Unit 1

Revisiting AI - Project cycle and Ethical Framework for AI

1. Outline the main steps in the AI Project Cycle briefly.

Ans:- The AI Project Cycle consists of six essential steps that guide the development of an AI-
based solution. These steps ensure that the AI system is built effectively, performs
efficiently, and delivers meaningful results.
1. Problem Identification

● The first step in the AI project cycle is to clearly define the problem that needs to be
solved.
● It involves understanding the requirements, the objectives of the AI system, and how
it will add value.
● Key considerations:
○ What problem are we trying to solve?
○ Who will benefit from this AI system?
○ What type of AI solution is needed

2. Data Collection

● AI models rely on data to learn and make predictions. This step involves gathering
relevant data from different authentic sources.
● Data can be collected from databases, sensors, web scraping, surveys, or APIs.

3. Data Exploration

It is the process of analyzing and understanding a dataset before applying machine learning
models. It helps in identifying patterns, trends, anomalies, and relationships between
variables. This step is crucial because the quality of insights gained here directly impacts
model accuracy and performance.

4. Modelling

Modelling is the process of selecting, training, and evaluating a machine learning or AI

model to solve a specific problem. It involves choosing the right algorithm, training it on
data, and optimizing its performance for accurate predictions.

5. Evaluation

Model Evaluation is the process of assessing the performance of a trained machine learning
model to determine how well it makes predictions. It ensures that the model is accurate,
reliable, and generalizes well to new data.

6. Deployment
Model Deployment is the process of integrating a trained AI/ML model into a real-world
system so that it can make predictions on new data. Deployment allows users, applications,
or services to interact with the model in real time.

2. What roles does computer vision play in agricultural monitoring systems?

Ans:- Computer vision is employed in agriculture for crop monitoring, pest detection, and
yield estimation. Drones with cameras capture aerial images of farmland, which are then
analysed to assess crop health and optimize farming practices.

3. Mention the factors which knowingly or unknowingly influence our decision-making.

AnS:- 3 factors which knowingly or unknowingly influence our decision-making.

Factors Affect on Decision making

Values Value of human vs. value of non-humans

Religion Does the decision I am making align with my faith?

Intuition Does what I am thinking seem right?

4. What is the necessity for Ethical Frameworks in AI development?

Ans: The need of the ethical framework is given below
Fairness and bias: AI should treat everyone equally. Ethical frameworks help reduce bias in
AI, ensuring it doesn’t favour one group over another. This ensures all individuals are given
equal opportunities and treatment.
Privacy and Data Protection: AI uses a lot of personal data, so guidelines are needed to
protect people’s privacy and ensure data is used responsibly. Clear rules help prevent
misuse and ensure data security.
Environmental impact: AI systems can use a lot of energy. Ethical framework encourages
creating AI that uses less energy and is better for the environment. This ensures that AI
doesn’t harm the planet while advancing technology.
Accountability: People are impacted by the decisions made by AI. There need to be
methods for comprehending and contesting these choices. This guarantees that AI is
responsible for its deeds.
Transparency and explainability: AI decision making should be understandable to the
general public, particularly in critical domains like healthcare and finance. In addition to
building trust, this improves the identification of mistakes.
5. Mention the key characteristics of sector-based frameworks.
Ans:- sector-based frameworks :- These frameworks focus on ethical challenges specific to a
field or industry. A sector-based framework is a set of rules and guidelines for a specific
industry to ensure smooth, safe, and legal operations. Sector-based ethical frameworks may
also apply to domains such as finance, education, transportation, agriculture, governance,
and law enforcement.
Key Characteristics:

1 Industry-Specific – Designed for a particular sector (e.g., hospitals follow healthcare rules,
banks follow finance rules).

2. Follows Government Rules – Helps businesses obey laws and avoid penalties (e.g.,
hospitals must protect patient data).

3. Standard Procedures – Ensures companies follow best practices, making work smoother
and more reliable.

4. Risk Management – Helps prevent risks like hacking in banks or safety issues in factories.

5. Improves Efficiency – Helps organizations work faster, reduce mistakes, and save money.

6. Scalable & Flexible – Can be used by small and large businesses, with options to
customize as needed.

7. Encourages Teamwork – Makes it easy for different companies in the same industry to
work together and share data safely.

8. Supports Innovation – Updates regularly to keep up with new technology and changing
needs.

6. What do you mean by Bioethics? Describe the principles of Bioethics.

Ans:- Bioethics is an ethical framework used in healthcare and life sciences. It deals with
ethical issues related to health, medicine, and biological sciences, ensuring that AI
applications in healthcare adhere to ethical standards and considerations.
The principles of Bioethics are as follows:
i. Respect for Autonomy : - Autonomy emphasises respecting an individual’s right
to make decisions about their own body and life. It values informed consent,
personal choice and self – determination.
For Example, a patient has the right to accept or refuse a medical procedure after
understanding its risk and benefits.
ii. Do not harm (Non- Maleficence) :- This principle focuses on avoiding actions that
could cause harm to others whether intentional or unintentional to an individual
or a community.
iii. Ensure maximum benefits for all (Beneficence) :- It includes promoting the
wellbeing and welfare of an individual or a society. In other words, it involves
acting in ways that promote the well-being and best interest of others.
 Beneficence requires healthcare professionals to act in the best interest of the
patient, promoting well- being and taking
positive actions to prevent harm.
iv. Give Justice :- This principle ensures fairness in distributing healthcare resources,
treatments and opportunities. It emphasises equality and avoiding discrimination
in medical decision making.

7. What is Natural Language Processing? Explain any two real-life applications of NLP.
Ans:- Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence
that deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural language.
In other words, NLP is the domain of AI focused on enabling machines to understand,
analyse and interact with humans through natural language.
Some applications of NLP are as follows:
Email filters
Email filters are one of the most basic and initial applications of NLP online. It started with
spam filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a spam message.
Machine Translation
NLP is used in machine translation systems like Google Translate and Microsoft Translator to
automatically translate text from one language to another. These systems analyse the
structure and semantics of sentences in the source language and generate equivalent
translations in the target language

8. How do value-based frameworks contribute to ethical decision-making by emphasizing

fundamental principles and values?
Ans:- Value-based frameworks focus on fundamental ethical principles and values guiding
decision making. It reflects the different moral philosophies that inform ethical reasoning.
Value-based frameworks are concerned with assessing the moral worth of actions and
guiding ethical behaviour. They can be further classified into three categories:
i. Rights-based: Prioritizes the protection of human rights and dignity, valuing human life
over other considerations. It emphasizes the importance of respecting individual autonomy,
dignity, and freedoms. In the context of AI, this could involve ensuring that AI systems do
not violate human rights or discriminate against certain groups.
ii. Utility-based: Evaluates actions based on the principle of maximizing utility or overall
good, aiming to achieve outcomes that offer the greatest benefit and minimize harm. It
seeks to maximize overall utility or benefit for the greatest number of people. In AI, this
might involve weighing the potential benefits of AI applications against the risks they pose
to society, such as job displacement or privacy concerns.
 iii. Virtue-based: This framework focuses on the character and intentions of the individuals
involved in decision-making. It asks whether the actions of individuals or organizations align
with virtuous principles such as honesty, compassion, and integrity.
In the context of AI, virtue ethics could involve considering whether developers, users, and
regulators uphold ethical values throughout the AI life cycle. These classifications provide a
structured approach for addressing ethical concerns in AI development and deployment,
ensuring that considerations relevant to specific sectors and fundamental ethical values are
adequately addressed.

9.How does AI use statistical data for making predictions, and what are its applications ?
Ans:- Statistical Data Statistical Data is a domain of AI related to data systems and
processes, in which the system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives
meaning/sense out of them. The information extracted through statistical data can be used
to make a decision about it.
Price Comparison Websites These websites are being driven by lots and lots of data. If you
have ever used these websites, you would know the convenience of comparing the price of
a product from multiple vendors in one place. PriceGrabber, PriceRunner, Junglee, Shopzilla,
DealTime are some examples of price comparison websites. Nowadays, price comparison
websites can be found in almost every domain such as technology, hospitality, automobiles,
durables, apparel, etc.

Healthcare & Medical Diagnosis

● AI predicts diseases like diabetes and cancer by analyzing patient data.

● Hospitals use AI to optimize bed allocation and resource management.
● Wearable devices (like smartwatches) track heart rate and predict health issues

Fraud Detection in Banking & Finance

● AI studies spending patterns and detects unusual transactions.

● Banks use statistical data to prevent credit card fraud.
● Loan approval systems analyze past credit history to assess risk.

10. What are the main types of ethical framework?

sector-based frameworks :- These frameworks focus on ethical challenges specific to a field
or industry. A sector-based framework is a set of rules and guidelines for a specific industry
to ensure smooth, safe, and legal operations. Sector-based ethical frameworks may also
apply to domains such as finance, education, transportation, agriculture, governance, and
law enforcement.
Value-based frameworks : - These focus on fundamental ethical principles and values
guiding decision making. It reflects the different moral philosophies that inform ethical
reasoning. Value-based frameworks are concerned with assessing the moral worth of
actions and guiding ethical behaviour.
They can be further classified into three categories:
i. Rights-based ii. Utility-based and iii. Virtue-based