IOT Based - Underground Cable Fault Distance
Locator
Mrs. Minal Ghute Akshaj Gajbhiye Himanshu Dangre
Electronics and Telecommunication Electronics and Telecommunication Electronics and Telecommunication
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Yeshwantrao Chavan College of
Engineering Engineering Engineering
Nagpur,India Nagpur ,India Nagpur,India
Pushpak Jawanjal Raj Daware
Electronics and Telecommunication Electronics and Telecommunication
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Yeshwantrao Chavan College of
Engineering Engineering
Nagpur,India Nagpur,India
Abstract— In urban areas, power cables run underground recipient. Errors may occur only notified by loss of
instead of overhead lines. When a fault occurs in an communication but by error detection. Day by day, the world
underground cable, it is very difficult to find the exact location is becoming digitized so the project is proposed to find the
of the fault for a particular cable repair method. The location of fault in digital way. Here we have used IOT
recommended gadget reveals the exact location of the error. Based Solution to Address this problem. In this project
The simple concept behind the operation of this Project is using we've got calculated correctly the location of a cable fault,
Optocoupler Circuit in all three phases So, in the event of a minimize the noise-causing by arcing voltage of the cable by
short circuit fault such as L-G or L-L, the additional voltage
using ESP32 and software named IDE (Integrated
charge measured across the resistor is passed to the built-in
ESP32. This charge is processed using an ESP32 and the fault
Development Environment). After the identification of fault,
is Occurred when circuit breaks This charge is sent to the LCD it will alert by alarm and display the distance from base
Interfaced Nodemcu board and displays the actual fault station also it will notify operator on mobile with the help of
location in kilometers from the floor for all 3 phases. This fault messages .
entry is accomplished using a set of switches. The project is Types of interference
regulated by a fixed resistor that indicates the length of the
cable. At each known kilometer, the fault switch is located to There are many types of disorders. This happens
set the fault manually so that the final fault interval can be frequently given below.
determined. This is it the proposed system is simulated and
tested in the PROTEUS version 8.1 and the device designed • short circuit fault
based on simulation design. As a result, defects are not only • open chain
detected, but also detected the location. This paper is expected
to find the flaw in an underground cable lines from the base • earth fault
station to a precise area in kilometers.
Short circuit fault
Keywords— IOT, ESP32, PC817 IC, LCD display, Fault A brief error occurred during the insurance Discord
Circuit , Relay, Fault Sensing Circuit Module . between stage hands or between stages conductor (s) and
ground or both. Defence vulnerability result in a shortcut
I. INTRODUCTION plan that leads to a short exit circuit condition.
The underground cable system was first considered in
Open the loop If the circuit is interrupted, an open circuit
Northern Germany as early as 1870 and was implemented
fault occurs some failed. Called when the chain is not closed
on the telegraph system [4]. This was generally as a result of Open circuit.
a heightened regard for environmental conditions, the
increasing hindrances encountered on the overhead lines, Earth fault ,Unplanned contact between run the
and increased reliability on the high-quality extruded transmitter and the ground or equipment frame. Opening by
insulations among other reasons. setting the method for the standard current structure and any
In the last few years since the invention of optical Fiber cable labor or fraud resulting from I bits of the system.
communication developed. An invention Fiber optic cable
changed the face of communication using technology where
power signals are transmitted using light energy. So we can II. LITERATURE SURVEY
send signals using this goal at the speed of light. By using
1. In Abhishek Pandey, Nicolas H. Younan, they have
OFCs,invented a way to lay OFC cable underground. This
Presented underground cable fault detection and
increases safety and reduces noise Contact There are several
obstacles Facing the OFC cable. When there is a break OFC, identification through Fourier analysis[7]. The methods of
which can be caused by natural constraints such as impedance calculation by sending end voltage and
temperature change, cable breakage or re-digging, etc., differential voltage can be used for differentiating between
communication will be lost between the recipient and the the different types of cable defects from phase information.
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
It needs study to find the best way of visualizing the results a known non-insufficient connection for line parameter
and especially the magnitude response. arrangement and appeared differently in relation to an
accused line to discover the brokenness. The framework
2. Behavior of simultaneous fault signals in distribution
requires data of causing speed for precision. It is represented
underground cable using DWT is presented by A.
that the strategy enlightens the exactness of 30 cm using a
Ngaopitakkul, C. Pothisarn, M. Leelajindakrairerk The
20 MHz-8-bit sampler.
simulations were performed using ATP/EMTP, and by using
DWT the analysis behavior of characteristics signals was
Murray Bridge loop :-
Performed. Various case studies have been carried out
Murray Bridge circle is an augmentation circuit used for
including the single fault and simultaneous fault.
constraint of underground or submarine connection
inadequacies. it has been used for over 100 years. One finish
3. Yuan Liao, Ning Kang has presented fault location of the insufficient wire is related by a few resistors to the
algorithms. This was without utilizing line parameters. By voltage source. In like manner, a zero identifier is related.
utilizing unsynchronized voltage and current measurements The far edge of the connection is short circuited. The
from both ends of line without requiring line parameters scaffold is adjusted by changing the RB1 and RB2 values.
based on the distributed parameter line model. while line Rz/Rg+Ry =RB1/RB2 This is equal to: Rz =( Rg + Ry ) .
parameter estimates are sensitive to measurement errors the RB1/RB2 The estimation of Rx opposition is corresponding
fault location estimate is not sensitive to measurement errors to Lx length, with the goal that the issue point can be
Thus relatively precise measurements are required to obtain determined. Lz = 2.L.RB1/RB1+RB2 Where L is the all out
accurate line parameter estimates. length of the test link - a corresponding Rg esteem. The
system anticipate that there is only a solitary mix-up, low
4. S. Navaneethan, J. J. Soraghan, W. H. Siew, assurance from the security resistance of the connection
F.McPherson, P. F. Gale , presented an automatic fault without damage and connection conductors have a check for
location method using TDR. This method uses acquired data uniform length units.
from an existing TDR instrument. It enables user of TDR
equipment to locate ULVDN cable faults without user
interpretation.
III
5. H. Shateri, S. Jamali Et Al., Proposed An impedance
based fault location method for three phase faults and phase
to phase. This method utilized the measured impedance by
distance relay and the super imposed current factor to
discriminate the fault location. This method is sensitive to
the measured super imposed current factor and impedance
accuracy.
Technical Journals:
Pantaloons recommends that a Gaussian estimator, of most
prominent repeat, of most outrageous likelihood can choose
the trade limit of an immediate structure, of reliable time, of METHODOLOGY
two ports with time delay. The estimator can be used to
discover a discontinuity in a connection. The territory of the
fault relied upon the rule of Time Domain Reflectometry Figure 1 is shows the block diagram of an underground
(TDR). The connection was animated with a heartbeat of cable fault distance locator system. This project is assemble
brief term. The redesign and the central reflection were tried with a set of resistors and opto Coupler IC’s that represents
and the fundamental spooky line F directed by the snappy the cable length in kilometers and fault creation consists of a
Fourier change (FFT) was sent to the estimation count. The set of switches on every kilometer is known to cross check
causing rate of the connection was essential to choose the the accuracy of the same. This is the model for the proposed
last region of the fault. A revamped insightful model underground cable fault locator distance using the ESP32 . It
portrayed by A bullma'atti proposes the showing of a is divided into four parts, the DC power supply part, cable
resistive or capacitive charged line (RC) in light of finding part, controlling part display part and IOT application . The
the vague shafts of the trade work. This trade show intends DC power supply consists of AC supply, transformer,
to make it less requesting to complete a PC upheld rectifier and voltage regulator. AC supply of 230 V in step-
examination; However, it isn't as exact as other dispersed down by transformer, bridge rectifier converts the AC signal
strategies. Schutt-Aine reported a transient spread to a DC signal while the regulator is used to generate a
examination through non-uniform structures and uniform constant DC voltage.
lines. The examination uses a meaning of dissipating
parameters in the time space to develop shut structure The cable is represented by a set of resistors with switches.
computations for current and voltage factors in the line. The The current sensing part on the cable represented as a set of
method was associated with scaled down scale terminal, resistors and switches used as fault creator to specify a fault
outfits and diminished lines. A propelled banner getting at each location.
ready figuring (DSP) was made to assess the zone of a fault
using a line parameter estimation technique. Van Biesen,
This method was associated with TDR data examined from
4. Follow the conditions in while loop and
display the message on LCD .
. The display part consists of the LCD display interfaced to
the ESP32 which shows the status of the cable of each phase
and the distance of the cable at the particular phase, in case Simulation Circuit.
of any fault.
IV .DISCUSSIONS
Dialogue on application of synthetic Intelligence for
Fault region :The software of synthetic networks for fault
Algorithm: 1. Start the system and turn on LCD . region on OHL has been discussed via many authors—some
2. Initialise the values work is also posted on hybrid systems. No authors have, 2.2
modern Fault place techniques 15 but, treated fault area
3. Connect the internet issues on go bonded cables. because the artificial community
learns with the aid of example (supervised learning) it must,
however, be possible to increase such a method the usage of
the strategies already proposed. The trouble is the enormous
quantity of statistics wanted for schooling and to ensure that
the fashions used to create the training information are proper
and reliable. none of the algorithms proposed inside the
literature are tested in real-life and if the models used to train
the artificial networks are oversimplified, top outcomes can
be acquired whilst verifying the set of rules in opposition to
the equal version, however the effects will now not be
useable in actual life. How nicely the maximum superior
simulation fashions expect real fault behaviour on move
bonded cable structures need to be tested earlier than any
very last recommendation concerning synthetic intelligence
techniques may be made. Discussion on country of the art:
The state of the art analysis carried out suggests that fault
location on move bonded cables isn't a discipline that is
studied in element. only few courses are available whilst
thinking about both impedance and journeying wave-based
strategies. The publications which are available are centred
on very quick traces wherein the strains within the Danish
grid might be significant longer. using synthetic intelligence
for fault vicinity is a highly new vicinity of research and is
specially centred on OHL systems. furthermore, now not a
lot research that research the special conditions for go
bonded cable system below faulted situations is posted.
Conclusions This paper proposes and discusses extended Initially all three connected LED’s to corresponding wires
impedance based totally fault region formula for are on indicating the system is in Stable Condition .
underground distribution systems. The method makes use of
as input records, local voltages and currents, measured at one
terminal (substation) and is developed for unmarried line-to- Type Condition
ground and 3-phase
Red ON
faults. A capacitive present day repayment manner is
proposed to recollect underground cable’s usual Green ON
characteristic. moreover, the fault region scheme is Yellow ON
appropriate for grounded frequent balanced or unbalanced
distribution systems with laterals branches and intermediate
masses. Check consequences exhibit an accurate and sturdy
fault region method. The method overall performance is
independent of the fault resistance and distance values.
machine topology, concerning the life of lateral branches,
may additionally affect the fault distance estimate accuracy
level. however, even inside the worst simulated check
conditions, the method received encouraging consequences.
The assessment with a recently posted impedance-based
totally fault location approach demonstrates the accuracy
enhancements .
V. RESULTS
Whenever there is no fault in the underground cable, it
displays on LCD that the system is in “NO FAULT” by
indication. When a fault occurs on the line, it displays the t
circuit fault. Also an SMS is sent by using GSM System to
the registered user for alerting purpose. Once the fault is
cleared, it displays on LCD again as “good condition” which
automatically sends SMS indicating that the fault is cleared..
After getting the fault location data it is sent to mobile
number using GSM module. The SMS includes distance of
location and its coordinates as link and using this link the
fault location can be clearly monitored .
This is the Condition when Fault is Occurred at one of the
line which is indicated by yellow line in “OFF”
condition .And other two are ON Correspondingly LCD also
displays location at which fault is occurred via IOT
application notification and buzzer at Control Room .
Type Condition
Red ON
Green ON
Yellow OFF
VI . CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the objectives of this project are
achieved. The first objective is to
develop a portable detector for exact fault location
and distance fault.
Thus, the project on IOT based Underground cable
fault distance locator was done and the fault occurs
in cable was display in terms of distance from the base
station in kilometres. Circuit can be tested with
creating fault manually with the help of switches. Here
we used resistors in place of the cables to simulate
various fault conditions. In this project we can detect
fault if the distance is greater than 1km up to
4km.When fault is occurs the fault switches are
operated then the phase related to that particular
switch is considered as the faulty phase. So, the faulty
section can easily be detected. We developed the
prototype model and in future the same can be
implemented to product level. For any product to be
cost effective user friendly and compact. In future we
can use the capacitance to measure the open circuit
fault occur in cables.
Also we can Conclude that PC817 Ic does the work of
Isolation as parameter vary accordingly .
VII. REFERENCES
[1] “Detection of Underground cable fault using
Arduino and GSM module”, P. Hari chandana, M.
Venkataramana,K
[2] I. Journal, O. F. Engineering, U. Cable, F.
Distance, and L. By, “International journal of
engineering sciences & research technology
underground cable fault distance locator by using
microcontroller,” vol. 9655, pp. 26–29, 2016.
[3] Yu Xiang and Joseph F.G. Cobben(2015) ‘A
Bayesian Approach for Fault Location in Medium
Voltage Grids With Underground Cables’- IEEE
Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal,
Volume 2, No. 4, December 2015.
[4] Tijjani Nabeel Aminu;Nasir A. Algeelani;Samer
A. Algailani;Ali Ahmed Salem, “Arduino based
Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator:Hardware
Design” in July 2021.
[5] K., Padmanaban; G., Sanjana Sharon; K.,
Vishnuvarthini, "Detection of Underground cable
fault using Arduino".
[6] Victory, Itodo Friday, "Design And Construction
Of Digital Underground Cable Fault Locator,"
University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State,
Nigeria, February, 2012. [7] P.S. Pooja . M. Lekshmi,
"Fault Detection and Technique to Pinpoint Incipient
Fault for Underground Cables," International Journal
of Engineering Research and General Science, vol. 3,
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[8] M. Dhekale P. , S. Bhise S. , R. Deokate N. , Prof.
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