SCRIPT

Now, I'll discuss the common types of construction fieldwork which are surveying, clearing and layout,
earthworks, and masonry.

So the question is, why is it important to understand the types of construction fieldwork? (flash)
-​ As we all know, construction fieldwork is the on-site activities performed to gather data, monitor, and
execute the construction plans. These tasks are done before, during, and after the actual construction of
structures - mula sa soil investigation hanggang sa maensure na safe and matibay ang final output.
Also, it has a specific purpose that contributes to the overall success of the construction.

That is the reason kung bakit ko itatacle ang common types ng construction fieldwork.

Now, let's focus first on the first common type which is SURVEYING. So, can someone read this part po?

Read : Civil engineering land surveying typically involves the horizontal and vertical distances and angles
between these points, and the measurement of certain elevations. Aside from gathering these data, it is also
needed to define the nature of the land, whether it is rocky, forested, grassy, and many more.

Explanation:
Ang surveying in civil engineering involves the measurement and mapping of the land wherein it measures the
horizontal distances (gaano kalayo ang point A sa point B), vertical distances or elevations ( gaano kataas o
kababa ang isang lugar), angles (inclination ng slope), and topographic features (bundok ba ‘yan o patag). Ang
surveying helps us understand the land bago mag umpisa sa paggawa ng building.

So, here are the three purpose ng surveying.

1.​ To create accurate site plans., like kung saan itatayo ang building.
-​ Ang surveying ay tumutulong sa mga engineers at architects na malaman ang exact shape and
size ng lupa. Nakikita nila kung saan ang patag, kung saan ang may slope, at kung gaano
kataas o kababa ang iba't ibang parts ng lupa. With the help of this, mas madali nilang
mapaplano kung saan eksaktong ilalagay ang building, anong direction ito haharap, at saan
ilalagay ang iba pang bahagi tulad ng driveway, drainage, o bakod. Kung walang surveying,
may chance na mali ang pwesto ng mga ito, na pwedeng magdulot ng dagdag gastos o
problema sa construction.
2.​ To determine the suitability of the land for a specific type of construction.
-​ I-check kung okay ba ang lupa para sa project na gusto nating itayo: Importante ang surveying
para malaman kung ang kondisyon ng lupa is suitable for the type of construction na balak
gawin. Halimbawa, kung magtatayo ka ng building pero malambot pala ang lupa o basa palagi
ang area, pwedeng hindi safe o stable ang structure. Through surveying, nalalaman kung
matibay ba ang lupa, may baha ba sa paligid, o kung may dapat pang ayusin bago magsimula
ang construction. Mas makakaiwas ito sa problema sa future, tulad ng pagguho o pag-crack ng
building.
3.​ To identify natural obstacles or risks like water bodies, slopes, or fault lines.
-​ Para ma-identify ang natural risks gaya ng water bodies , mga matarik na bahagi ng lupa
(slopes), o fault lines: Ang surveying ay nakakatulong para makita kung may mga natural
features sa lupa na pwedeng makaapekto o maging delikado sa construction. Halimbawa, kung
may ilog o sapa malapit, pwedeng may risk ng pagbaha. Kung matarik ang lupa, mahirap
magtayo ng matibay na building doon. At kung may fault line, delikado kung may lindol. Sa
tulong ng surveying, nalalaman agad ang mga ito para makaiwas sa peligro at makagawa ng
plano na ligtas at angkop sa site
So, yun yung kahalagahan ng surveying sa construction. Ang surveying may have a specific purpose that
contributes to the overall success of the construction.

Since all of us have a background or knowledge about surveying, as we studied fundamental surveying during
our second year, second semester, I would like to ask you guys: What instruments do you remember using
during fieldwork or were discussed with you? And how was the experience? (flash)

Sharing my experienced during fieldwork

That's it, the second common type is CLEARING AND LAYOUT. Please read po.

Read: Clearing prepares the land for the construction of the desired project. Surface objects including trees,
roots of downed trees, grass, logs, brush, weeds, and other unwanted materials such as loose debris and trash
should be cleared from the site. If there are plants and trees that are needed to be preserved, it should remain
within the established limits. The layout of the building specifies the location of the structure below and above
it. Controlling points of the structure are marked. The objective of site layout is to prevent incorrect site location
and to provide a safe and economical flow of work.

Explanation: Clearing is one of the first and most essential steps in preparing a construction site. Before any
excavation, layout, or building begins, the site must be cleared of all obstacles on the surface that might interfere
with construction activities.

Bakit ba mahalaga ang clearing sa construction?

1.​ It ensures that the land is safe and ready for excavation or foundation work
-​ Ang clearing is making sure na ligtas at handa na ang lupa para sa paghuhukay (excavation) o
paggawa ng foundation. Kapag may natirang mga ugat ng puno, bato, o basura sa site, pwede
itong makasira ng equipment, maging sanhi ng aksidente, or even weaken the foundation ng
itatayong building. Sa pamamagitan ng clearing, the construction team can work more safely
and smoothly, kaya mas madali para sa mga construction workers na simulan ang trabaho. It
also makes sure the soil is visible and accessible, which is mahalaga para masuri kung
matibay ba ito at angkop para sa itatayong structure.
2.​ It helps in providing a clear view of the terrain, allowing surveyors and engineers to work more
efficiently.
-​ Nakakatulong ang clearing para magkaroon ng malinaw na view o itsura ng lupa (terrain).
Kapag wala nang sagabal gaya ng damo, kahoy, o basura, mas kita agad ng mga surveyor at
engineers ang tunay na anyo ng site—kung ito ba ay patag, may slope, o may uneven areas.
Dahil dito, mas madali at mabilis silang makakagawa ng measurements, layout, at adjustments
na kailangan sa plano. Ibig sabihin, mas efficient at mas accurate ang trabaho, at mas
nababawasan ang errors o delay sa project.
3.​ It prevents potential hazards like root growth damaging foundations or unwanted regrowth disrupting
the site later on.
-​ Ang clearing ay nakakatulong para maiwasan ang mga posibleng panganib sa construction
site. Halimbawa, kung hindi natanggal nang maayos ang mga ugat ng puno, puwedeng
tumubo ulit ito sa ilalim ng lupa at unti-unting makasira sa foundation ng building. Ganun din
sa mga damo o weeds—kapag hindi nalinis ng maayos, puwede silang muling tumubo at
makaabala sa construction o landscaping. Sa pamamagitan ng maayos na clearing, naiiwasan
ang ganitong klaseng problema na puwedeng magdulot ng dagdag gastos at delay sa project.

Sa clearing phase ng construction fieldwork, tinatanggal ang lahat ng bagay na hindi kasama sa final design ng
site. Kasama dito ang mga puno at ugat (lalo na kung makakasagabal sa underground work), mga damo, shrubs,
weeds, malalaking troso at tuod, bato o boulders, at mga basura o kalat na naiwan mula sa dating gamit ng lupa.
Pero, hindi lahat ay kailangang alisin—may mga bagay na kailangang i-preserve o protektahan, tulad ng mga
piling puno o halaman, at natural features gaya ng burol, rock formations, o tubig na kasama sa landscaping
design. Para hindi masira ang mga ito, nilalagyan sila ng barricade, caution tape, o temporary fencing bilang
proteksyon.

However, ang layout naman is a process of transferring the building plan from paper to the actual land. Dito
natin tinutukoy kung saan eksakto itatayo ang structure. This includes horizontal positions (like where walls
and columns go) and vertical positions (such as the height or elevation of floors). Para itong pag-drawing ng
plano sa lupa or blueprint, para may gabay ang mga manggagawa sa construction.

Bakit importante ang layout?

1.​ Accurate Positioning (Tamang Pwesto ng Building)

-​ Para sigurado na yung bahay o gusali ay nasa tamang lugar base sa plano.
2.​ Avoiding Legal Issues
-​ Kung sakto ang layout, hindi mo matatamaan ang property ng kapitbahay o lalampas sa
boundary.
3.​ Organized Construction Workflow
-​ Alam ng workers kung saan ilalagay ang materials, saan dadaan ang trucks, at saan sila dapat
magtrabaho.

Paano ginagawa ang layout? (how is layout performed)

1.​ Identifying control points

-​ Dito nilalagay ang mga markers gaya ng steel pins o concrete na palatandaan sa mga corners
ng building.
2.​ Marking the Structure
-​ Gumagamit ng chalk lines, lime powder, spray paint, stakes, and strings, construction workers
mark the exact positions of: walls, columns, rooms, and doors & windows.
3.​ Vertical Control (Elevation)
-​ Sinisigurado na pantay ang elevation ng foundation lalo na kung may second floor o sloped
ang lupa.

Tools and equipment used in layout

1.​ Total Station or Theodolite – For high-precision angle and distance measurements
2.​ Plumb Bobs and Laser Levels – To ensure straight vertical alignment.
3.​ Measuring Tapes and Rulers – For accurate measurements on-site.
4.​ Wooden or Steel Pegs – To mark control points and corners.
5.​ Nylon Strings or Wire – For outlining straight lines like walls and edges.

Ang pangatlong common types naman is EARTHWORKS. Please read po.

Read: Earthwork operation is the process whereby the surface of the earth is excavated and transported to and
compacted to another location. The land is excavated to a certain level that is suitable for the project so that the
construction may begin.

Explanation: Earthwork is the process of moving, removing, or reshaping soil and rocks para i-prepare ang
lupa bago simulan ang construction. Ang main goal nito is to level, modify, or prepare the ground para
masiguradong safe and stable pag nagpatayo na ng structure- whether its a building, bridge, or any other
structure.

Main operations in earthworks:

 1.​ Excavation
-​ Ito ang paghuhukay o pagtanggal ng lupa o bato from their original place. Ang purpose nito is
to reach the right depth or level na required para sa foundation, basements, or underground
pipes and utilities.
2.​ Transportation
-​ After excavation, the soil or material needs to be moved to another location. Maaaring dalhin
sa disposal area kung sobra or basura na or pwede naman ibalik sa site for backfilling kung
magagamit pa ito sa construction.
3.​ Compaction
-​ Kapag inilipat na o na-place na ang lupa, kailangan itong icompressed using heavy equipment.
Kinakailangan ito gawin upang maremove ang air gaps sa lupa, increased soil strength and
density, and to prevent future ground movement that can damage the construction.

Bakit mahalaga ang earthworks sa construction?

1.​ Nagbibigay ito ng solid and stable base for the structure’s foundation.
2.​ Prevent future movement of the ground na pwedeng magcause ng cracks or collapse
3.​ Siguradong pantay ang elevation, lalo na kung may drainage system
4.​ Helps with proper drainage, para iwas baha.

Last common types of construction fieldwork is MASONRY, please read po.

Read : Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together
by mortar.

Explanation: Masonry is the process of building structures using individual units like concrete hollow blocks
(CHB), bricks, or stones. These units are arranged in a pattern and bonded together using mortar — a paste
made from cement, sand, and water. Dito na nagsisimula “umangat” ang building mula sa flat foundation
paakyat. Dito nabubuo ang walls, partitions, at mga columns ng bahay o building.

Purpose and Importance of Masonry:

1.​ It forms walls, partitions, and columns

2.​ Provides strength, durability, and resistance to fire, weather, and sound
3.​ Enhances the aesthetic appearance of the structure
4.​ Adds insulation and protection from external elements

Typical Masonry Work Process:

1.​ Layout - ang shaped and dimensions ng wall are marked on the slab using chalk line. Also, tinitiyak din
na mamaintain ang perfect angles which is 90 degrees ng corners.
2.​ Mixing mortar - ang standard ratio like 1:3 (cement:sand) is used. Water is added gradually to achieve a
workable consistency.
3.​ Laying Blocks - Nagsisimula sa unang hilera (starter course) — dapat pantay at aligned. Mortar is
placed on the slab, followed by the block. The side of the next block is buttered with mortar and
pressed into place. Usually sinusunod ang staggered pattern para mas matibay (parang brick wall)
4.​ Leveling and Aligning - Every few blocks, chine-check gamit ang level bar at plumb bob. Kung
kailangan, tinatapik ng trowel handle para i-adjust ang alignment.
5.​ Curing - Pagkatapos i-lay ang blocks, binabasa ito for a few days para hindi mag-crack at para lumakas
ang bonding ng mortar
QUICK RECALL: Types of Construction Fieldwork

1.​ Surveying – “Sukat muna bago hukay!” Dito sinusukat ang lupa gamit ang mga instruments (like total
station) para malaman kung saan at paano itatayo ang structure. Tinitingnan din ang lupa kung patag,
bato-bato, o madamo.
2.​ Clearing and Layout – “Linisin, itama ang pwesto.”Inaalis ang mga sagabal tulad ng damo, basura, at
puno para malinis ang site. Tapos, nilalay out ang building gamit ang stakes at strings para tama ang
pwesto ng bawat parte.
3.​ Earthworks – “Gamit ang makina, binabago ang lupa.” Kasama dito ang paghukay (excavation),
paglipat ng lupa, at compaction gamit ang heavy equipment. Goal: ihanda ang lupa para sa matibay na
pundasyon.
4.​ Masonry – “Pader na matibay, simula ng taas.” Dito nagsisimula ang pagtayo ng walls gamit ang
hollow blocks at mortar. Dito na umangat ang building mula sa foundation paakyat!

So, dumako naman tayo sa main categories of construction fiekdwork which are light and heavy construction.
So, makikibasa po ng light construction.

Read: Light Construction

○​ Involves smaller-scale structures with a focus on efficiency and standard materials

like wood, concrete, and steel.
○​ It typically requires a smaller team
○​ Primarily used in residential and small-scale commercial buildings
○​ Examples: Houses, small office buildings, and community centers.
○​ Light construction allows for cost-effective and quicker project completion while
maintaining structural integrity.
Explanation: Ang light construction “Mas mabilis at mas magaan, pero parehong matibay.”
Ito ang klase ng construction na usually ginagawa sa mas maliit na proyekto — pero kahit simple, dapat pa rin
itong sundin nang maayos para maging matibay, ligtas, at efficient.

Characteristics ng Light Construction:

1.​ Smaller-scale structures – Tulad ng bahay, low-rise buildings, o mga maliit na opisina. Hindi ito kasing
laki ng mga high-rise o commercial complexes
2.​ Standard materials – Gamit ang mga madaling mahanap na materials gaya ng kahoy, hollow blocks,
concrete, at steel. Madali itong bilhin sa local hardware o supplier.
3.​ Smaller workforce – Hindi kailangan ng sobrang daming workers. Minsan isang maliit na team lang ng
skilled workers sapat na.
4.​ Efficient and cost-effective – Target nito ang tipid sa gastos pero hindi tinitipid ang kalidad. Lalo na
kung may budget constraints ang client.

Mga Karaniwang Proyekto sa Light Construction:

1.​ Residential homes (bungalow, duplex, townhouse)
2.​ Small office or shop buildings
3.​ Barangay halls o community centers
4.​ 1–3-storey low-rise buildings

Ideal ito sa mga lugar na hindi overloaded ang lupa, at kung saan mas priority ang bilis at tipid kaysa scale.

Benefits of light construction:

1.​ Faster Completion - Dahil hindi komplikado, kaya tapusin within weeks or few months
 2.​ Budget-Friendly- Sakto ito sa mga small projects na may limitadong pondo.
3.​ Eco-Friendly and Practical - Madalas, gumagamit ng sustainable materials at designs na
energy-efficient.

Light construction is all about functionality, speed, and practicality. Kahit maliit ang scale, malaki pa rin ang
impact lalo na sa mga bahay at komunidad.

Next, the HEAVY CONSTRUCTION. Pls read po.

Read: Heavy Construction

○​ Heavy construction involves large-scale infrastructure projects that require

specialized machinery and techniques.
○​ Includes infrastructure projects such as highways, dams, and airports.
○​ Due to the complexity of these projects, teams of professionals are often involved in
various aspects of the construction process.
○​ These projects support economic growth, transportation, and industrial
advancements.
Explanation: Anh heavy construction ay “Malaki at mas kumplikado, pero suporta sa infrastructure ng buong
bansa.” Ito ang klase ng construction na kadalasang hindi mo makikita sa mga residential areas, kundi sa mga
malalaking proyekto tulad ng kalsada, tulay, paliparan, at power plants. Mas malaki ang budget, mas matagal
ang planning, at mas advance ang equipment at manpower na kailangan.

Characteristics ng Heavy Construction:

1.​ Large-scale at high-impact projects – Hindi lang ito basta building. Kadalasan, ito ay mga nationwide o
city-level infrastructure projects na may malaking epekto sa ekonomiya at lipunan.
2.​ Specialized machinery and methods – Gumagamit ng malalaking equipment tulad ng cranes, pile
drivers, batching plants, at tunnel boring machines. Hindi na ito kayang gawin ng basic tools lang.
3.​ Complex planning and coordination – Bago pa maghukay, ilang buwan o taon ang ginugugol sa
feasibility studies, design, permits, at project phasing. Coordination between engineers, government,
and contractors is crucial.
4.​ Larger and more diverse workforce – May civil, structural, geotechnical, mechanical engineers,
planners, safety officers, machine operators, foremen, and hundreds of skilled workers involved.

Karaniwang Proyekto sa Heavy Construction

●​ Highways and expressways
●​ Bridges and flyovers
●​ Airports and runways
●​ Railway systems
●​ dam systems

These projects require years to complete and often involve multi-billion peso investments.

Benefits of Heavy Construction

1.​ Infrastructure Development - Binubuksan nito ang access sa mga bagong lugar, pinapadali ang
transportasyon, at pinapalakas ang logistics network.
2.​ Economic Growth - Ang mga proyekto gaya ng roads, ports, at airports ay nagpapabilis ng negosyo,
tourism, at investments.
3.​ Public Service Improvement - Sa pamamagitan ng mas maayos na kalsada, suplay ng tubig/kuryente,
at transport system, gumagaan ang buhay ng tao.
Heavy construction isn’t just about building big things — it’s about building the backbone of society. From
transportation to utilities, these projects carry the weight of economic progress and national development.

That's it for my part. ​

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