AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASI ELM və TƏHSİL NAZİRLİYİ
AZƏRBAYCAN DÖVLƏT NEFT və SƏNAYE UNİVERSİTETİ-nin
BAKI NEFT-ENERJETİKA KOLLECİ PHŞ
“ Xarici dildə işgüzar və akademik kommunikasiya-2” fənnindən
Təqdimat
“Happy Valentine Day”
İxtisas:40505 “Neft emalı ve neft kimyası”
Qrup:545a/4
Tələbə:Məmmədli Ümid
Müəllimə:Abbasova İlahə
Mündəricat
Giriş________________________________səh 3
Plan 1. Possible ancient origins_____________səh 6
Plan 2. Celebration and status worldwide_________səh 8
Giriş
For other uses, see Valentine's Day
(disambiguation).
"St. Valentine's Day" redirects here.
For the album by Bing Crosby, see St. Valentine's
Day (album).For the TV episode, see St. Valentine's
Day (30 Rock).
"Happy Valentine's Day" redirects here. For other
uses, see Happy Valentine's Day (disambiguation).
Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's
Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine is celebrated
annually on February 14. It originated as a
Christian feast day honoring
a martyr named Valentine, and through later folk
traditions it has also become a significant cultural,
religious and commercial celebration of romanceand
love in many regions of the world.
There are a number of martyrdom stories associated
with various Saint Valentines connected to February
14, including an account of the imprisonment of
Saint Valentine of Romefor ministering to
Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire in
the third century. According to an early tradition,
Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter
of his jailer. Numerous later additions to the legend
have better related it to the theme of love: tradition
maintains that Saint Valentine performed weddings
for Christian soldiers who were forbidden to marry
by the Roman emperor an 18th-century
embellishment to the legend claims he wrote the
jailer's daughter a letter signed
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"Your Valentine" as a farewell before his
execution.
The 8th-century Gelasian Sacramentary recorded
the celebration of the Feast of Saint Valentine on
February 14. The day became associated with
romantic love in the 14th and 15th centuries, when
notions of courtly love flourished, apparently by
association with the "lovebirds" of early spring. In
18th-century England, it grew into an occasion for
couples to express their love for each other by
presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and
sending greeting cards (known as
"valentines"). Valentine's Day symbols that are
used today include the heart-shaped outline, doves,
and the figure of the winged Cupid. In the 19th
century, handmade cards gave way to mass-
produced greetings. In Italy, Saint Valentine's
keys are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and
an invitation to unlock the giver's heart", as well as
to children to ward off epilepsy (called Saint
Valentine's Malady).
It is a day of commemoration in the Anglican
Communion and the Lutheran ChurchMany parts of
the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate Saint
Valentine's Day on July 6 in honor of Roman
presbyter Saint Valentine, and on July 30 in honor
of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna
(modern Terni).
While the European folk traditions connected with
Saint Valentine and Saint Valentine's Day have
become marginalized by modern customs
connecting the day with romantic love, there are
still some connections with the advent of spring.
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While the custom of sending cards, flowers,
chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK,
Valentine's Day still remains connected with various
regional customs in England. In Norfolk, a character
called "Jack" Valentine knocks on the rear door of
houses, leaving sweets and presents for children.
Although he was leaving treats, many children were
scared of this mystical person.
In Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one of
the saints of spring, the saint of good health and the
patron of beekeepers and pilgrims. A proverb says
that "Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots".
Plants and flowers start to grow on this day. It has
been celebrated as the day when the first work in
the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also
said that birds propose to each other or marry on
that day. Another proverb says "Valentin – prvi
spomladin" ('Valentine – the first spring saint'), as
in some places (especially White Carniola), Saint
Valentine marks the beginning of spring Valentine's
Day has only recently been celebrated as the day of
love. The day of love was traditionally March
12, Saint Gregory's day, or February 22, Saint
Vincent's Day. The patron of love was Saint
Anthony, whose day has been celebrated on June
13.
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Plan 1
Possible ancient origins
The "Feast" (Latin: in natali, lit. 'on the birthday') of
Saint Valentine originated in Christendom and has
been marked by the Western Church of Christendom
in honour of one of the Christian martyrs named
Valentine, as recorded in the 8th-century Gelasian
Sacramentary. In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia was
observed February 13–15 on behalf of Pan and Juno,
pagan gods of love, marriage and fertility. It was a
rite connected to purification and health, and had
only slight connection to fertility (as a part of health)
and none to love. The celebration of Saint Valentine
is not known to have had any romantic connotations
until Chaucer's poetry about "Valentine's Day" in the
14th century, some seven hundred years after
celebration of Lupercalia is believed to have ceased.
Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome.
The more general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning
"Juno the purifier" or "the chaste Juno", was
celebrated on February 13–14. Although the
Pope Gelasius I (492–496) article in the Catholic
Encyclopedia says that he abolished Lupercalia,
theologian and Methodist minister Bruce
Forbeswrote that "no evidence" has been
demonstrated to link Saint Valentine's Day and the
rites of the ancient Roman purification festival
of Lupercalia, despite claims by many authors to the
contrary.
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Some researchers have theorized that Gelasius I
replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of
the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary and claim
a connection to the 14th century's connotations of
romantic love, but there is no historical indication
that he ever intended such a thing.
Also, the dates do not fit because at the time of
Gelasius I, the feast was only celebrated in
Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because
Jerusalem placed the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas)
on January 6 Although it was called "Purification of
the Blessed Virgin Mary", it also dealt with the
presentation of Jesus at the temple Jerusalem's
Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February
14 became the Presentation of Jesus at the
Temple on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome
and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius
I's time.
While sometimes repeated uncritically by modern
sources that men or boys drew names of women or
girls from a jar to couple for the duration of
Lupercalia, there is no ancient evidence for any kind
of lottery or sortition scheme pairing couples for
sex. The first descriptions of this fictitious lottery
appeared in the 15th century in relation to
Valentine's Day, with a connection to the Lupercalia
first asserted in 18th century antiquarian works,
such as those by Alban Butler(The Lives of the
Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints,
1756–1759) and Francis Douce. These modern
sources claimed that the fictional Lupercalia was the
source of the practice of sending valentines.
The practice of sending valentines originated in the
Middle
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Ages, with no link to Lupercalia, with boys drawing
the names of girls at random. This custom was
combated by priests, for example by Frances de
Sales around 1600, apparently by replacing it with a
religious custom of girls drawing the names of
apostles from the altar. However, this religious
custom is recorded as early as the 13th century in
the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, so it could
have a different origin.
Plan 2
Celebration and status worldwide
Valentine's Day customs—sending greeting cards
(known as "valentines"), offering confectionery and
presenting flowers—developed in early modern
England and spread throughout the English-
speaking world in the 19th century. In the later 20th
and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to
other countries, like those of Halloween, and
aspects of Christmas (such as Santa Claus).
Valentine's Day is celebrated in many East
Asiancountries, with Singaporeans, Chinese,
and South Koreans spending the most money on
Valentine's gifts
Latin America
In most Latin American countries—for
example, Costa Rica Mexico and
the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico—Saint Valentine's
Day is known as Día de los Enamorados ('Lovers'
Day') or as Día del Amor y la Amistad ('Love and
Friendship Day'). It is also common to see people
perform "acts of
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appreciation" for their friends.
In Guatemala it is known as Día del Cariño('Affection
Day'. Some countries, in particular the Dominican
Republic and El Salvador have a tradition
called Amigo secreto ('secret friend'), which is a
game similar to the Christmas tradition of Secret
Santa.
Brazil
Main article: Dia dos Namorados
In Brazil, the Dia dos Namorados ('Lovers' Day', or
'Boyfriends/Girlfriends Day') is celebrated on June
12, probably because that is the day before Saint
Anthony's day—a saint recognized for blessing
young couples with happy and prosperous
marriages—when traditionally many single women
perform popular rituals called simpatias in order to
find a good husband or boyfriend. Couples exchange
gifts, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets. The
February 14 Valentine's Day is not celebrated at all
because it is usually too close to Brazilian Carnival,
which can fall anywhere from early February to
early March and lasts almost a week.
Colombia
Colombia celebrates Día del amor y la amistad('Love
and Friendship Day') on the third Saturday in
September instead. Amigo Secreto is also popular
there.
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Restrictions on Valentine's Day in some
countries
Since 2009, certain practices pertaining to
Valentine's Day (such as giving flowers, cards, or
other gifts suggestive of Valentine's Day) are
banned in Iran.
Iran's Law Enforcement Forceprosecutes
distributors of goods with symbols associated with
Valentine's Day. In 2021, the Prosecutor's Office
of Qom, Iran, stated that it would prosecute those
who disseminate and provide anti-cultural symbols
like those of Valentine's Day. Although Valentine's
Day is not accepted or approved by
any institution in Iran and has no official status, it is
highly accepted among a large part of the
population. One of the reasons for Valentine's Day
acceptance since the 2000s by the general
population is the change in relations between the
sexes, and because sexual relationships are no
longer strictly limited to be within marriage
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İstifadə Olunmuş Ədəbiyyat Siyahısı
1. Jack B. Oruch – “St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in
February”
Speculum, 1981.
(Valentin Gününün tarixçəsi və Orta əsr Avropa
ədəbiyyatında yeri.)
2. Lea Berman – Valentine’s Day: History, Symbols, and
Celebration
(Bayramın yaranması, adətləri və simvolları haqqında
məlumat verir.)
3. Sheila Lukins – Celebrate! (2003)
(Fərqli bayramların, o cümlədən Sevgililər Gününün necə
qeyd olunması barədə.)
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