2.

Macromolecules

Five-choice Association
(This type of question consists of a list of lettered headings followed by a list of numbered words or phrases. For
each numbered word or phrase, select the one heading which is most closely related to it.)

A. [α-32P] dCTP
B. [β-32P] UDP
C. [γ-32P] ATP
D. [3H] Uridine
E. None of them

1.___ It is suitable for radioactive labelling of DNA molecules in an in vitro reaction.

2.___ It is suitable for radioactive labelling of proteins in an in vitro phosphorylation
reaction.
3.___ It is a suitable substrate to study the RNA synthesis of cells by microscopic
autoradiography.

Multiple Completion
(A question or incomplete statement is followed by four numbered completions, one or more of which are correct.
Select: A: if 1, 2 and 3 are correct;
B: if 1 and 3 are correct;
C: if 2 and 4 are correct;
D: if only 4 is correct;
E: if all four are correct.)

4.___ It causes a disease in mice:

1. Pneumococcus S variant
2. Heat-inactivated Pneumococcus R variant + Live Pneumococcus S variant
3. Heat-inactivated Pneumococcus S variant + Live Pneumococcus R variant
4. Pneumococcus R variant

5.___ It contains a free 3’-OH group:

1. cAMP
2. dATP
3. ddATP in Sanger’s sequencing mixtures
4. AMP
 6.___ It contains one phosphorous atom:

1. cGMP
2. Guanosine
3. ddGMP
4. Guanine

7.___ It contains glucose:

1. Glucocorticoids
2. Amylopectin
3. mRNA
4. Lactose

8.___ Which of the following chemical groups may occur in a protein isolated from a
mammalian cell?

1. COOH-group
2. SH-group
3. NH2-group
4. OH-group

9.___ Which of the following statements is/are true for glycolipids?

1. They are located in the outer layer of the cell membrane projecting
towards the extracellular matrix.
2. They include steroid hormones.
3. They contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
4. Sphingomyelins belong to this group.

10.___ Which of the following chemical bonds stabilize(s) the secondary structure of
proteins?
1. disulphide-bond
2. ionic bond
3. van der Waals interactions
4. hydrogen-bond

11.___ What are the consequences of DNA denaturation?

1. the molecule’s ultraviolet-light absorption increases
2. the double helical structure of DNA is destroyed
3. the density of DNA increases
4. the molecule’s phosphodiester bonds become destroyed
Five-choice Completion
(This type of question consists of a question or incomplete statement followed by five suggested answers or
completions. Select the one best answer.)

12.___ It is present in all types of viruses:

A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Protein
D. Phospholipid bilayer
E. Monosaccharide

13.___ This bond is usually the target of protease enzymes (protein breakdown enzymes):

A.  14 glycosidic bond

B. peptide bond
C. 3’ - 5’ phosphodiester bond
D. 5’ - 3’ phosphodiester bond
E. None of the above.

14.___ What could prove that the DNA is the genetic material, and not proteins?

A. Bacterium transformation experiment

B. Transfection experiments
C. Phage infection experiment
D. A+B+C
E. None of the above

15.___ To which carbon atom is the phosphate group bound in the nucleoside?
A. 1’
B. 3’
C. 4’
D. 5’
E. to none of the above

16.___ Which of the following statements is NOT true for RNA molecules?
A. their maximal light absorption is measured at 260 nm
B. self-complementary hairpin motifs can be found in their secondary
structure
C. they can have enzymatic activity
D. upon the addition of formaldehyde they become hydrolysed
E. none of the above
17.___ It denatures DNA:
A. 96 %-ethanol
B. trichloro-acetic acid
C. urea
D. acetic acid
E. none of the above

Four-choice Association
(In this type of question a set of lettered headings is followed by a list of numbered words or phrases.
Select: A: if the word or phrase is associated with A only;
B: if the word or phrase is associated with B only;
C: if the word or phrase is associated with A and B;
D: if the word or phrase is associated with neither A nor B.)

A. cAMP
B. ATP
C. Both of them
D. Neither of them
18.___ Phosphoanhydride bond is present in this molecule.
19.___ There is a phosphodiester bond in this molecule.
20.___ It is generated only in eukaryotes.
21.___ It contains a free 3’OH group.

A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Both of them
D. Neither of them

22.___ Its double stranded regions are antiparallel.

23.___ It can store genetic information.
24.___ It is present in the nucleus.
25.___ It contains purine bases.
26.___ An OH-group is attached to the sugar’s 2’-carbon atom in this molecule.
 A. Phosphodiester bond
B. Peptide bond
C. Both of them
D. Neither of them

27.___ It is formed between the  and  phosphate groups of nucleotides.

28.___ It is present in lactose.
29.___ It is always present in tRNA.
30.___ It is present in cyclic AMP (cAMP).
31.___ It can be destroyed by hydrolysis.

A. GAG (glycosaminoglycan)
B. Sphingomyelin
C. Both of them
D. Neither of them
32.___ It contains nitrogen.
33.___ This belongs to lipids.
34.___ It consists of repeated disaccharide units.
35.___ It contains peptide bonds.

Variation Relationship
(This type of question consists of pairs of phrases which describe conditions or quantities which may or may not
vary in relation to each other.
Select: A: if increase in the first is accompanied by increase in the second or if decrease in the first
is accompanied by decrease in the second;
B: if increase in the first is accompanied by decrease in the second or if decrease in the
first is accompanied by increase in the second;
C: if changes in the second are independent of changes in the first.)

36.___ A: The percentage of G-C base pairs in a double stranded DNA molecule.
B: The ratio of single- and double stranded regions in the same molecule at its
melting point.

37.___ A: The density of double stranded DNA.

B: The melting point of the same DNA molecule.

38.___ A: The number of Adenine bases in a single stranded DNA molecule.

B: The number of Thymine bases in the same single stranded DNA molecule.
Study the following figure showing the hyperchromicity curve of a molecule and answer
the related questions!

Quantitative Comparison

(In this type of question paired statements describe two entities that are to be compared in a quantitative sense.
Select: A: if A is greater than B;
B: if B is greater than A;
C: if the two are equal or very nearly equal.)

39.___ A: The density of the molecule at point „A”.

B: The density of the molecule at point „B”.

40.___ A: The amount of phosphodiester bonds in the whole sample at point “A”.
B: The amount of phosphodiester bonds in the whole sample at point “B”.

41.___ A: The amount of hydrogen bonds in the molecule at point “A”.

B: The amount of hydrogen bonds in the molecule at point “B”.
Multiple Completion
(A question or incomplete statement is followed by four numbered completions, one or more of which are correct.
Select: A: if 1, 2 and 3 are correct;
B: if 1 and 3 are correct;
C: if 2 and 4 are correct;
D: if only 4 is correct;
E: if all four are correct.)

42.___ The figure may show the characteristics of the following molecule(s):

1. nuclear DNA
2. circular DNA from E. coli
3. mitochondrial DNA
4. DNA-RNA hybrid

43.___ Based on the figure the following characteristic(s) of the molecule can be
determined:

1. The single- or double-stranded nature of the molecule.

2. The exact number of purine bases in the molecule.
3. The melting point of the molecule.
4. The size of the molecule.

Five-choice Completion
(This type of question consists of a question or incomplete statement followed by five suggested answers or
completions. Select the one best answer.)

44.___ The melting point of the molecule is shown by:

A. point “A”
B. point “B”
C. point “C”
D. point “D”
E. point “E”

45.___ The Y-axis (vertical axis) shows the following:

A. The temperature of the sample in ºC (Celsius-degree).

B. The GC content of the sample in %.
C. The extent of denaturation in percentage.
D. The UV light absorption of the sample at 280 nm.
E. None of the above.
Correct answers:

1. A 11. A 21. B 31. C 41. A

2. C 12. C 22. C 32. C 42. E
3. D 13. B 23. C 33. B 43. B
4. A 14. D 24. C 34. A 44. E
5. C 15. E 25. C 35. D 45. C
6. B 16. D 26. B 36. C
7. C 17. C 27. D 37. A
8. E 18. B 28. D 38. C
9. B 19. A 29. A 39. B
10. D 20. D 30. A 40. C

Supported by a grant from the European Union (TÁMOP-4.1.1.C-13/1/KONV-2014-

0001).