1.Explain the architecture of the lungs as a purification system.
Discuss the different parts of the
human respiratory system and their role in filtering harmful substance and facilitating gas
exchange.
2. Explain the concept of optical corrections for visions problems. Discuss the different types of
refractive errors & the common method of correcting then including eyeglasses, contact lenses &
refractive surgery
3. Explain the structure and design of kingfisher's beak led to bullet trains.
What is lotus leaf effect? Explain the mechanism and application of super Hydrophobic effect.
4.Discuss how bio imaging techniques combined with artificial intelligent can enhance disease
diagnosis, providing examples of their successful applications.(GOOGLE)
Combining bioimaging techniques with artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing disease diagnosis
by enabling faster, more accurate, and more comprehensive analysis of medical images. AI
algorithms can analyze vast datasets, identify subtle patterns, and provide insights that might be
missed by human observation, ultimately leading to earlier and more precise diagnoses.
Enhancement of Disease Diagnosis through AI and Bioimaging:
• Early Disease Detection:
AI can detect subtle abnormalities in medical images that might not be visible to the human eye,
leading to earlier diagnosis of diseases like cancer, cardiovascular issues, and neurodegenerative
disorders.
• Improved Accuracy and Efficiency:
AI algorithms can analyze large amounts of imaging data quickly and consistently, reducing the risk of
diagnostic errors and improving the efficiency of the diagnosis process.
• Personalized Treatment Plans:
By combining imaging data with patient history and genetic information, AI can help create
personalized treatment plans that consider individual patient characteristics and disease features.
• Image Enhancement and Quality Control:
AI can assist in image preprocessing, enhancing image quality and reconstructing images from
incomplete or noisy data, improving overall diagnostic value.
• Image Segmentation and Quantification:
AI can accurately delineate structures of interest within medical images, such as tumors or blood
vessels, enabling more precise targeting for treatment.
Successful Applications of AI and Bioimaging:
• Cancer Detection:
AI has shown great promise in detecting early-stage cancers, including breast cancer
(mammography), lung cancer (CT scans), and colorectal cancer (colonoscopy).
• Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis:
AI algorithms can analyze echocardiograms and other cardiovascular imaging to detect abnormalities
and improve diagnostic accuracy for conditions like heart failure and myocardial infarction.
• Neurodegenerative Disorders:
AI is being used to analyze brain imaging data (MRI, CT) to diagnose and monitor neurodegenerative
diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
• Other Applications:
AI is also being explored in various other areas, such as detecting eye diseases (fundus images),
characterizing liver lesions, and monitoring treatment response.
BATCH 2
1. What are pacemakers? Briefly explain the various kinds of pacemakers.
2.Explain the role of the central nervous system & peripheral nervous system in the human body
and brief about EEG
3. Explain the mechanism of echolocation used by bats and dolphins and evaluate its application in
the development of sonar, ultrasonography and navigation system
4.Compare haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and per fluorocarbons as human blood substitute
and analyse their potential impact on medical treatment
5.Explain the concept of bio concrete and its self- healing properties, and evaluate its potential
impact on the construction industry (GOOGLE)
Bio-concrete is a self-healing concrete technology that utilizes bacteria to repair cracks autonomously
by inducing calcium carbonate precipitation. When cracks form, water and nutrients activate dormant
bacteria, leading them to produce limestone that fills the cracks and restores the structure's
integrity. This self-healing process can significantly impact the construction industry by reducing
maintenance costs and extending the lifespan of concrete structures.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
1. The Self-Healing Mechanism:
• Bacteria Activation:
Special bacteria, often Bacillus species, are incorporated into the concrete mix. These bacteria remain
dormant until activated by moisture and nutrients.
• Crack Formation:
When cracks form in the concrete, water and nutrients from the surrounding environment seep into
the cracks.
• Calcite Production:
The activated bacteria begin to metabolize the nutrients, producing calcium carbonate (calcite) as a
byproduct.
• Crack Filling:
The produced calcite precipitates out of solution and fills the cracks, effectively sealing them and
restoring the concrete's strength and durability.
2. Potential Impact on the Construction Industry:
• Reduced Maintenance Costs:
Self-healing concrete significantly reduces the need for expensive and time-consuming crack repair
work.
• Extended Lifespan of Structures:
By continuously repairing cracks, bio-concrete can extend the lifespan of concrete structures, reducing
the need for replacement or complete reconstruction.
• Increased Durability:
The self-healing process enhances the durability of concrete by preventing the ingress of water and
other damaging elements through cracks.
• Environmental Benefits:
Reducing the need for maintenance and repair translates to lower energy consumption and carbon
emissions associated with construction and demolition.
• Improved Sustainability:
Bio-concrete promotes sustainable construction practices by extending the lifespan of materials and
reducing reliance on new resources.
• Enhanced Safety:
By preventing the progression of cracks, bio-concrete can improve the safety and reliability of concrete
structures, particularly in areas with high seismic or weather activity.
3. Research and Development:
• Ongoing Research:
Researchers are actively investigating different types of bacteria, nutrients, and encapsulation
methods to optimize the self-healing process in bio-concrete.
• Challenges:
While promising, bio-concrete technology faces challenges such as ensuring long-term bacterial
viability, optimizing the healing process, and managing costs for large-scale implementation.
• Future Directions:
Future research will focus on improving the durability and effectiveness of bio-concrete, as well as
exploring its potential for use in various types of concrete structures
