A.
Prehistory
Around two thousand years ago, in the northwestern European islands, an Iron Age Celtic culture
developed that included what is now the United Kingdom. The Celts did not destroy the old
monuments previously worshiped by indigenous people,
which indicates that the two groups coexisted. Due to the
enigmatic nature of the ancient era, it has strong
implications for humans today. This is best represented
by such still-existing structures as Silbury Hill— the
largest artificial burial mound in Europe— and well-
known Stonehenge, whose original purpose is unclear.
These sites are mostly relevant for people intrigued by
the mystic and esoteric religions. Moreover, the religious
system in Celtic society had a class of priests called
Druids who were the keepers of religious rituals, law,
knowledge, and education. They have passed down their Stonehenge Closeup
tradition to the modern Order of Bards, Ovates, and
Druids.
IRON AGE (800 BC – AD 50)
Huge hillforts such as Maiden Castle and Old Oswestry were being constructed and the iron
tools and weapons were very much in vogue in the early and middle periods of the Iron Age.
Ceremonial deposits exist as a result of dug-up artifacts that suggest such growth. The leader of
the warrior aristocracy and the setting up of the tribal territory are indicated. The development of
coinage in the late Iron Age signified the existence of the tribal assembly and here the larger
established towns like Lexden Earthworks, and
Stanwick Fortifications were evident. This was
also the time when England had its first contact
with the Roman Empire, especially in cities such
as Silchester, Hampshire where the first written
records by Greeks and Romans were made.
Account of Julius Caesar's campaigns from 55-54
BC have mentioned the use of chariots in battles as
well as the existence of the priesthood of Druids.
When less than a hundred years were left, Emperor
Claudius went into a full-scale invasion,
terminating the prehistoric age of the British
people and beginning the new age of the Roman
ones.
The Great Iron Age Hill Fort Hoax
B. The Roman era (43 – 410)
The first few centuries of the first millennium were under Roman domination as the province of
Britannia, comprising the largest part of contemporary England and Wales. The Romans
introduced language, laws, and customs, and they got the local Celtic nobility to join the
Romans, besides, they were eager to assimilate Roman culture. Their impact, however, the only's
evidence was found in southern Scotland and not in Ireland which was still outside the area of
influence.
It is known and can be observed that the
Scots, the Picts, and the Irish were all
virtuous warriors and great warriors
who permanently opposed Roman
troops. This led to an obvious conflict
between the members of these Celtic
nationalities, those who were conquered
by Rome (the Britons) and the
unconquered ones (the Gaels); this may
have been the occasion for the
formation of several Celtic languages.
Despite their duration, the Roman
legions left little durable impact on the
A Roman triumphal entry, possibly of Marcus Claudius Marcellus legal and linguistic systems of Britain.
Even though Roman elements similar to
roads, villas, and cities were present in Britain, a large part of them were no longer in use after
they left. Probably, the majority of people today are aware of the Roman legacy in British areas
such as Chester, Gloucester, and Lancaster and of the Latin roots of their names (e.g. castra
means a military camp).
C. The Germanic Invasions (410–1066)
Once the Romans deserted Britain in the early fifth century, many Germanic clans from
mainland Europe, notably the Angles and Saxons, traveled to and eventually found places in
different parts of the kingdom. These Anglo-Saxons immediately won the southeast and then
expanded towards the west, despite initial resistance of Celtic Britons, heroes of that time and of
myths like King Arthur. Their way of living and language eventually took over most of the
present-day England, whereas Celtic customs always remained in Scotland, Wales, and
Cornwall.
The influence of the Anglo-Saxons
on the agricultural life was vast as
rural communities, aside from
bringing superior techniques of
cultivation, were also self-sufficient
settlements that constituted the basis
of English social structure for ages.
They were also initially heathen but
later on became Christians, thus
leading to the Christianity's going
viral all over Britain due to both
southern (Rome) and northern
(Ireland) missioners. During the time
when the Roman Church was taking
root, the Celtic Church was still
Anglo-Saxon settlemet of Britain active in Scotland and Ireland, which
can be seen as a very clear indicator
of different religious and political developments here.
Denmark's (Vikings) movement in the 8th and 9th centuries transgressed further waves of
invasions from Scandinavia to Britain. These same factions subdued the Northern and Eastern
parts of England, which also included Scotland and Ireland that they attacked. In the 10th
century, as a result of the successful repelling of the Norse invasions by commanders like King
Alfred of Wessex, a united English state wasemerging. Inspite of the disparity in their
beginnings, Anglo-Saxons and Danes had synchronous culture and spoke the Germanic
language. The Danes' complete reception of Christianity had a role in the final cultural union. By
the end of the tenth century, England had become a kingdom united, and predominantly
Germanic, similarly, the greater part of Scotland had by that time remained a Gaelic kingdom.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg
https://prehistoric-britain.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iron-age-old-sarum.jpg
https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/roman-conquest-and-occupation-of-britain/initial-
claudian-invasion-and-conquest-43-60-ad/emperor-claudius-victory-celebrations/
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/totalwar-ar/images/c/ca/Anglo-
Saxon_settlement_of_Britain.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20200204155426
