Using OOP Concepts in Selenium Framework
Encapsulation
Where: In the Page Object Model (POM), encapsulation is used by making web
elements private and exposing public methods to interact with them.
Benefit: Improves security and prevents accidental manipulation of page elements.
public class LoginPage {
private WebDriver driver;
private By username = By.id("username");
private By password = By.id("password");
private By loginButton = By.id("login");
public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
}
public void enterUsername(String user) {
driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(user);
}
public void enterPassword(String pass) {
driver.findElement(password).sendKeys(pass);
}
public void clickLogin() {
driver.findElement(loginButton).click();
}
}
Without Encapsulation (Risk):
public class LoginPage {
public WebDriver driver;
public By username = By.id("username");
public By password = By.id("password");
public By loginButton = By.id("login");
public void clickLogin() {
driver.findElement(loginButton).click();
}
}
LoginPage loginPage = new LoginPage();
loginPage.username = By.id("newUsername"); // Risk of accidental change
Inheritance
Where: Use a BaseClass to initialize WebDriver and common methods. Test classes
inherit from it.
Benefit: Code reusability, better management, and reduced duplication.
Base Class (BaseClass):
public class BaseClass {
protected WebDriver driver;
public void initializeDriver(String browser) {
if (browser.equalsIgnoreCase("chrome")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path/to/chromedriver");
driver = new ChromeDriver();
} else if (browser.equalsIgnoreCase("firefox")) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "path/to/geckodriver");
driver = new FirefoxDriver();
}
driver.manage().window().maximize();
}
public void openURL(String url) {
driver.get(url);
}
public void tearDown() {
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
Test Class (LoginTest):
public class LoginTest extends BaseClass {
@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
initializeDriver("chrome");
openURL("https://example.com/login");
}
@Test
public void testLogin() {
LoginPage loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);
loginPage.enterUsername("testUser");
loginPage.enterPassword("testPassword");
loginPage.clickLogin();
}
@AfterMethod
public void tearDown() {
super.tearDown();
}
}
Method Overriding
Where: Override methods in child classes to provide custom functionality.
Benefit: Allows specific pages to modify base behavior (e.g., custom wait times).
BasePage:
public class BasePage {
protected WebDriver driver;
protected WebDriverWait wait;
public BasePage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
this.wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
}
public void waitForElementVisible(By locator) {
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator));
System.out.println("BasePage: Waiting for element visibility using default
10-second wait.");
}
}
DashboardPage (Overriding):
public class DashboardPage extends BasePage {
public DashboardPage(WebDriver driver) {
super(driver);
}
@Override
public void waitForElementVisible(By locator) {
WebDriverWait customWait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
customWait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator));
System.out.println("DashboardPage: Waiting for element visibility using custom
20-second wait.");
}
public void openReportsSection() {
By reportsSection = By.id("reports");
waitForElementVisible(reportsSection);
driver.findElement(reportsSection).click();
}
}
Method Overloading
Where: Use multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.
Benefit: Simplifies handling different types of inputs or optional behaviors.
BasePage with Overloaded Methods:
public class BasePage {
protected WebDriver driver;
public BasePage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
}
public void enterText(By locator, String text) {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(locator);
element.clear();
element.sendKeys(text);
System.out.println("Entered text: " + text);
}
public void enterText(By locator, int number) {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(locator);
element.clear();
element.sendKeys(String.valueOf(number));
System.out.println("Entered number: " + number);
}
public void enterText(By locator, String text, boolean clearField) {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(locator);
if (clearField) {
element.clear();
}
element.sendKeys(text);
System.out.println("Entered text with clear option: " + text);
}
}
Usage in RegistrationPage:
public class RegistrationPage extends BasePage {
private By usernameLocator = By.id("username");
private By ageLocator = By.id("age");
private By emailLocator = By.id("email");
public RegistrationPage(WebDriver driver) {
super(driver);
}
public void registerUser(String username, int age, String email) {
enterText(usernameLocator, username);
enterText(ageLocator, age);
enterText(emailLocator, email, false);
}
}
Interface
WebDriver Interface:
public class BrowserTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path/to/chromedriver");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://example.com");
System.out.println("Page Title: " + driver.getTitle());
driver.quit();
}
}
Key Points:
● WebDriver is an interface implemented by ChromeDriver, FirefoxDriver, etc.
● Demonstrates polymorphism.
● Allows flexibility to switch browsers easily.
ITestListener Interface: Used for test reporting and event handling in TestNG.
public class CustomListener implements ITestListener {
public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
System.out.println("Test started: " + result.getName());
}
// Other overridden methods like onTestSuccess, onTestFailure etc.
}
Abstraction
Where: Abstract away Selenium code inside reusable methods in POM classes or
utility classes.
Benefit: Hides implementation details from test classes and promotes cleaner test
code.
Example:
public abstract class AbstractPage {
protected WebDriver driver;
public AbstractPage(WebDriver driver) {
this.driver = driver;
}
public abstract void navigateToPage();
}
public class HomePage extends AbstractPage {
public HomePage(WebDriver driver) {
super(driver);
}
@Override
public void navigateToPage() {
driver.get("https://example.com/home");
}
}
Usage:
HomePage home = new HomePage(driver);
home.navigateToPage();
This demonstrates abstraction by exposing only the navigateToPage method
while hiding how the navigation is actually done.
