MINISTRY OF EDUCATION,
YOUTH AND SPORT
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF
CAMBODIA
ENGINEERING DEGREE’S 5TH YEAR
Subject : English
Topic : The Important of Renewable Energy
Lecturer : MR. Jack Horm Kosal
Group : I5-GROUP-04
Student’s Names :
N° Names: ID:
1 CHAMROEURN MEY OREU e20201343
2 CHEAN SOT e20201800
3 CHHEA MANET e20201510
4 CHHEANG MOROKOT e20201215
5 CHHIN CHHENGHOR e20201396
6 CHHON SREYTOCHVORLEAK e20201392
7 CHHORNG KIMLANG e20201411
Year’s : 2024 ~ 2025
Table Content:
Table Content: ........................................................................................................ i
Table Figure ..........................................................................................................ii
1. Introduction..................................................................................................... 1
1.1. General ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Historical Background .............................................................................. 2
2. Body ................................................................................................................ 2
2.1. Type of renewable energy ........................................................................ 2
2.2. Renewable Energy Effective .................................................................... 2
2.3. Process of renewable energy .................................................................... 3
2.4. How it works ............................................................................................ 6
2.5. Important of renewable energy................................................................. 7
2.5.1. Advantage of renewable energy ......................................................... 7
2.6. Challenges of Renewable Energy........................................................... 10
2.7. Innovations in Renewable Energy.......................................................... 16
3. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 18
4. Suggestion and Recommendation ................................................................ 19
4.1. Invest in Solar Energy ............................................................................ 19
4.2. Adopt Wind Energy ................................................................................ 19
4.3. Harness Geothermal Energy ................................................................... 20
4.4. Leverage Bioenergy................................................................................ 20
4.5. Explore Hydropower .............................................................................. 20
4.6. Energy Storage Solutions ....................................................................... 20
i
Table Figure
Figure 1 : Renewable Energy ................................................................................ 1
Figure 2 : Type of renew energy ........................................................................... 2
Figure 3 : Process of solar energy ......................................................................... 4
Figure 4 : Process of Wind energy ........................................................................ 4
Figure 5 : Process of hydro energy ....................................................................... 5
Figure 6 : Process of Geothermal energy .............................................................. 5
Figure 7 : Process of Biomass energy ................................................................... 6
Figure 8 : Environmental Benefits ........................................................................ 8
Figure 9 : Economic Advantages .......................................................................... 8
Figure 10 : Entergy Security and Resilience ........................................................ 9
Figure 11 : Social and Health Benefits ............................................................... 10
Figure 12 : Turbine with no wind power ............................................................ 11
Figure 13 : Location of renewable energy .......................................................... 12
Figure 14 : Storage of renewable energy ............................................................ 12
Figure 15 : Economics investment ...................................................................... 13
Figure 16 : Storage energy .................................................................................. 14
Figure 17 : Clear location of renewable energy .................................................. 14
Figure 18 : Clear location of renewable energy .................................................. 15
Figure 19 : Costs investment for renewable energy ........................................... 16
Figure 20 : Innovation ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 21 : Types of Innovation .......................................................................... 17
Figure 22 : Waste-to-Energy Conversion............................................................ 18
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1. Introduction
1.1. General
Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy from renewable natural
resources that are replenished on a human timescale. The most widely used
renewable energy types are solar energy, wind power, and hydropower,
Bioenergy, geothermal power are also significant in some countries. Some also
consider nuclear power a renewable power source, although this is controversial.
Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban
and rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further
electrification.
Renewable energy sources have become a crucial topic in today’s world as we
strive for a more sustainable future. The need for clean, reliable, and accessible
energy has never been more important.
Figure 1 : Renewable Energy
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1.2. Historical Background
The history of renewable energy sources dates back centuries, with early
civilizations harnessing the power of wind, water, and sunlight. However, it was
during the industrial revolution that the world witnessed a significant shift
towards fossil fuels. In recent decades, there has been a growing recognition of
the environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption, leading to increased efforts
to explore and adopt renewable energy technologies. This section will explore the
evolution and adoption of renewable energy sources, highlighting key milestones
and advancements in the field.
2. Body
2.1. Type of renewable energy
There are 5 types
Figure 2 : Type of renew energy
2.2. Renewable Energy Effective
Renewable energy has many positive effects, including:
• Environmental benefits
Renewable energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, which can
improve public health and reduce the risk of climate change.
• Economic benefits
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Renewable energy can create jobs in manufacturing, installation, and other related
fields. It can also lower energy costs and make energy more accessible to remote
communities.
• Societal benefits
Renewable energy can help diversify the energy supply and reduce dependence
on imported fuels. It can also help create a more inclusive society.
However, there are also some challenges associated with renewable energy,
including:
• Storage requirements
Renewable energy is intermittent, so batteries are needed to store energy during
peak production periods.
• Seismic risks
Injecting water into the earth's crust to extract thermal energy can cause soil
instability and landslides.
2.3. Process of renewable energy
The process of harnessing renewable energy involves using technology to
capture the energy of natural resources and convert it into a form that can be used
to power homes, businesses, and other applications:
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❖ Solar
Figure 3 : Process of solar energy
Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called
photovoltaics (PV). Solar energy can also be used to heat water and air for space
heating and domestic hot water.
❖ Wind
Figure 4 : Process of Wind energy
Wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into
electricity. Wind turbines can be found on land, offshore, and on hilltops.
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❖ Hydro
Figure 5 : Process of hydro energy
Hydroelectric power uses the potential energy of stored water to generate
electricity. When water is released from a reservoir, it converts from potential to
kinetic energy as it moves downhill. The moving water spins a turbine, which
produces mechanical energy that is converted into electricity by a generator.
❖ Geothermal
Figure 6 : Process of Geothermal energy
Geothermal reservoirs contain hot steam and hydrocarbon vapor that can
be used to generate energy. Geothermal heat pumps can be used to heat, cool, and
provide hot water to homes and offices.
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❖ Biomass
Figure 7 : Process of Biomass energy
Biomass heating systems use organic materials like wood pellets, chips, or
logs to generate heat and hot water. Second generation biofuels are made from
waste biomass and are chemically identical to conventional fuel.
The quality and quantity of renewable resources can affect the energy input and
effective capacity of a generation facility.
2.4. How it works
• Solar energy: The amount of sunlight that strikes the earth's surface
in an hour and a half is enough to handle the entire world's energy
consumption for a full year. Solar technologies convert sunlight into
electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through
mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate
electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage.
• Wind Energy: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into
mechanical energy. As wind blows, it turns the blades of the turbine, which
spins a generator to produce electricity. Wind farms can be located on land
or offshore.
• Hydropower: Hydropower generates electricity by using flowing or
falling water to turn turbines. Dams are commonly used to create
reservoirs, and when water is released, it flows through turbines to generate
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power. Run-of-the-river systems utilize the natural flow of rivers without
significant damming.
• Biomass Energy: Biomass involves using organic materials (like plant
matter, agricultural residues, and waste) to produce energy. This can be
done through combustion to generate heat and electricity or by converting
biomass into biofuels (like ethanol or biodiesel) through chemical
processes.
• Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy harnesses heat from beneath the
Earth's surface. This heat can be used directly for heating or to produce
steam that drives turbines for electricity generation. Geothermal power
plants tap into hot water or steam reservoirs underground.
2.5. Important of renewable energy
Renewable energies are sources of clean, inexhaustible and increasingly
competitive energy. They differ from fossil fuels principally in their diversity,
abundance and potential for use anywhere on the planet, but above all in that they
produce neither greenhouse gases – which cause climate change – nor polluting
emissions. Their costs are also falling and at a sustainable rate, whereas the
general cost trend for fossil fuels is in the opposite direction in spite of their
present volatility.
2.5.1. Advantage of renewable energy
• Environmental Benefits
Renewable energy sources play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, helping combat climate change. By replacing fossil fuels with clean
energy alternatives, we can significantly decrease the carbon footprint and
mitigate the effects of global warming. Additionally, these sources have a positive
impact on air and water quality, as they produce little to no air pollutants or
harmful byproducts. Moreover, renewable energy sources contribute to the
preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity.
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Figure 8 : Environmental Benefits
• Economic Advantages
The adoption of renewable energy sources brings about numerous economic
advantages. One of the most notable benefits is the potential for job creation in
the renewable energy sector. As this industry continues to grow, it presents new
employment opportunities and stimulates economic growth. Moreover, relying
less on fossil fuels leads to cost savings in the long run, as renewable energy
sources are often cheaper to produce and maintain. Furthermore, by reducing
dependence on foreign oil and gas, countries can enhance their energy
independence and reduce vulnerability to fluctuating fuel prices.
Figure 9 : Economic Advantages
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• Energy Security and Resilience
Renewable energy sources offer enhanced energy security and resilience. By
reducing dependence on foreign energy imports, countries can ensure a more
stable and secure energy supply. Additionally, renewable energy plays a vital role
in enhancing the stability of energy grids, as it is often distributed across multiple
sources.
Figure 10 : Entergy Security and Resilience
• Social and Health Benefits
Improved Public Health Reduced pollution leads to fewer health problems,
such as respiratory diseases, benefiting public health systems. Energy Access
for all Decentralized renewable energy systems can bring electricity to remote
and underserved areas, improving quality of life. Transitioning to clean energy
protects the fundamental human right to a healthy, safe environment.
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Figure 11 : Social and Health Benefits
2.6. Challenges of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is certainly playing a more important role in the global market.
Technological advances, decreasing installation and maintenance costs, and an
increasing concern about the environment all favor renewable energy. However,
renewable energy is not a panacea. The aggregated capacity from renewable
energy in the world energy market is still small compared to traditional primary
sources of energy. Even developed countries with large renewable capacity still
depend at high levels on other sources such as coal, oil, gas, and nuclear power
due to dependability issues with energy generation from renewable sources.
Energy from renewable sources still faces some interesting challenges. Firstly,
there are places where less energy can be extracted from renewable sources. Also,
these sources have alternating characteristics, meaning that their availability to
generate energy and the time when they can generate it do not necessarily align
with the time and magnitude of demand. Energy storage plants are not cost-
effective, despite some government incentives. Furthermore, the cost of
harnessing renewable energy is still high compared to traditional energy sources.
Due to its intermittent nature and difficulties in energy storage, traditional power
plants must generate energy in the precise quantity at the precise moment of the
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day to stabilize the grid. The grid, specially designed with redundancy to improve
dependability in times of faults, such as blackouts and brownouts, takes time to
be built and modified.
The keys of challenges of renewable energy
• Irregularity
Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are intermittent, meaning that
they do not produce electricity all the time. This can make it difficult to integrate
renewable energy into the grid and can lead to blackouts or brownouts.
Figure 12 : Turbine with no wind power
• Location
One of the biggest concerns in the field of renewable energy is power generation
depending on natural resources that are uncontrollable by humans. Energy
generation that relies on natural resources often requires significant geographical
space. so, it requires suitable locations with abundant natural resources for
conversion into usable energy. For instance, Turbines in a wind farm depend on
wind speed to generate electrical energy, it requires remote areas, such as hilltops
and marine environments, where better meteorological conditions are obtained.
Not all locations are ideal for renewable energy installations due to varying
resource availability. some renewable energy sources are simply not available in
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different regions. the distance between the renewable energy source and the grid
is a major aspect in term of cost and efficiency. In addition to this, renewable
energy sources depend on weather, climate and geographical location, therefore
meaning that one type of energy generation is not appropriate for the region.
Figure 13 : Location of renewable energy
• Storage
Energy storage is another key factor. The intermittency of renewable energy such
as wind and solar requires storage technologies to ensure consistent supply.
Renewable energy sources can be difficult to store, which can limit their use. This
is especially true for solar energy, which is only available during the day.
Figure 14 : Storage of renewable energy
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• Cost and Economics
The high initial cost of installation is one of the major hurdles in the development
of renewable energy. Renewable energy technologies often demand high
investments. While renewable energy
costs have decreased significantly
over the years, initial capital
investments remain high.
Additionally, the levelized cost of
electricity (LCOE) for renewables Figure 15 : Economics investment
must be competitive with fossil fuels to
encourage broader adoption. Continued advancements in technology and
economies of scale are crucial for cost reductions. The high upfront installation
cost makes investors and lenders think of renewables as high risk whereas they
find fossil fuel plants more acceptable due to their low installation costs.
Initial installation and start-up costs are typically higher than those for fossil fuel
power stations. With renewable power sources still in the minority among grid
providers, investors may see renewables as a higher-risk venture than fossil fuels
or nuclear power, given the uncertainties and larger initial costs.
The solution of the challenges of renewable energy
• Irregularity
Create energy storage to solution to store excess energy during peak production
for use during low-generation periods.
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Figure 16 : Storage energy
• Location
Exploring new clean energy sources through software solutions can integrate
various data types, such as meteorological, geographical, seismic, and satellite
information. This approach helps identify new green energy sources and evaluate
their potential. Additionally, it can determine which renewable energy sources are
most suitable for specific locations and identify optimal sites for energy
generation. It is often necessary to deploy specialist software to manage these
variable resources and numerous interconnected sites. These systems can be
expected to integrate with GIS data to provide functional maps of real-time
generation networks.
Figure 17 : Clear location of renewable energy
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• Storage
Develop new advancements in energy storage technologies to store renewable
energy. This will help to make renewable energy more reliable and available 24/7.
Here are current options of Battery Storage Innovations and Alternative Energy
Storage Solutions
- Batteries (lithium-ion, lead-acid)
- Pumped water
- Solid-State Batteries
- Flow Batteries
- Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
- Thermal Energy Storage
- Hydrogen Storage
- Gravity storage
Figure 18 : Clear location of renewable energy
• Cost and Economics
Governments and financial institutions are providing more financing for
renewable energy projects. This is making it easier for developers to secure the
funding they need to build projects.
Feed-in tariffs and renewable energy certificates can also incentivize the adoption
of green renewable energy technologies.
Increased investment from both public and private sectors is essential. Green
bonds and climate funds can provide the necessary capital for renewable energy
projects. Venture capital in clean tech startups can drive innovation and growth.
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Figure 19 : Costs investment for renewable energy
2.7. Innovations in Renewable Energy
• What is Innovation?
Innovation is defined as the process of bringing about new ideas, methods,
products, services, or solutions that have a significant positive impact and
value. It involves transforming creative concepts into tangible outcomes that
improve efficiency, and effectiveness, or address unmet needs.
Figure 20 : Innovation
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Type of Innovation: Innovation manifests in diverse forms, each serving
unique purposes and delivering distinct benefits. Explore the key types of
innovation crucial for modern businesses:
Figure 21 : Types of Innovation
• Innovations in Renewable Energy
Renewable energy has gained significant attention and traction in recent years
as the world strives to mitigate the impacts of climate change and transition
towards a sustainable future. With the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, the focus on innovations in
renewable energy projects has intensified.
Innovations in renewable energy projects have the potential to reshape the
global energy landscape and address the challenges posed by climate change. As
technology progresses and investments in renewable energy increase, researchers
and engineers are developing groundbreaking solutions that maximize energy
generation, storage, and distribution efficiency while minimizing environmental
impacts.
Example: Biomass Innovations
Waste-to-Energy Conversion
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Figure 22 : Waste-to-Energy Conversion
Waste-to-energy conversion technologies convert organic waste materials into
usable energy, reducing landfill waste and generating renewable electricity or
heat. Innovations in this field include anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and
gasification, which effectively harness the energy potential of organic waste.
So, Innovations in renewable energy projects are driving the transformation of
our energy systems towards a cleaner, more sustainable future. these innovations
hold immense promise in addressing the global challenges of climate change and
energy security. By adopting and scaling these innovative solutions, we can pave
the way for a greener and more resilient planet.
3. Conclusion
In Summary, Renewable energy is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, combating climate change, and promoting sustainable development. It
offers the potential for energy independence and can create jobs in new industries.
Renewable energy are natural sources that replenish themselves or exist on
a continual basis. In recent years, they have been of special interest for the vital
role they can play in the production of energy. They’re also seen as having less of
a negative impact on the environment.
However, challenges include the intermittency of some sources (like solar
and wind), the need for energy storage solutions, and the initial investment costs.
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As technology advances and policies evolve, the adoption of renewable energy
continues to grow globally.
4. Suggestion and Recommendation
Renewable energy is an essential part of addressing climate change and
transitioning to a sustainable future. Here are some suggestions and
recommendations for individuals, businesses, and governments looking to adopt
and promote renewable energy:
4.1. Invest in Solar Energy
• For individuals: Consider installing solar panels on the roof. The cost of
solar panels has significantly dropped over the past decade, and many
countries offer tax incentives and rebates for installation.
• For businesses: Install solar systems on rooftops or in large open spaces.
Additionally, consider Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) to source
renewable energy without having to install infrastructure yourself.
• For governments: Support large-scale solar farms and incentivize solar
adoption at all levels. Solar energy offers scalability and can be integrated
into both urban and rural areas.
4.2. Adopt Wind Energy
• For individuals: If you live in an area with consistent winds, small
residential wind turbines may be a viable option for energy generation.
• For businesses: Corporations can purchase renewable energy from wind
farms through PPAs, or invest in large-scale wind farms, particularly if they
operate in windy regions.
• For governments: Invest in both onshore and offshore wind farms. Offshore
wind energy, in particular, offers high potential, especially in coastal regions.
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4.3. Harness Geothermal Energy
• For individuals: Consider installing geothermal heat pumps to help with
home heating and cooling. These systems use the earth’s stable temperature
to regulate the indoor climate.
• For businesses: Use geothermal energy for district heating or cooling,
especially in areas where the resource is abundant.
• For governments: Encourage the development of geothermal power plants
in geologically favorable areas.
4.4. Leverage Bioenergy
• For individuals: Use renewable biomass for heating or cooking. Biomass
pellets, wood chips, or biofuels can replace fossil fuels for certain uses.
• For governments: Support large-scale solar farms and incentivize solar
adoption at all levels. Solar energy offers scalability and can be integrated
into both urban and rural areas.
4.5. Explore Hydropower
• For individuals: While small-scale hydroelectric systems are limited in
scope, some people living near rivers or streams may be able to take
advantage of small micro-hydro systems for their energy needs.
• For businesses: Consider investing in or partnering with companies that
operate small- or medium-sized hydropower plants.
• For governments: Invest in and modernize existing hydropower
infrastructure. Additionally, support the development of small,
community-based hydropower projects.
4.6. Energy Storage Solutions
• For individuals: Invest in home battery storage solutions like Tesla
Powerwall or other energy storage systems to store excess energy produced
by solar panels or wind turbines.
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• For businesses: Implement large-scale battery storage systems to store
energy for use during peak demand or when renewable energy generation
is low.
• For governments: Support the development of energy storage
technologies and infrastructure. Enhanced storage systems will be key to
overcoming intermittency issues with solar and wind power.
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5. Reference
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#History
2. https://green.org/2024/01/30/the-importance-of-renewable-energy-
sources/amp/
3. https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/renewable-energy-use-cases
4. https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/how-does-solar-work
5. Examples of Renewable Energy: Solar Energy, Wind Energy, etc
6. https://www.repsol.com/en/energy-and-the-future/future-of-the-world/solar-
farm/index.cshtml
7. https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2021/09/advantages-and-disadvantages-
of-renewable-energy
8. https://enerdatics.com/blog/innovations-in-renewable-energy-projects/
9. https://ideascale.com/blog/what-is-
innovation/#:~:text=Innovation%20is%20defined%20as%20the,effectiveness
%2C%20or%20address%20unmet%20needs.
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