violates cyber security and their laws. Black hat hackers usually steal all the
sensitive data and defraud or spy on customary web-based spywares because of the
loopholes. These fraudulent activities exist within the land registration framework.
 CHAPTER 6

INTEGRATED SUMMARY OF LITERATURE STUDIED

The system proposed to overcome the issues in the current process of land registration in
India such as Centralization, involvement of Middlemen/Brokers, Time Delays, Fraud
Cases and Human-error/interventions. The system also handles various cases of land
ownership transfer like partition of land, hereditary cases, wills, mortgage cases using
decentralized Blockchain technology. It is very much secured as network timestamps
each transaction by hashing them into an ongoing chain. It describes the various
consensus algorithms and compares them, and discusses the technical challenges such as
scalability, privacy leakage, and selfish mining and mentions recent advances to
eliminate these challenges.

Proof-of-concept (PoC) is investigated to improve the reliability of storage and reduce the
steps in the process. The process of loan contracts with banks is used in the PoC and an
Ethereumbased private blockchain is developed and tested. The proposed architecture of
LandLedger realizes property verification, registration and revocation using specially
designed transactions on a permissioned blockchain, which is managed by various
departments such as Registrar, The Income tax department, The Revenue department and
so on. LandLedger uses Merkle Patricia Tree to implement ownership verification and
property history checking efficiently. The adoption of technology interventions such as
Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping and web enablement, integrated land
management information systems, Ultra Resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
based mapping for preparation and maintenance of maps for Land record management.
The proposed framework of a decentralized e-government peer-to-peer (p2p) system
ensures both information security and privacy while simultaneously increasing the trust
of the public sectors. Most of the existing e-government systems such as websites and
electronic identity management systems (eIDs) are centralized at duplicated servers and
databases. A centralized management and validation system may suffer from a single
point of failure and make the system a target to cyber-attacks such as malware, denial of
service attacks (DoS), and distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS). Another
proposed framework uses the registration procedure as a substitute to bypass the existing
system flaws. Here the user who owns the land registers his land details and also enters
the market value of the land by providing all the necessary proofs. A government
authority who traditionally looks into land registry is assigned as a super admin who can
do the registration process. Lands coming under a particular village can be registered to
the system only through the super admin who is assigned to that village.

Invoking Penner's theory of property and Hegel's system of property rights, and using the
example of bitcoin, it is possible to demonstrate that blockchain effectively implements
all necessary and sufficient criteria for property without reliance on legal means.

Blockchains eliminate the need for a third-party authority to enforce exclusion rights, and
provide a system of universal access to knowledge and discoverability about the property
rights of all participants and how the system functions.
 CHAPTER 7

OBJECTIVE
In [3] today's digital world, it is now possible for fraudsters to copy documents and then
decrypt identity documents with editing software. The Blockchain Land Registration
platform will allow you to upload title documents to the blockchain network where the
signatories can sign the document and the government will first verify those documents
and only the owner can use the property for commercial purposes. By keeping a
consistent transaction record, the blockchain can prove that you own the title deeds and
protect your copyright.
 CHAPTER 8

OUTCOME

Fig.2 Workflow of Application

In figure 2 we have described the complete workflow of our land registry

application. This is a three-party application based on blockchain technology. In
this application we have three parties namely – seller, buyer and government.

There is two - way connection between a seller and buyer and a direct connection
between seller and government.
Fig. 3 Sequence Diagram
Overall working of the application is as follows:
a) Users can sign up to the application:
Users who either want to sell or buy properties register to the blockchain land
registry platform. They can create a profile on the platform with details like name,
email address, contact number, private key(hash), city and postal code. A hash for
the identity information submitted by the users gets stored on the blockchain.

b) Sellers upload the property specifications on the application:

Sellers can upload properties’ images and documents on the platform and also,
they can enter the address of the property. Moreover, the seller also needs to add
the area and the expected amount for the property. The transaction corresponding
to the seller’s action of listing the property details is recorded on the blockchain.

c) Validation of property from the Government authority:

Once the property’s details are uploaded to the platform, government authority
audits the user's land details and has the right to approve or decline their
application. During the time of Registration of land, users have to upload the legal
documents of land so that the government and the buyer can verify it. If rejected,
the user has to submit a new application, and it cannot be available for other users
to buy. And if it gets accepted, then the owner of the land has the option to make
their land available to sell. There is an amazing feature, as and when the
Government accepts or rejects the request, a notification will be sent to the user
through mail and SMS. NEXMO API and Nodemailer API are used for sending
notifications. Through this, users can get the status of their application on their
phone and mail and do not have to check the account again and again.

d) Transaction between both the parties:

This step has several stages involved. There is no intermediary in between, and
there is no need for any central authority to verify the transaction process. The
owner of land can sell the land as a whole means there is no partial transaction.
Following are the steps required:

• Making the land available: Once the Government is approving it, the landowner has the
option to make their land available to other users.
• Sending request to the landowner to purchase: When the land is available to buy, the
buyer moves toward their dashboard, and in the available properties section, they search
for the property and send a request to the landowner to buy it.
• Viewing the request: Land proprietor views the buyer's requests and after
communicating with them, plans whether to allow them to buy the land or not. They have
the option to accept or decline the request.
• Processing the request: Once the landowner views the requester address and if it is
found to be the right one, then the seller accepts the request.
• Buying the property: Once the request is approved, the buyer can now buy the property.
If approved, then the amount of the property gets deducted from the buyer's account, and
the amount is transferred to the land owner's account. They can check their wallet by
viewing their profile. After a successful transaction, ownership of the previous landowner
from the asset's list will be removed.

The whole process is conducted in the form of the smart contract, which ensures that the
process is immutable, secured and digitized. No one in between can tamper the data, and
authenticity is maintained throughout the process. There is no human error involved.
Paperwork will be reduced, and most importantly, everything will become transparent.
Chances of fraud cases will be reduced. The public ledger can be used in case there is any
doubt regarding the land ownership claim. The documents are digitally signed, which
leads to the transfer of land title upon payment in cryptocurrency.

CHAPTER 9
TECHNOLOGIES USED
9.1 Blockchain
The blockchain is a distributed, decentralized, immutable, and peer-to-peer
network system (as shown in the picture below) where multiple peers can
exchange assets securely. The blockchain technology is a likely outcome of that
the ledger technology advanced in addition to dispersed situations. The
blockchain technology resolves the problem of multiparty trust in distributed
bookkeeping.

The blockchain technology is a series of data linked together.

9.2 Etherum
Ethereum is an open-source platform built on top of blockchain. Ethereum allows
DApps to be deployed and run inside it. It can also be denoted as a decentralized
platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed
without any possibility of time delay, fraud or third-party interference. These key
features make business networks more reliable without the involvement of
intermediaries. Ethereum networks are used to transfer money and store data.
Ethereum provides a decentralized Turing-complete virtual machine, the
Ethereum virtual machine (EVM), which can execute scripts using an
international network of public nodes. Every application that is built on
Ethereum comprises a piece of code known as “smart contract.” Every node in
the network runs the EVM for the execution of the smart contract.

9.3 Smart Contracts

Smart contracts are comparable to general contracts in the real world but they are
in digital form and are self-executing. It is basically a piece of code with
embedded business logic. Smart contracts define contractual conditions under
which corporate bond transfer occurs. The sole purpose of the smart contract is to
move assets/currency, representing ownership that are stored in it based on some
conditions. The developer of the smart contract assimilates a set of rules/logic to
handle the state of the asset stored in it. Moreover, it is immutable and
distributed, i.e., once it is written, it is almost impossible to tamper or change it.
Also, they are written in solidity programming language.

9.4 Web3 Library

The Web3 library is used to initialize the connection between the client-side
application and our local blockchain.
9.5 Ganache Module
Ganache is a personal blockchain for rapid Ethereum and Corda distributed
application development. You can use Ganache across the entire development
cycle; enabling you to develop, deploy, and test your dApps in a safe and
deterministic environment.

9.6 React JS
Once the smart contracts are deployed, they need to be interacted with. This
interaction is done through web pages. React is used for the development of web
pages.

9.7 Node JS
For server and routing purposes, NodeJs is used.

CHAPTER 10
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The main objective behind the implementation of land registration using blockchain is to
secure the land transaction from attackers and to easily maintain records. Proposed smart
contracts also assist in keeping a track of the land if it is approved by the government or
not which in turn leads to reduced chances of frauds which may otherwise be proven
threatening to the buyer of the land. Since very little documentation and record keeping
effort is required, the time required for performing a land transaction is also less.

CHAPTER 11
METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION
11.1 Usage of blockchain in code
Government approval: Once the Government has approved, the landowner has the
option to make their land available to other users.

Sending request to the landowner to purchase: When the land is available to buy, the
buyer moves towards their dashboard, and in the available properties section, they search
for the property and send a request to the landowner to buy it.

Viewing the request: Land proprietor views the buyer's requests and after
communicating with them, plans whether to allow them to buy the land or not. They have
the option to accept or decline the request.

Processing the request: requires the buyer's address and availability of the land.

Buying the property: Once the request is approved, the buyer can now buy the
property. If approved, then the amount of the property gets deducted from the buyer's
account, and the amount is transferred to the land owner's account. They can check their
wallet by viewing their profile. After a successful transaction, ownership of the previous
landowner from the asset's list will be removed.

The whole process is conducted in the form of a smart contract, which ensures that the
process is immutable, secured and digitized. Authenticity is maintained throughout the
process. Paperwork will be reduced, and most importantly, everything will become
transparent. The public ledger can be used in case there is any doubt regarding the land
ownership claim. The documents are digitally signed, which leads to the transfer of land
title upon payment in cryptocurrency.

There are only a few people who buy property directly. The process of loan or mortgage
is comparatively slower due to administrative issues. But smart contracts can make the
process simpler by automating verified transactions. With blockchain, we can create a
digital, decentralized ID as a seller and buyer. Doing so would make ownership transfer
seamless and quicker than the traditional method.

All the transactions in a block are hashed together to form Merkle root (used in
cryptocurrency to make sure data blocks passed between peers on a peer-to-peer network
are whole, undamaged, and unaltered) hash which is placed in the block header along
with some other elements. All the contents in the block header are hashed to form the
block hash which satisfies the constraints set by the network and will be inserted in the
block header of the next block. If there is a slightest change in any of the transactions, the
hash of the block will be changed and the chain will be broken. So, if anyone tries to
tamper the data, they’d have to recalculate the hash of every block which takes a lot of
time and computational power, before being noticed by a peer on the network which is
almost impossible. This mechanism of tamper-proof makes the blockchain trusted,
reliable and secure.

CHAPTER 12
PROJECT AT A GLANCE
12.1 Home page
This is home page of our web application with which one can login into their account or
if a new user can register for using the application

. Fig.4 Home page of application

12.2 Registration page

This page is used for user registration for using the application. It collects basic
information form user like their name, contact number, email id, phone number
etc. for purpose of buying and selling of land

Fig 5. Registration page

12.3 Successful user registration

 Fig 6. Metamask pop-up denoting that signup step involves a blockchain

Transaction

12.4 Activity Log

 Fig 7. Metamask Transaction Activity Log when the user signup is successful

12.5 User Login

With this we aim at user logging in the website using the private key that gets
while using a particular address

Fig 8. User Login

12.6 Owner Details

Once registered user must write their details for selling land. Once the user
becomes the part of the blockchain, private hash address cannot be changed

Fig 9. Owner Details

12.7 Land Details

Here all the details of land are mentioned.

Fig 10. Land registration Details

12.8 Upload legal documents

Fig 11. Uploading the legal documents and pictures of the Land

12.9 My properties
Here all the registered property of user will be shown

Fig 12. Registered land being shown in the User's "My Properties"

12.10 Government Portal

With this page we aim to make login page for government where by entering
username and password they can verify whether the documents uploaded by
seller is genuine or not.

Fig 13. Government portal

12.11 Government Dashboard

It is up to government weather to accept or reject the request for land approval

Fig 14. Government Dashboard where a land is yet to be accepted or rejected

12.12 Land status

Changes once government approves the land

Fig 15. Land Availability Status after it has been approved by the Government is changed
to "Govt. Approved”

12.13 SMS
SMS on the Seller's registered Phone number when the Government approves the land

Fig 16. SMS

12.14 Making land available

Fig 17. The land is accepted by the Government and now, the seller can make it available

12.15 Request to purchase land

 Fig 18. Once the land is available, the buyer can make a request to buy the land

12.16 Request to buy

Fig 19. Metamask pop-up denoting that the Buyer's “request to buy” involves a
blockchain transaction

12.17 Request Pending

 Fig 20. Once the Buyer sends "request to buy", the "Land Availabity Status" on his
dashboard changes to "Pending"

12.18 Accept or Reject

Fig 21. Seller can either accept or reject Buyer's "request to buy" the land

12.19 Status changes after accepting request

 Fig 22. The "Land Availability Status" is now changed to “Approved” once the Seller
accepts the Buyer's "request to buy" the land

12.20 Land Purchasing

Fig 23. Once the buyer's request is accepted, he gets the option to "Buy" the land

12.21 Land payment

 Fig 24. The land's payment will be made in Eth

12.22 Ethers Transfer

 Fig 25. 56 Eth deducted from the Buyer's account and 56 Eth added to the Seller's
account

12.23 Ownership transfer

 Fig 26. Property added to the new landowner's "My Properties"

12.24 FAQ Page

With this page we aim to resolve the general questions that people may have
regarding our application, it's working and how property is bought or sold.

Fig 27. FAQ Page

CHAPTER 13
 ISSUES
13.1 Blockchain has an environmental cost
At least, the way it is being used today, it does. Blockchain relies on encryption to
provide its security as well as establish consensus over a distributed network. This
essentially means that, in order to “prove” that a user has permission to write to the chain,
complex algorithms must be run, which in turn require large amounts of computing
power. Of course, this comes at a cost.

13.2 Its complexity means end users find it hard to appreciate the
benefits
Although its potentially revolutionary applications are apparent once one has made the
effort to understand the principles of encryption and distributed ledgering behind
blockchain, it takes a while, and a good bit of reading, before the “man on the street” can
see what makes blockchains potentially so useful.

13.3 51% attack

A 51% attack, also known as a majority attack, occurs when a single person or group of
people gains control of over 50% of a blockchain’s hashing power. That is usually
achieved by renting mining hash power from a third party. Successful attackers gain the
ability to block new transactions from being confirmed as well as change the ordering of
new transactions. It also allows the malicious agents to essentially rewrite parts of the
blockchain and reverse their own transactions, leading to an issue known as double
spending.
 CHAPTER 14
TESTING
Type of Will Test Comments/ Software
Test Be Explanations
Component
Performed?
Requirements Yes Requirements-based testing e.g.,

Testing is a testing approach in which “buy Property”

test cases, conditions and smart contract

data are derived from needs to be

requirements. It includes reliable and it

functional tests and also non- should add that

functional attributes such as
much amount to
performance, reliability or
the seller’s
usability.
account that it is

deducting from

the buyer’s

account.

Integration Yes Integration testing is a type of e.g., “userLogin”

Testing
testing meant to check the and “userSignup”

combinations of different are two separate

units, their interactions, the features and need

way subsystems unite into to be compatible

one common system, and in order for the

code compliance with the user to reply on

 requirements. the system

Unit Testing Yes A unit test is a way of testing e.g., “GovtLogin” is

a unit - the smallest piece of an altogether a

code that can be logically different unit and

isolated in a system. is tested

separately from

the entire system

as an intact unit.

Performance No Performance testing is the NA

Testing
practice of evaluating how a

system performs in terms of

responsiveness and stability

under a particular workload.

Performance tests are

typically executed to examine

speed, robustness, reliability,

and application size.

Stress No Stress testing is to test the NA

Testing
system behavior under

extreme conditions and is

carried out till the system

failure.

Compliance Yes Compliance testing is a type Our system

Testing
of software testing to complies with all
 determine whether a the industry latest

software product, process, guidelines.

computer program, or

system meets a defined set of

internal or external standards

before it's released into

production.

Security Yes Security testing is a process e.g., Since, the

Testing
intended to reveal flaws in LanDApp doesn’t

the security mechanisms of include any

thirdparty/parties to
an information system that
verify the land,
protect data and maintain
rather it involves
functionality as intended.
the Government

itself, so, the

system is secured

as compared to

the traditional

model.

Table 2. Testing
Fig 28. Test result 1

Fig 29. Test result 2

Fig 30. Test result 3
 CHAPTER 15
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
15.1 Findings
Middlemen involved in the land registry process hold information that you cannot access,
or you might not have the license required to operate in a property transaction ecosystem.
But the blockchain land registry platform can offer you a distributed database where
anyone can record and access information without the involvement of any centralized
authority. At present, the title to a property/land is just a piece of paper. You require to
fill blanks in the deed, sign it, get it notarized for rubber stamping and send the
documents to the government to transfer the property.

The process looks too old and slow. However, creating a digital title with blockchain land
registry platform can improve the process. With the blockchain’s potential to prove
authenticity, homeowners can transfer the land ownership legitimately to the buyer
without needing third-party verification. By keeping an immutable record of transactions,
blockchain can prove that you are the owner of the land title and prevent from forgery of
documents.

Therefore, it can be said that the blockchain land registry platform could serve as proof of
ownership, existence, exchange and transaction. There are only a few people who buy
property directly. The process of loan or mortgage is comparatively slower due to
administrative issues. But smart contracts can make the process simpler by automating
verified transactions. With the blockchain land registry platform, you can create a digital,
decentralized ID as a seller and buyer. Doing so would make ownership transfer seamless
and quicker than the traditional method. As soon as the registrar confirms the transfer of
land title, smart contracts trigger to update ownership for a new buyer and transaction
corresponding to it gets stored on the blockchain.

In this way, it is always possible to trace back the history of ownership records.

15.2 Conclusion
We have developed an easy to use and hassle-free platform which can be used for making
land registration easy. There are many problems such as involvement of brokers or
middlemen, time delays, etc. This platform will eliminate the problems associated with
land registration in India as well as in many parts of the world. The steps involved in the
process of land registration are discussed in detail in the report. In the report, a brief
description about the blockchain and other modules that has been used to develop this
project is given lucidly. Making land registration paperless will not only make the
process easier but also secure the papers of ownership of land from various man-made
and natural disasters.

Blockchain technology is emerging very rapidly due to the secure features it offers.
Hence using blockchain to save the land record transaction is the way to create the
immutable records. Nowadays, land is not a liquidated asset. By using the platform land
assets can also be liquidated using the cryptocurrency that maps with the land record
created by a seller on the platform.

Hence the scope is wide and there can be many use cases of the platform created. Using
blockchain technology, the security, privacy and trust can be enhanced exponentially.
Blockchain is a disrupting technology and in the very future it will change whole
economic and commerce systems. Blockchain technology is having the perspective of
being the next major disruption. The blockchain has the potential to reform how worth is
traded.

15.3 Future Work

The process of developing this project was a great learning experience. Further, the smart
contract can be deployed using the proof-of-concept algorithm. So how does the proof-
of-concept work? At a high level, it will capture and permanently record each transaction
throughout the sale of a property. This means you achieve near real-time traceability and
transparency into the state of the property.

For example, envision two citizens in the state of Haryana state — a buyer and seller —
who have negotiated the sale of a house and wish to now register their sale deed with the
local authorities. They would proceed to the government services offices as they
normally would to register the sale deed, which they have in their possession. The
government office will then enter the sale deed into their system, one that is now powered
by the blockchain technology. This blockchain enhanced system then takes over and
registers the sale deed in the presence of the buyer and seller. It will also process the sign-
offs by both the buyer and seller and push the transaction to the approval stage. After the
transaction is approved, an automatic transfer of ownership is completed. And
importantly, the system will also be able to handle land titles with multiple owners.

From the administrator’s perspective, there are significant transparency, accuracy and
efficiency gains to be had. They will now be able to view and monitor the state of the
property and sale deed in near real-time, as well as have instant access to a complete and
permanent transactional history for each property and sale deed. The beauty of this
system is that citizens engaged in buying and selling property will neither require any
blockchain accounts or wallets nor will they experience a change in the way they
currently interact with the land registry. The blockchain engine simply works quietly but
powerfully in the background. The solution will also increase citizens’ confidence in the
government and make the overall customer experience less cumbersome. Most
importantly it will enhance data security and ensure authenticity of land records.

For the proof of concept, we’re leveraging the inherent benefits of the Ethereum
blockchain, with a focus on smart contracts. This will create a single source of truth of
ownership status, and history of a property. The buyer will be assured that the land being
bought is the correct plot,and that the seller is unequivocally the owner, reducing the
potential for disputes, as well as the costs and time involved, for any given transaction.
CHAPTER 16
GANTT CHART

Table 3. Gantt Chart

 CHAPTER 17
REFERENCES
1. Kishor Kumar B:” A guide to Property Registration in India”. (2020, May 11)

2. Sandeep Kumar Panda, Gouse Baig Mohammad, Sachi Nandan Mohanty, Sipra
Sahoo:” Smart contract-based land registry system to reduce frauds and time
delay”. (2021, June 15)

3. Akash Takyar: “Blockchain land registry platform – reducing frauds and delays”.
(2021)

4. Toshendra Kumar Sharma: “Blockchain Land Registeries across the globe”.

(2018)