PRELIMINARY REVIEWER: BENL 3.
Early/Emergent literacy: These are behaviors
shown by very young children as they begin to
Literacy - defined as the ability to read, write, speak and
respond to writing and reading activities.
listen in a way that lets us communicate effectively and
• This can be shown thru: pointing to and
make sense of the world.
talking about pictures, turning the pages,
• Acquiring literacy is not a one-off act. Beyond its asking questions
conventional concept as a set of reading, writing • It is all about kids.
and counting skills, literacy is now understood as
a means of identification, understanding, 4. Basic Literacy and Skills: This are the ability to
interpretation, creation, and communication in read, write, and do basic arithmetic.
an increasingly digital, text-mediated, • It pertains to the initial reading and writing
information-rich and fast-changing world. of adults who never went to school.
• Literacy is a continuum of learning and
When it comes to the skills…
proficiency in reading, writing and using
✓ skills needed for reading and writing
numbers throughout life and is part of a larger
✓ phonemic awareness: the awareness of sounds
set of skills, which include digital skills, media
and the ability to hear and play the individual
literacy, education for sustainable development
sounds of language
and global citizenship as well as job-specific
✓ awareness of print: the ability of knowing the
skills.
letters of the alphabet
• The word literacy stemmed from the word
✓ vocabulary: showcases the skills of someone on
literate, which first appeared in the 15th century.
understanding words
• It is derived from the Latin word, literatus
✓ spelling: the arrangement of letters to make a
which means a person who is marked with
word
letters-to interpret, a distinguished or identified
✓ reading comprehension: can read and
as a person who is cultured and educated.
understand the meaning of something he reads
TRADITIONAL LITERACIES
• ability of an individual to read and write NOTE: CONNECTION OF LANGUAGE AND LITERACY;
• being educated 1. Language is the ability to both use and
• equal and quality basic education understand words or signs. It is all about ideas
• even playing field for all passing from one person to another.
• could be referred to as language literacy 2. Literacy is the ability to use and understand
written words or symbols to communicate.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Traditional literacy: It shows the Integration of Having said all of these, how should one see literacy?
listening, speaking, reading, writing, and critical Literacy should be seen as:
thinking. 1. active
2. dynamic
• It includes cultural knowledge for
3. progressive
appropriate social situations.
4. responsive
• It is all about the practice one’s critical
5. expansive
thinking.
Expanded views of literacy
2. Functional literacy: It refers to personal
• Reading provides a way to gather
reflection on what textual and visual
information and to learn about the thoughts,
environments are presuming
opinions, and feelings of others.
• It enables a person to contribute for
• Writing allows students to show what they
community development
know and feel, and to be creative.
• It owns development and community
development
• It is essential that students with combined important in today’s world, where we are constantly
vision and hearing loss receive the tools and surrounded by images and videos. Being visually literate
opportunities they need to maintain and helps us to communicate effect++889ively through
expand their individual literacy skills. design and enables us to be able to analyze visual
• This holds true regardless of where a child or content critically. Visual literacy is particularly important
young adult falls on the literacy in fields such as advertising, marketing, and content
development continuum and calls for creation.
appropriate accommodations and supports
Digital Literacy refers to the ability to use digital
to remain in place throughout and beyond
technologies effectively. In the digital age, we must know
the school years.
how to navigate websites, use search engines, and
communicate through social media. Digital literacy also
21ST CENTURY LITERACY
includes the ability to create digital content, such as blog
The definition of literacy has truly evolved. It is no longer posts, videos, and podcasts. Without this type of literacy,
accurate to say that being able to read and write defines we risk becoming lost in the rapidly advancing digital
an individual as being literate. Instead, it is more accurate world.
to look at the bigger picture. Competency and experience
Audio Literacy refers to the ability to interpret and
in different environments will allow people to become
create audio content. This type of literacy is often
considered literate in today’s standards- (Oxford, 2018).
overlooked, yet it is vital in many industries today.
It's necessary that educators teach their students a new Podcasts, audiobooks, and music are increasingly
definition of what it exactly means to be 21-century popular and require audio literacy to create and
literate and to try new things, and work with students to communicate effectively through sound.
find where learning is most comfortable for them to
Technological Literacy: is the ability to use technology to
succeed (Lynch, 2018).
solve problems and innovate. As technology continues to
Conversely, in 2021 a new definition of literacy and the advance rapidly, this type of literacy has become
essential skills associated with it has emerged. Modern increasingly important. Workers who possess
literacy or 21st Century Literacy is a new definition of technological literacy are in high demand in the tech
literacy for a new century. Since the advent of the digital industry and many more industries that rely on
age, technology and, more importantly, informational technology.
technology has gone through rapid development. People
Spatial Literacy is the ability to understand and interpret
today receive information from a variety of sources and
space and spatial relationships. This type of literacy is
in a variety of mediums. A person must be able to decode
important in fields such as architecture, engineering, and
all this data to effectively participate in our digital age.
urban planning. Spatial literacy also involves being able
People need an additional skill set above and beyond
to read maps and understand spatial information in a
reading and writing. That new skill set can best be
digital context.
described as 21st Century Literacy skills.
The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who
TYPES OF 21ST CENTURY LITERACY
cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn,
Linguistic Literacy refers to the ability to communicate unlearn, and relearn. – Alvin Toffler
effectively through words, both written and spoken. This
While globalization will make the world smaller and more
type of literacy is fundamental to our education system
accessible, we must contribute to appreciate its vibrant
and professional life. Being able to write coherently, edit
diversity. – Jean Philippe Courtois
effectively, and critically analyze literature are crucial to
success in today’s job market. Not only is it crucial in the Era of Technology & Collaboration
workplace, but it is necessary in our personal and social • The world has become smaller
lives as well. • Ideas can be promptly shared and negotiated
with the world.
Visual Literacy is the ability to interpret and create visual
content. This form of literacy is becoming increasingly
• This provided us with massive avenue for 1st – It involves a stretching of social, political, and
communication that has posed tremendous economic activities across political frontiers, regions, and
opportunities and diverse challenges alike to the continents.
education movement, especially in pedagogy.
2nd – It suggests the intensification, or the growing
1. school
magnitude of interconnectedness and flows of trade and
2. teachers
investment, finance, migration, culture etc.
3. learners
3rd –The growing extensity, intensity, and velocity of
The challenge here is while we savor and address the
global interconnectedness can be linked to a speeding up
needs of the global market, there is a corresponding
global interactions and processes, as the evolution of
responsibility for us to continue to preserve and even
world-wide systems of transport and communication
promote our respective culture.
increases the velocity of the diffusion of ideas, goods,
1. Heritage
information, capital, and people.
2. Tradition
3. Language 4th – The growing extensity, intensity, velocity of global
4. Songs & literature interconnectedness can be associated with their
deepening impact such that the effects of distant events
GLOBALIZATION VS. LOCALIZATION can be highly significant elsewhere and even the most
local developments may come to have enormous global
Cole (2018) shared that according to sociologists,
consequences.
globalization is an ongoing process that involves
interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, THE BEAUTY OF DIVERSITY: MULTICULTURAL LITERACY
and political spheres of society. He added that culturally,
it refers to the global spread and integration of ideas, How Multiculturalism Emerged
values, norms, behaviors, and ways of life. Politically, it 1950’s: Council on International Educational Exchange
refers to the development of forms of governance that was formed
operate at the global scale whose policies and rules 1960’s & 1970’s: Decades of protest and the struggles for
cooperative nations are expected to abide. equality.
Late 1970’s –1980’s: Multiculturalism had gained
According to Stiglitz (2002), globalization is the closer
significance.
integration of the countries and peoples of the world
1990’s: Multicultural education emerged with
brought about by enormous reduction of costs of
realizations that the society is not monocultural.
transportation and communication, and the breaking
down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services,
What is Multiculturalism
capital, knowledge, and people across borders.
Co-existence of diverse cultures: in a society in which
Beck (2000), defined globalization as a process through citizens have equal rights and opportunities, and none is
which transactional actors undermine sovereign national ignored.
states with varying prospect of power, direction, Product of Globalization: it can take place on a
identifies, and network. nationwide scale or within a nation’s communities
Held et al. (1999), defined globalization as one captures
Definitions may differ according to the reference made
elements of widespread perception that there is a
to such as:
broadening, deepening, and speeding up of world-wide
1. Demography of the country
interconnectedness in all aspects of life, from the cultural
2. Normative Ideological Aspect
to the political, the financial to the environmental.
3. Political policy-program incorporating ethnic
He added that globalization can carefully be conceived as diversity.
a process which embodies a transformation in the spatial
organization of social relations and transactions,
generating transcontinental or interregional flows and Melting Pot Theory: Immigrant groups will tend to “melt
networks of activity, interaction, and power. together,” abandoning their individual cultures
Kinds: gender, social class, age, disability, religion,
Salad Bowl Theory: Immigrant groups will tend to “melt sexuality etc.
together,” abandoning their individual cultures People HOW?????
coexist but retain at least some of the unique 1. Cooperative rather than competition
characteristics of their traditional culture. 2. Experience equal status
3. Sanctioned by authorities such as parents,
Banks (1996): highlights the importance of diversity, principals, and teachers.
equity and social justice to promote and increase cultural
awareness and appreciation Empowering School Culture and Social Structure 05
❑ Restructuring the culture and organization of the
Bouette (2006): brings attention to diversity, equity and school
social justice to foster cultural awareness by addressing ❑ Based on mutual reciprocal respect.
difficult issues like discrimination and oppression
towards other ethnicities. Ways:
(1) curriculum reformation
Importance of Multicultural Literacy (2) teacher’s self-transformation
• Examine Cultural and Social Biases:
Ethnocentrism vs. Cultural Relativism MULTICULTURAL LITERACY IN THE PH EDUC. SYSTEM
• Master key theoretical concepts: Mother-Tongue Based Multilingual Education (MTB-
New ways of thinking, transform knowledge and MLE): serve learners of non-dominant language
allows sharing of experiences. communities who do not understand or speak the
language of instruction when they begin their formal
Promote Diversity, Inclusivity and Peace: education.
• Acceptance not tolerance
• Resolving conflicts Indigenous People Education (IPE): focuses on teaching
• Cure ignorance Indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content
within formal or nonformal educational systems.
DIMENSIONS OF MULTICULTURALISM
CONTENT INTEGRATION 01 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
❑ teachers use examples and content from a variety of • Availability of teaching resources, teachers and
cultures and groups curriculum preparation
❑ illustrate key concepts, generalization, and issues • Nationalistic and Rationalistic Pushback
within their subject area or discipline • Conflicting Requirements for Peace
KNOWLEDGE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 02 Ending Quotes: No culture can live if it attempts to be
❑ teaching activities and techniques exclusive “Mahatma Gandhi”
❑ help students to understand, investigate, and
determine how the implicit cultural assumptions
influence the way in which knowledge is constructed.
HOW?????
1. Less teachers talk, more students talk
2. Teachers tell and facilitate, students construct
knowledge
Prejudice Reduction 03
Prejudice: preconceived opinion on a particular group of
people without knowledge nor experience.
