Read

This article from a popular technology magazine tells about the many changes in
bicycles during the past 200 years.

The History of Bicycles

☑ he bicycle was not invented by one individual

or in onecountnynihe rtston f te modiem

bicycle nearly 100
took and the work
years

of many individuals. By the end of those 100 years,

5
bicycles had revolutionized the way people traveled
from place to place.

EARLY BICYCLES
Bicycles first appeared in Scotland in the early 1800s, and were
called velocipedes. These early bicycles had two wheels, but they
had no pedals. A rider sat on a pillow and walked his feet along the
10 ground to move his velocipede forward.

Soon a French inventor added pedals to the front wheel. Instead of

walking their vehicles, riders used their feet to turn the pedals.
However, pedaling was hard because velocipedes were very heavy.
The frameworks were made of solid steel tubes, and the wooden
15 wheels were covered with steel. Even so, velocipedes were popular
among rich young men, who raced them in Paris parks.

Because velocipedes were so hard to ride, no one thought about using

them for transportation. People didn't ride velocipedes to the market

or to their jobs. Instead, people thought velocipedes were just toys.

SOME CHANGES ARE MADE

20
Around 1870, American manufacturers saw that velocipedes were

very popular overseas. They began building velocipedes, too, but

with one difference. They made the frameworks from hollow steel
tubes. This alteration made velocipedes much lighter, but riders
still had to work hard to pedal just a short distance. In addition,
25 roads were bumpy, so steering was difficult. In fact, most riders
preferred indoor tracks where they could rent a velocipede for a

small fee and take riding lessons.

THE HIGH WHEELER

A subsequent change by British engineers altered the wheels to
make pedaling more efficient. They saw that when a rider turned

RIDING THROUGH HISTORY 3

11. If the pain bad, the coach can assign a teammate to substitute for
is too

(help/take out/ replace) the injured rider.

12. The primary (main/total/ easiest) job (purpose / employ
ment/ task) of a

Tour coach is to help his team win.

B. To minimize something is to make it less or to reduce its

importance. Think
With partner , match the
about the problems that racing cyclists can have. a

minimi ze it on the left. Then take

problem on the right with the item that can
turns creating sentences with the information.
stress on knees
a 1. knee braces a.

Knee braces can minimize stress on knees.

_ 2. low handle bars b. thirst

_ 3. a helmet c. sunburn

_ 4. long sleeves d. sprains

_ 5. water e. head injuries

_ 6. ice f. air drag

The adjective inherent refers to a natural, built-in quality of a person, object,

or activity. Inherently is the adverb form.

Staying balanced is an inherent challenge for bicycle riders.

Bicycle racing is Inherently dangerous.

CORPUS

C. With a partner, check (✓) the sports you think are inherently dangerous. Add one

more. Then discuss the reasons for your choices in a small group.

_ snow skiing _ race-car driving

golf _ horseback riding

_ soccer _ motorcycle racing

_ basketball _ swimming
_ long-distance running _ mountain climbing
_ tennis _ other:

Primary refers to something that is first, main, or basic. Here are

some

word primary :
examples of collocations (words that go together) using the

primary colors primary elections

primary school primary care physician

CORPUS

D. With a partner, match the worker on the left with his or her
primary job on

with inform ation.

the right. Take turns creating sentences
the

a 1.tailor a. altering clothing to fit indivi

duals

A tailor's primaryjob is altering clothing to fit individuals.

b. teaching the classes of a teacher who is absent

_ 2. architect

_ 3. taxi driver c. driving people from place to place for a fee

_ 4. international airline pilot d. designing bnup

6 UNIT 1
_ 5. doctor e. cleaning and taking care of buildings
_ 6. substitute teacher f. helping individuals who are injured or sick
_ 7. janitor g. flying airplanes overseas

Which of the workers in activity D do their jobs primarily during the day? Which of the
workers might also work at night?

Vocabulary Activities STEP II: Sentence Level

Word Form Chart

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

revolution revolutionize revolutionary

The central meaning of revolution is "turning" or "changing." It can refer to

one thing rotating around a central point, like the Earth's revolution around
the sun. It can also mean "changing or trying to change the political system
by violent action."

In thisunit, revolution is used to mean "a complete change in methods,

opinions, etc., often as a result of progress."
Bicycles led to a revolution in transportation.

Bicycles revolutionized the way people traveled from place to place.

Bicycles were a revolutionary idea.
CORPUS

E. In your notebook, rewrite these sentences two ways. Use a different form of
revolution in each sentence.

1. The addition of sound changed the way motion pictures told stories.
(noun, verb)

The sound revolution changed the way motion pictures told stories. (noun)
The addition of sound revolutionized the way motion pictures told astory. (verb)

2. The jet engine caused a change in air travel. (verb, adj.)

3. Alfred Nobel created a new substance that he called "dynamite." (noun, adj.
4. The discovery of X-rays changed medical science. (noun, adj.)

RIDING THROUGH HISTORY 7

The verb substitute means to replace one thing for something different.
The noun form substitution refers to the process of making a replacement.
The noun form substitute refers to the person or thing that will be used to
replace something.
The team captain substituted Ernesto for the injured player.
He made the substitution because the injured player was in pain.

The substitute went on to win the game.

The word substitute is commonly used for a teacher or player who takes
someone else's place.
We had a substitute in math class today.
CORPUS

and substitute
F. Make words related to bicycles. Remove one letter from each word
words.
the given letter to make a new word. Tell a partner how to make the new
1. chair/n Substitute an N for the R to make chain.

2. steel/г:

3. time/r

4. broke/a

5. hide/r

6. petal/d

Subsequent is an adjective that refers to something that is later than or

follows something else. The adverb form is subsequently.

Henry Ford's first car was called the Model T. The subsequent Model A was

introduced in 1927.

Henry Ford created the Model T in 1908. Subsequently, he built the

Model A.
CORPUS

G. Complete each sentence with forms of subsequent AND substitute. Be sure to

use the correct form of each word.

1. The wheels of the first velocipedes had no pedals, but a French inventor
wheels that had pedals.
heavy because the framework was made of solid
2. European velocipedes were
of hollow steel tubes
steel tubes. The.
by American manufacturers made the vehicles much lighter.

3. The high wheeler had a small rear wheel. A

change by
American manufacturers. the larger rear wheel for the
smaller one.

8 UNIT 1
 Read
This newspaper article poses questions about the future of personal transport.

Segway Into the Future

www.irLanguage.com
☑or nearly two hundred years, individuals

H+ wordweide
worldwide
have ben riding blcycles
bicycles for
have been Control post

exercise. In 2001, the Segway, a revolutionary

5 new vehicle, was introduced. The inventor
Handles
imagined that the Segway might someday replace
bicycles. Would this be possible? How does a
Segway compare to a bicycle?

WHAT IS A SEGWAY?
Both Segways and bicycles are designed to carry Platform
10 one rider. However, Segway riders do not sit on a
seat. Instead, they stand on a platform while they
are riding. The platform is the floor of a strong
metal framework. A post with handles for the
rider to hold is attached to the front of the
15 platform. A wide rubber wheel is attached to each
side of the platform. Except for these two wheels,
there are no mechanical parts on a Segway. Like a
bicycle, it has no engine. However, unlike a _ Wheels
bicycle, a Segway has no brakes, no pedals, no

20 gears, and no steering mechanism.

HOW A SEGWAY MOVES

A Segway computer system that is designed to respond to the

uses a

inherent ability of riders to maintain their balance. For example, without

thinking about it, a rider actually leans his body slightly forward when he
expects to move forward. When the rider expects to stop, he leans his body
25 slightly back. When the rider thinks about moving left or right, he leans left
or right. The computer system checks the rider's body movements about 100
times every second. Instantly, the Segway moves forward, stops, or turns in
response to every slight change in the rider's balance. It is easy to learn to
ride a Segway because it responds to the rider's natural movements.

HOW A BICYCLE MOVES

30 In contrast, it is hard to learn to ride a bicycle. The rider works constantly
to stay balanced. She turns the pedals with her feet to make the bicycle
move forward. She presses the brake levers to make the bicycle stop. To

10 UNIT 1
G. In yournotebook, rewrite each of these sentences to include the words in
parentheses (). Share your sentences with a partner or small group.
1. Great changes in transportation have taken place in the last 200 years.
(revolutionary)
Revolutionary changes in transportation have taken place in the last 200 years.

2. Farmers replaced animals with tractors to pull their plows. (substituted for)
3. Airplanes made traveling across oceans easier and faster. (overseas)
4. Jet airplanes made the time of flights shorter. (minimized)
5. No one walks anymore. People travel mostly on wheels. (primarily)
6. The first airplane was made of wood covered by cloth. (framework)
7. Segways rely on the natural ability of riders to maintain their balance.
(inherent)

8. Early trains werepowered by steam. Then changes were made in their plans
so they could be powered by diesel engines. (subsequent/alterations/designs)

H. Self-Assessment Review: Go back to page 1 and reassess your knowledge of

the target vocabulary. How has your understanding of the words changed?
What words do you feel most comfortable with now?

Writing and Discussion Topics

With a partner or small group, share ideas about the following topics. Then have
each person write a paragraph about one of the topics.

1. Imagine that you work as a police officer in a small city. Your department has
purchased a Segway for each officer who patrols the city streets. Yesterday
was your first day patrolling on your Segway. Use your imagination and write

a story about how you used the Segway, what you liked, and what problems

you had.
2. Reading 1 ends with, "Today, millions of people worldwide ride bicycles for
transportation, enjoyment, sport, and exercise." Describe examples of each of
these uses.

3. The Segway was not designed to be used for sport; however, some people

believe that certain team sports could be adapted for players riding Segways.
What sports could be adapted to use Segways? How would the players in
each sport use them?

16 UNIT 1