Citation Sandwiches
What is the passage discussing? This passage is discussing how an encounter with prejudice early in life
led black musician Daryl Davis on a quest to determine the source of the hate. As discussed earlier
Daryl Davis had his first meeting with intolerance at a young age, and after having this bizarre
experience explained to him he did not feel fear, he did not feel hate. He only felt confusion and
curiosity fusing into a brilliant cocktail of investigative inquiries. This is reinforced by him when he
said “ They never explained why, even though I kept asking, "Why are they hitting me? Why are they
hitting me?" What had I done wrong? When I got home, my mother and father, who were not at the
march, were fixing me up with Mercurochrome and Band-Aids and asking me, "How did you fall
down and get all scraped up?" I told them, "I didn't fall down." I told them exactly what happened. For
the first time in my life, my parents sat me down, at the age of 10, and explained racism to me. I had
absolutely no idea what they were talking about. It was inconceivable to me that someone who had
never laid eyes on me, never spoken to me, knew absolutely nothing about me would want to inflict
pain upon me for no other reason than this: the color of my skin. So I did not believe my parents. But
more and more incidents began happening, and I realized my parents had told me the truth. I didn't
know why people felt that way, but I realized that there were some people who did. So at the age of 10,
I formed a question in my mind. That question was "How can you hate me when you don't even know
me?”. This was the beginning of what could become a solution for bridging groups of people together
and making us as a whole connected once more.
TEDx Talks, A. A. (December 18,2017). Why I as a black man attend KKK rallies.|Daryl Davis|
TEDxNaperville (https://youtube.com/watch?v=ORp3q1Oaezw&feature=share). YouTube.
What is happening in this passage? The author is explaining the psychology of racism,
categorizing each individual section. They also explain these sections and how they compound
into the systematic problem we face today. They detail seven factors that continue to affect
American racism, and suggested ways to reverse this process. “Categories. People see races, not
individuals. Early on, children start categorizing according to race; racial biases emerge in
children as young as 3 years old.
Factions. People treat their own race like a team. Children feel that their own group requires
their loyalty, trust, and cooperation.
Segregation. People separate themselves on the basis of race. Most Americans have more
contact with White people than with people of color, which contributes to people often seeing
persons of color as homogenous stereotypes.
Hierarchy. White Americans are granted a status above all others. As one example, even God is
often portrayed as White, which leads people to perceive White people as God-like.
Power. White Americans have the power to set norms and structure society. This extends to
politicians, educators, and even parents. White parents rarely talk with their children about race
and racism, which gives White children the illusion of postracialism.
Media. White Americans are portrayed as superior to Americans of color. Over the past 20
years, the proportion of low-status Black TV characters has tripled.
Passivism. People ignore and deny that they do any of this, thus allowing the system to persist.”
Apa.org, A.A.(August 17, 2020) . The psychology of American racism and how to work against
it. |Steven O. Roberts and Michael T. Rizzo| APA Journals Article Spotlight
(https://www.apa.org/pubs/highlights/spotlight/issue-189). American Psychological Association
Who is the speaker in this passage? To whom is the speaker speaking? The speaker is Bertram
Gawronski. He is speaking to the people that support the mainstream narrative as well as the
critics of implicit bias. “I argue that both the mainstream narrative about implicit bias as well as
extant criticism of implicit-bias research have failed to consider key insights in the broader
literature on attitudes and implicit measures (see Albarracín & Johnson, 2019; Gawronski &
Payne, 2010).” In the passage he speaks of the focus of particular findings trumping the general
insights of implicit bias.
Journals.sagepub.com, A.A.(June 10, 2019). Six lessons for a Cogent Science of implicit Bias
and its Criticism. | Bertram Gawronski | Perspectives on Psychological Science
(https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1745691619826015) Sage journals
What are their credentials? Kathi graduated from Hofstra University in New York and got her
law degree from Harvard Law School in Massachusetts. She previously practiced environmental
law with a large firm. “ Physical attacks and nasty slurs are obvious forms of racism. But racism
is much more widespread than cases in the news. Subtle, less obvious acts of racism happen
every day. White people may make others feel like they don’t belong. Many aspects of society
may favor white people over other groups. That can make it harder for people in nonwhite
groups to get ahead. All forms of racism harm people’s mental and physical health, scientists
say. New research is shedding light on racism’s toll.” This article is about the mental toll racism
takes on its victims.
Sciencenewsforstudents.org, A.A.(November 4, 2021) Psychology shines light on the harm
racism can do. |Kathiann Kowalski| Psychology
(https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/psychology-harm-racism-health) Science News
for Students.
What is happening in this passage? The author is defining the differences between prejudice and
racism. This distinction will help us separate the specific problems with both, allowing us to
tackle the, individually. “Prejudice: Prejudice is usually learned early in life and affects behavior
in a more subtle way. For example, a police officer with prejudice might assume that a person of
color would be more likely to commit a crime. That belief would then affect the actions of the
officer, even if it were in a subconscious way. Prejudice still persists today even if this kind of
thinking is no longer deemed acceptable within some systems and organizations.
Racism: In contrast, racism is directed at a particular group and is generally more overt. An
example of racism would be a shop refusing to serve patrons of a certain skin color. While most
blatant racism toward BIPOC is no longer tolerated or viewed as acceptable in contemporary
American society, we are not so far removed from the years of slavery and segregation. For this
reason, it is the case that prejudice is able to persist even though outward racism is no longer
seen as acceptable.” This outlines the exact problem we must face to solve this problem.
Verywellmind.com, A.A. (September 18, 2021) The psychology of Racism. |Arlin Cuncinc| Mental health
(https://www.verywellmind.com/the-psychology-of-racism-5070459) VeryWellMind.
