Maa Shakumbhari University, Saharanpur

Syllabus of M.Sc. Botany (CBCS)

(B.Sc. in Research- Botany)

(As per the Guidelines of U.P. Government according to

National Education Policy (NEP) - 2020 w.e.f. Session 2023-2024)
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Members from the Board of Studies (BOS):

S.No. Name Signature

1. Prof. Sanjeev Kumar, Department of Botany, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Muzaffarnagar (Convener)

2. Prof. Ritu Agarwal, Department of Botany, M.S. College, Saharanpur (Member)

3. Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Department of Botany, VSP Govt. (P.G.)College,Kairana, Shamli (Member)

4. Dr. Yogendra Kumar, Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College Nanauta, Saharanpur (Member)

5 Prof. Rup Narayan, Department of Botany, CCSU, Meerut (External Expert)

6 Prof. Alok Srivastava, Department of Plant Science, MJPRU, Bareilly (External Expert)
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Subject Prerequisites: Students must have passes Bachelor of Science in Botany (or Botany as one of the subjects)/Plant
Sciences/Biosciences/Life Sciences from any recognized University equivalent with 55% aggregate.

Course Structure: The courses will be based on Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) structure developed by the
University. There will be four compulsory or elective core courses of Botany in each semester. Apart from these, one
minor elective course of other faculty is to be chosen by a student in the first year of M.Sc. (Botany). In each semester,
there will be one research project of 04 credits.

Programme (M. Sc.) Objectives:

This programme has been designed to train and enable students to understand the relationship between science and
society as well as logical, scientific and ethical issues related to science. In addition to this, the students will be able to
think critically for the formulation of hypotheses and experimental designing based on the scientific method, which will
make the students readily employable in various streams of teaching, research, civil services and in industries.

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs): After completing M.Sc. (with Botany), the following will be the PSOs

PSO-1: It is expected that after successfully completing M.Sc. Botany, students will develop deeper theoretical &
Practical knowledge of different branches of Botany like Phytotecniques, Plant taxonomy, Anatomy, Mycology,
Microbiology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Cell biology, Genetics, Molecular biology, Medicinal Botany, Pharmacognosy,
Environmental issues etc, making them capable of understanding the societal, environmental issues, demands and their
solutions.

PSO-2: This program has a strong theoretical basis that will help students in evolutionary relationship of lower and
higher plants by using the key characters which is expected from a student of Botany to support the other branches of
knowledge related to plants.

PSO-3: Many of the courses in the programme have been carefully designed that will help the students for qualifying
competitive exams like IAS, IFS, CSIR NET, SET, TGT, PGT and to write research proposals for grants.

PSO-4: Continuous internal assessment provides ample opportunity to the students for improvement after every
evaluation. Seminar and field visits system grooms the personality of the students and enables them to present oneself
with confidence, develop a reasonably well compiled content and discuss. Assignments enable the students to compile
the solutions of the given problems with optimal discussion.

PSO-5: In each semester of the programme, each student is given research project of their own choice to allow
students to understand various steps of solving a research problem. Thus, this programme will help to develop
research aptitude at PG level with identification of gaps in knowledge and relevance of their solutions for the
society.

PSO-6: The student completing the course will be capable of executing research projects

Examination Pattern
Internal Examination
1. One written Test of 10 Marks + 5 Marks Quiz).
2. Five Marks for Class Seminar and 5 Marks of Assignment
External Examination: Written Examination of 75 Marks of 3 Hours Duration.
External Examination Pattern
Unit-I: Attempt all 10 questions. Each question carries 2 Marks.
Unit-II: Attempt any Five out of eight. Each question carries 5 Marks.
Unit-III: Attempt any Three out of Five questions. Each question carries 10 Marks.
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LIST OF PAPERS IN ALL FOUR SEMESTERS

Core External
Semester
Theory/ Minimum
Year

Course Compulsory/ Internal Marks Total Teaching

Course Title Practical/ Credits
Code Elective/Value Marks (Min Marks Marks Hours
Added Project Marks) (Int+Ext)

Diversity of Algae & Core

0720401 Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Bryophytes Compulsory
0720402 Diversity of Pteridophytes, Core Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Gymnosperms & Compulsory
Paleobotany
Semester- VII as per NEP-2020/ Semester-I

0720403 Morphology and Taxonomy Core Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

of Angiosperms Compulsory

0720404 Biology and diversity of Core Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

Microbes Compulsory
Practical Lab (Based on the Core
0720480 Practical 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
contents of Theory Courses) Compulsory
0720460 Botanical Excursion Core
Project 4 25 75(30) 100 40 60
/Research Project-I Compulsory
(Submission of report &
Specimen)
Year-4 as per NEP-2020/ Year-I

Any One of the following: Minor-Elective

& Value added
0720450 (i)Wonders of Plants Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
(for other
0720451 (ii)Bio-fertilizers faculty)
Core
0820401 Genetics & Plant Breeding Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Compulsory
Core
0820402 Cell and Molecular Biology Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Compulsory
Ecology and Core
0820403 Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Semester- VIII as per NEP-2020/ Semester-II

Phytogeography Compulsory
Any One of the following:
0820404 (i) Fungi and Plant Core Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Pathology
Compulsory

0820405 (ii) Anatomy and Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

Embryology of Angiosperms
Practical Lab (Based on the Core
0820480 Practical 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
contents of Theory Courses) Compulsory
0820465 Industrial Training/Research Core Project 4 25 75(30) 100 40 60
Project-II Compulsory

Project-I + Project-II Core Viva-

8 50 150(60) 200 80 120
Compulsory Voce
Minor-Elective
& Value added
0820450 Herbal Products Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
(for other
faculty)
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0920401 Plant soil water relations, Core Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

Growth and Development Compulsory

Core
Semester- IX as per NEP-2020/ Semester-III
0920402 Photochemistry and Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Compulsory
Metabolism
Any Two of the following:
Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
0920403 (i) Stress Physiology

0920404 (ii) G e n e t i c Core Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

Engineering Compulsory
0920405 (iii) Biodiversity, conservation Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
and Plant resources
0920406 (iv) Pharmacognosy Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Practical Lab (based on the Core
0920480 Practical 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Year-5 as per NEP-2020/ Year-II

contents of Theory Courses) Compulsory

0920461 Research Project-III Core Project 4 25 75(30) 100 40 60
Compulsory
1020401 Any Four of the following: Elective 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
(i)Biotechnology & Plant
Tissue Culture

1020402 (ii) Bio entrepreneurship and Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

Innovation
1020403 (iii) r- DNA Technology Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Semester- X as per NEP-2020/ Semester-IV

1020404 (iv) Elementary Knowledge of Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

Elective
Computes and Bioinformatics
1020405 (v) Biophysics Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60

(vi) Industrial
1020406 Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Microbiology
1020407 (vii) Phyto-techniques and Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Biostatistics
1020408 (viii) Economic Botany and Theory 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
Food Security
Practical Lab (Based on the Core
1020480 Practical 4 25 75(25) 100 40 60
contents of Theory Courses) Compulsory

1020461 Research Project-IV Core Project 4 25 75(30) 100 40 60

Compulsory
Project-III + Project-IV Core Viva- 8 50 150(60) 200 80 120
Compulsory Voce
11202041 Pre PhD-Course work
11202042
11202043

The types of paper, number of papers, credit for each semester and research project semester wise, as per guidelines of
UP state govt. letter no. 401/sattar-3-2022, dated February 09,2022, as a part of NEP-2020 implementation in U.P.
universities, have been prepared as above.
The maximum and minimum marks for each Theory paper, Practical papers (internal & external) and projects have been
finalized according to the letter number-1032/sattar-3-2022-8(35)/2020, dated 9 February, 2022. The basic structure of
the programme related to types of paper, number of papers, credit etc. have been finalized according to the letter of
government dated July 13, 2021.
Core Compulsory Courses: These are main (major) courses of the subject which every student has to study who has
taken admission in PG (First and Second Year).
Core Elective Courses: These are full major courses of the subject/programme.
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There courses will select by the students in 1/2/3/4 (or 7/8/9/10 in case of integrated PG) Semesters. The Botany
department of university/colleges will run these courses in their department/colleges according to their resources/
specialization of teacher and students may opt them according to their choice.
Minor Electives: Some of the above courses, or any other such course developed by BoS, can be taken as Minor
electives by the students of other Faculty, for multi-disciplinarily.
Value added course: Some of the above courses, or any other such course developed by BoS, can be taken as Value
Added course (Minimum 2 Credits/ 30 Hours) by the students of other Faculty/ Subject, for value addition, besides the
courses which are not part of the curriculum/mark sheet of the Botany students are opted by the students of the Botany
can be treated as an add-on to the basic requirement for compilation of a degree programme.
Marks Distribution and Teaching hours The marks distribution for each core and elective will be as Maximum marks:
100 (Internal assessment 25 marks + External Assessment 75 marks). Teaching hours for each of the course will be
60 hours. E xamination of each paper shall be of 3 Hours (Theory) and 4 Hours (Practical) The distribution of
Internal Marks will be as follows

For Practical the distribution of marks Marks

will be as follow Internal Assessment
Practical Class Interaction 5
Viva voce 4
Two practical based exercises 7 (4+3)
Charts/model/ Collection 8
Total 25

For External practical examination the Marks

distribution of marks will be as follow
External Assessment
Viva Voce on Practical’s 10
Report of Botanical Excursion/ Lab 10
Visits/Industrial training/ Survey/Collection/
Models with reports
Table work / Experiments 45
Practical Record File 10
Total 75

Research Project:
B.Sc. IV year will be equivalent to M.Sc. 1st year. At the end of the 2nd (even) semester (B.Sc. VIII semester or MSc
IInd semester) & 4th/10th semester (M.Sc.), the candidate will submit a research project, which will be evaluated by an
external examiner & internal supervisor along with a presentation and viva-voce examination.
In Fourth year (B.Sc.) or MSc first year and Fifth year (MSc final) the topic of the research project will be chosen from
among the core compulsory courses/core elective courses of that year.
In each semester, each student will work 4 hour/ week/ semester for 4 credits. In this way a project work will be of 8
credits (i.e., 16 credits for two years).
Research project may be interdisciplinary/ multidisciplinary. It may be an industrial training/ internship/ survey work.
Research project will be done under the guidance of the faculty member (s) preferably having PhD degree. For this a co-
supervisor may be chosen from a university, college, industry, research institute etc.
The research project will be of 100 marks. If any student publishes a research paper from his/her research project in a
UGC care listed/ Scopus indexed or Thomson Reuters, then he/she will get 25 extra marks (although maximum marks
will not exceed more 100). The marks obtained in research project will be coded in grades and they will be counted in the
calculation of CGPA.
Credits: MSc Programme will be run semester wise and choice-based credit system.
MSc Ist year or B.Sc. 4th year will be of 52 credits whereas MSc 2nd year will be of 48 credits.
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Each semester will be of 20 credits of courses (4 theory+1 practical, each will be of 4 credits) and thus the credits of two
years (4 semesters) will be 80 credits. A project work will be of 8 credits (i.e. 16 credits for two years). In other words it
will be of 4 credits/semester i.e. a total of 16 credits.
A minor elective will be of 4 credits.
Thus M.Sc Programme will be of 100 credits (52+48).

DETAILED SYLLABUS
Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: First
Subject: Botany
Course Code: : 0720401 Course Title: Diversity of Algae, & Bryophytes

Objectives: To study structure, reproduction, phylogeny and inter-relationships of Algae, Bryophyta.

Course Outcomes:
1. Students will have clear idea of the characteristics of the lower plant groups (Algae and Bryophytes).
2. Concepts in the evolution of plants and application will be clear to students.

Credits: Core: Compulsory

4
Max. Marks: Minimum Passing Marks:
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0
Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers,
I research developments, opportunities, institutions and journals. 8
Classification and salient features of different classes of Algae.
II Algal pigments, food reserves, flagellation and their importance in 12
classification.
Thallus organization, reproduction and life cycle patterns.
Economic importance of algae as food, feed, source of chemicals and
drugs, Algal biofertilizers, uses in industry and Algal blooms.
Comparative study of classes of Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae and
Bacillariophyceae, with reference to:
III a. Range of structure of plant body including ultrastructure. 12
b. Methods of reproduction.
c. Variation in life cycles.
Comparative study of Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae with reference to:
IV a. Range of structure of plant body. 12
b. Range of mode of reproduction.
C. Variation in life cycles.
Classification of Bryophytes and their distribution in India.
V Range of thallus structure (plant body) and anatomy in Bryophytes (with 8
suitable examples)
A general account of Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, Anthocerotales,
Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales.
Evolutionary tendencies in sporophytes of Bryophytes (Progressive
VI 8
sterilization of sporogenous tissue)
Reproduction, life history, Inter-relationship, affinities of various groups of
Bryophytes.
Ecology and economic importance of Bryophytes.
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Suggested Readings:
1. Bold, H.C. and Wynne, M. J. (1985). Introduction to the algae; Structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall,
Englewood cliffs, New Jersey. 16
2. Cavers, F. (1976). The inter relationships of the bryophyte. S.R. Technic, Ashok Rajpath, Patna.
3. Chapman, V.J. and Chapman D.J. (1975). The algae. 2nd Edition, Mac. Millan Publ. Inc. New York.
4. Chopra, R. N., and Kumar, P. K. (1988). Biology of Bryophytes. John Wiley and Sons, New York (NY).
5. Desikachary, T.V. (1959). Cyanophyta. ICAR, New Delhi.
6. Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae: An introduction to Phycology. Cambridge
University Press, UK.
7. Kashyap, S. R. (1929). Liverworts of the Western Himalayas and the Punjab Plain. Part1, Chronica Botanica, New
Delhi.
8. Kashyap, S. R. (1932). Liverworts of the western Himalayas and the panjab plain (illustrated). Part 2, the
Chronica Botanica, New Delhi.
9. Parihar, N. S. (1980). Bryophytes: An introduction to Embryophyta.VolI,Bryophyta, Central Book Depot.
10. Puri, P. (1981). Bryophytes: Morphology, Growth and Differentiation. Atmaram and Sons, New Delhi.
11. Prescott, G. W. (1969). The algae: A review. Nelson, London.
12. Round, F.E. (1981). The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: First

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : 0720402 Course Title: Diversity of Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms & Palaebotany

Objectives: To study phylogeny and inter-relationships of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms

Course Outcomes: 1. Students will have clear idea of the characteristics of the lower plant groups.
2. Concepts in the evolution, morphology, reproduction & application of plants will be clear to students.

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory

Max. Marks: ….. Minimum Passing Marks: ….
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0
Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers, research developments, opportunities,
I institutions and journals. 12
Classification of Pteridophytes; specific characters of important classes.
II a. Psilopsida: Psilophytales and Psilotales. 12
b. Lycopsida: Protolepidodendrales, Lepidodendrales, Lepidospermales and
Isoetales.
c. Sphenopsida: Hyeniales, Sphenophyllales and Calamitales.
d. Pteropsida: Coenopteridales, Ophioglossales, Marattiales, Osmundales,
Filicales, Marsileales, Salviniales and Indian Fossils.
Telome concept.
III Stelar system and evolutionary tendencies. 8
Heterospory and evolution of seed habit.
Apogamy, apospory, parthenogenesis.
Soral evolution in Pteridophytes.
Alternation of generations.
.
 9
Classification and distribution of gymnosperms with special reference to India
IV Study of morphology, structure and life history as illustrated by the following: 12
Pteridospermales, Bennettitales, Cycadales, Pentoxylales,Cordaitales, Ginkgoales,
Coniferales, Taxales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales.
Evolution and Economic importance of Gymnosperms. Geological Eras
V and distribution of plants in geological time scale. Types of Fossils, 16
Process of fossilization and fossil preservation methods. Techniques of
study of fossils. Distribution of fossils in India

Suggested Readings:
1. Agashe, S. N. (1995). Paleobotany. Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Arnold, A. C. (2005). An Introduction to Paleobotany. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur.
3. Bhatnagar, S. P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International, New Delhi.
4. Biswas, C. and Johri, B. M. (1997). Gymnosperms. 4 Narosa Publishers, NewDelhi.
5. Parihar, N.S. (1976). Biology and morphology of the Pteidophytes. Central Book Depot.
6. Rashid, A. (1999). An Introduction to Pteridophyta.Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Ramanujan, C.K.G. (1970). Indian Gymnosperms in time and space. Today &Tomorrow ‘s Printers & Publishers.
8. Sporne, K.R. (1965). Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson University Library.
9. Sporne, K.R. (1986). The morphology of Pteridophytes. Hutchinson University Press, London.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: First

Subject: Botany

Course Code: 0720403 Course Title: Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperms

Course Objectives: To acquaint the students about the morphology and taxonomy of angiosperms
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
 Understand the distinctive features of different angiosperms plants.
 Learn about various approaches to classify the angiosperms.
 Learn the practical applications, techniques to preserve the plants.

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Morphology: Morphology of flower, Stamen and Carpel, Floral characteristics,
I structure of the pistil, pollen stigma interactions, Plant adaptation–physiological 12
and their morphological nature (xerophyte, hydrophyte and halophyte)..
Contribution of Plant Taxonomist, Phylogeny, and research developments,
II opportunities, institutions and journals. e-Herbarium, Plant identifications 12
through internet applications.
 10
Need for scientific names, development of botanical code, contents of botanical
code, Ranks and endings provided by the ICN, Typification (Holotype, Isotype,
III Paratype, Syntype, Lectotype, Neotype), Author citation, Publication of Names, 12
Principle of Priority, PhyloCode. Outline of classification of Angiosperms as
proposed by Bentham and Hooker. APG classification system: Basal living
angiosperm, Monocots and Eudicots. Phylogenetic relationships of major
angiosperm clades.
Special features of important families: Monocots (Commelinaceae, Cyperaceae,
Poaceae, Orchidaceae), Eudicots (Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae,
IV Brassicaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, 12
Lythraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae,
Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Acanthaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae,
Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cannabaceae, Moraceae).
Herbarium preparation and use, Virtual Herbarium, Roles of a Botanical Garden,
V Floras, Journals, Taxonomic Keys, DNA Barcoding. Chemotaxonomy, 12
Embryology and Palynology Sieve-tube plastids in relation to taxonomy. Possible
ancestors of Angiosperms.

Suggested Readings:
1. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 3rdedition. 29
2. Jeffrey, C. (1982). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. (2002). Plant Systematics-A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer
Associates Inc., U.S.A. 2nd edition.
4. Maheshwari, J.K. (1963). Flora of Delhi. CSIR, New Delhi. 5. Radford, A.E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics.
Harper and Row, New York

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: First

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : 0720404 Course Title: Diversity of Microbes

Course Objectives: The objective of this course is to make students aware about microbial world and its
diversity along with their skill enhancement in microbial application for human welfare and development.
Course Outcomes: By the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Address the concepts of microbes and their diversity.
2. Evaluate methods for isolation, purification and cultivation of microorganisms from different sources.
3. Understand classification and growth patterns of bacterial cell.
4. Differentiate between virus, viroids, virusoids and prions.
•
Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
 11
Pioneer microbiologists; golden era of microbiology. Research developments,
I opportunities, institutions and journals. Microbes’ identifications through internet 6
applications.

Introduction and general characteristics of Viruses, Classification of plant

viruses. Isolation, purification and characterization of viruses. Replication,
II 12
transmission of viruses, economic importance, symptomatology of plant
viruses. Virus-induced cell transformation, virus-induced cancer.
Cyanobacteria, Viroids, Prions. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria: General
account, ultrastructure, nutrition and reproduction, economic importance.
Plasmids and their characteristics. 16s r-DNA sequencing.
Agricultural Microbiology: Agriculturally important microorganisms,
biological nitrogen fixation, Mycorrhizae, Plant diseases and their biocontrol.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Weed and Pest Biocontrol.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbes and quality of environment. 6
III Microbial degradation of pesticides and hydrocarbons. Biodegradation of the
agricultural residues. Bioremediation of contaminated soils and water.
Microbes in nanotechnology. Biosensors, Biogas Production.
Food and Industrial Microbiology: Fermentation, fermenter design and
growth processes. Food spoilage. Microbes in recovery of metal (bioleaching)
and oil. Cell and enzyme immobilization. Microbial enzymes of industrial
IV 7
interest. Single Cell Protein. Vaccines.

10. Host-parasite interaction: a brief idea of recognition and entry process of

bacteria, viruses into animal & plant-host cells, alteration of host cell. Virus
V induced cancer; bacteria and plant two- component signaling systems; bacterial 7
chemotaxis and quorum sensing. Hormones and their receptors, signaling through
G–protein coupled receptors, regulation of signaling pathways.
11. Innate and adaptive immune system: Types of Immunity, antigens,
antigenicity, structure and function of antibody molecules, monoclonal
VI antibodies, Antigen-antibody interactions (serology), activation & differentiation 10
of B and T Cell, B & T cells receptors, MHC molecules compliment system,
immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and Viral
(HIV) infections, vaccine.
1Isolation, purification and cultivation of microbes.
2. Important criteria used for classifications of microorganisms
(morphological, ecological, biochemical, molecular and numerical).
VII 12
3. Classification of bacteria based on Bergey’s manual of determinative
bacteriology.
4. Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria: Characters, Ultrastructure, nutrition,
genetic recombination (Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation), and
economic importance.
5. Cyanobacteria: salient features and biological importance.

Suggested Readings:
1. Salyers, A. A., Whitt, D. D. (2000). Microbiology: Diversityand the Environment.1st Edition.
2. Pommerville, J. C. (2018). Fundamentals of Microbiology. 11th Edition.
3. Pelczar (Jr.), M. J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N. R. (2016). Microbiology. 5th Edition.
4. Tortora, F. (2017). Microbiology an introduction. 12th edition.
5. Willey, J., Sandman, K., Wood, D. (2020). Prescott's Microbiology. 11th Edition.
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Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: First

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 0727950 Course Title: Wonders of Plants

Course Objectives: The course aims to have understanding of Plant & Religion, strange & Economic important
Plants.

Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
 Learn the basic tools of Botany and apply them in real life problems.
 Plants are wonderful in all walks of life.
.

Credits: 4 Core: Minor-Open Elective

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Plant & Religion: Tree worship in Vedic Period, Puranas, Buddhism & Jainism;
I Plant & Astrology; Sacred Groves; Venerated plants of your locality. Plants in 12
Worship, Myths, and Plants in Epic like Mahabharata, Ramayana.
Plant with Unique Morphology: Welwitschia, Cacti, Orchids, Wolffia, Rafflesia, 12
II Sepria, Sequoia & it allied Taxa, Victoria amazonica, Amorphophallus, Baobab
(Adansonia), Selaginella lepidophylla, Dancing Grass (Desmodium gyrans),
Mimosa pudica; Insectivorous plants (Dionaea, Nepenthes, Drosera, Utricularia
etc. Parasitic Plants.
Economic important Plants: Food, Ornamental, Fibers, Poisonous & Timber
III yielding plants of your Locality. 8

Special pollination mechanisms (Ficus, Calotropis, Ophrys, Salvia), Signature

IV Plants & Plants that thrills (Stimulants, Depressants etc.), Conservation of Rare, 8
Endangered and threatened plants, Exotic & Invasive Plants.
Traditional knowledge and utility of some medicinal plants in India: Neem,
V Curry Patta, Giloe, Kachnar, Arjun, Harad, Bahera, Amla, Amaltas, Banyan, 12
Tussi, Sadabahar and mint. Ayurvedic Products: Triphala, Chyawanprash,
Ghutti, etc
Introduction to Ayurvedic formulations with methods of preparation & Uses:
VI Churna, Vati, Avleh, Asava, Arishta, Taila and Bhasma. 8

Suggested Readings:
1. Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. and Eichhorn, S.E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). New York: W. H.Freemanand Company. 49
2. Sakai, A. and Larcher, W. (1987). Frost Survival of Plants. Springer-Verlag, New YorkNY. 321pp.
3. Kochhar, S.L. (2016). Economic Botany: A Comprehensive Study. Cambridge University Press.
4. Trewavas, A. (2003). Aspects of plant Intelligence.Annals of Botany. 92 (1):1–20.
5. Prance, G.T. (2001). Discovering the plant world. Taxon,50 (2, 4): 345–359.
6.Ayurvedic formulary of India, Govt. of India
7.Pharmacopoeial standards for Ayurvedic formulations CCRAS,Delhi
 13
Programme/Class:M.Sc. Year:First Semester:First
Subject:Botany

CourseCode:::0720451 CourseTitle: Biofertilizers

CourseObjectives:The course aims to have understanding of Sustainable practices of Agriculture

CourseOutcomes:Onsuccessfulcompletionofthiscourse,studentswillbeableto:
 LearnthebasicSustainable practices for enhancing agricultural yield.
 Concepts of Organic farming.
.

Credits:4 Core:Minor-OpenElective
Max.Marks:25+75 MinimumPassingMarks:….

TotalNo.ofLectures-Tutorials-Practical(inhoursperweek):L-T-P:4-0-0
Unit Topics No.ofLectures
General account about the microbes and plants used as biofertilizer: Rhizobium
I 18
(isolation, identification, mass multiplication, carrier based inoculants,
Actinorrhizal symbiosis).
Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculant, 18
II associative effect of different microorganisms. Azotobacter: classification,
characteristics – crop response to Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass
multiplication.
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association,
III nitrogen fixation, factors affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice 18
cultivation. Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy,
occurrence and distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield –
colonization of VAM – isolation and inoculum production of VAM, and its
influence on growth and yield of crop plants.
Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of
IV biodegradable municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes – biocompost making 6
methods, types and method of vermicomposting – field Application.

Suggested Readings:
1. Dubey, R.C., (2005). A Text book of Biotechnology S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
2. Kumaresan, V. (2005). Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
3. John Jothi Prakash, E. (2004). Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay -Publication, New Delhi.
4. Sathe, T.V. (2004). Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
5. Subha Rao, N.S. (2000). Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi.
6. Vayas, S.C., Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. (1998). Bio-fertilizers and organic Farming. Akta Prakashan,
Nadiad.
 14

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: Second

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : 0827901 Course Title: Genetics & Plant Breeding

Course Objectives: The paper will deal with Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance
Course Outcome:
1. This course will provide an understanding of - inheritance of qualitative and quantitative traits.
2. The course will provide an understanding of – fine structure of genes and biochemical genetics
3. The students will be able to learn about – mutations and extra chromosomal inheritance

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory

Max. Marks: ….. Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Contribution of pioneer workers and recent developments, opportunities,
I institutions and journals. 8

Mendel’s Laws of inheritance and modified ratios.

II Allelic and non-allelic interaction of genes. 8
Multiple alleles: alleles, coat color in rodents, blood groups in Humans, self-
incompatibility.

Linkage and crossing over: chromosome mapping, linkage groups, mechanism

III of chromosome pairing and synaptonemal complex. 8
Sex determination in man, Drosophila and plants.
Maternal effects and Extra- nuclear inheritance.
Biochemical genetics, concept of gene.
IV Structural changes in chromosomes: Deficiency, duplication (meiotic pairing 12
& phenotypic effects), Inversions, translocations, (meiotic pairing,
Chromosome disjunction), multiple translocations.
Numerical changes in chromosomes and Haploidy:
a) Euploidy/Polyploidy : Classification, production, role in evolution,
utility in crop improvement.
b) Aneuploidy : Trisomics, tetrasomics, monosomy, multisomy-
Meiotic behaviors, breeding behavior.
c) Apomixis: Cytogenetic basis and types of Apomictic reproduction
Mutation: Types of mutations, spontaneous and induced mutations,
Physical and chemical mutagens, gene mutations, induction and detection of
V mutation, mutation by transposons. 12
Concept of gene: gene structure and expression; gene fine structure, cis-trans
test, introns.
Methods of plant breeding.
VI 12
Genetic basis of inbreeding, hybridization and heterosis, exploitation of
hybrid vigor. Plant breeding work done in India with special reference to
potato, maize, rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton.
Suggested Readings:
1. Gupta P K (2009). Genetics, 4/e. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
2. Gupta P K (2007). Genetics:Classical to modern. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
3. Griffith et al (2008). An introduction to Genetic Analysis. Freeman & Co.
4. Hartl DL and Jones EW (1997). Genetics: Principles and Analysis 4th Ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Inc
 15
5. Hartwell L et al (2000). Genetics: From genes to genomics. McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
6. Lewin B. (2007). Genes IX. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Pierce, B. (2005). Genetics: A conceptual Approach 2nd Ed. WH Freeman
8. Snustad D P , Simmons NJ and Jenkins JB (2003). Principles of Genetics. John Wiely& Sons, New York.
9. Strickberger, N.W. (1985). Genetics 3rd Ed. Macmillan Co. New York.
10. Allard, R.W. (1960). Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley, New York
11. Chopra, V.L. (2000). Plant Breeding: Theory and Practice 2nd Ed. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
12. Frey, K. J. (1966). Plant Breeding. The Iowa State University Press, Ames.
13. Frey, K. J. (1982). Plant Breeding II. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
14. Welsh, J. R. (1981). Fundamentals of Plant Genetics and Breeding. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
15. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Science.
Amsterdam. The Netherlands.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: Second

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : 0827902 Course Title: Cell and Molecular Biology

Objectives:
1. To understand the structures and purposes of basic components of the cell.
2. To understand how these cellular components to generate and utilize energy in cells.
3. To understand the cellular components underlying mitotic and meiotic cell division.
4. To relate the cell cycle to the health, wellbeing and biology of all organisms.
5.The course further deals with plant secondary metabolites and plant-plant interaction.

Course Outcomes:
1. Students will apply their knowledge of cell biology to selected examples of changes or losses in cell
function.
2. Application of the studies in accordance with responses to environmental or physiological changes.
3. Student will have better understanding of the alternation of cell function brought about by mutation.
4. Impart an insight into the various biochemical and molecular mechanism of plant biology.
5. Take students to higher levels of biochemical and molecular learning about plant system.
6. Understand the biochemical and molecular role of various biomolecules.

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Introduction of Cell and molecular biologist. Research developments,
opportunities, institutions and journals.
I 6

The Dynamic cell: Structural organization of plant cell, specialized plant

II 12
cell.
Microscopy: Principle, parts and functioning of electron microscopes
including stereoscopic binocular, dark field illumination, confocal, phase
contrast, fluorescence and polarizing microscopes, camera Lucida, SEM,
TEM. STEM.
Cell envelopes: Ultra-structure, chemical foundation and functions of cell
wall, Biological membranes with special emphasis on plasma membrane and
tonoplast membrane.
 16
Plant Cell inclusions, their structure and function; Mitochondria and
III Chloroplast. 6
Nucleus & Nucleolus: Structure, nuclear pores, nucleosome concept.
Chromatin Organisation: Chromosome structure and composition,
Centromere, Telomere, Euchromatin and Heterochromatin, Karyotypes,
Polytene, Lamp brush chromosomes and Sex chromosomes.
Ribosomes, Dictyosomes, Lysosomes, ER, Microbodies and Plasmodesmata.
Cell cycle & Apoptosis: Biochemical and genetic mechanism–
IV a) Mitosis, spindle formation mechanism, cytokinesis, cell plate 7
formation, Cytoskeleton with emphasis on spindle apparatus, motor
movements.
b) Meiosis and its significance
c) Programmed Cell Death (PCD).
Nucleic Acids: Nature, Structure, types of DNA (A, B, Z-DNA) and RNA, (t-
V RNA, micro-RNA) difference between DNA & RNA; DNA replication (Origin 12
and fork) and its biosynthesis, extra chromosomal replications, DNA damage
and repair, transposons and mechanisms of transposition.
Genetic Code: Discovery, Properties and cracking of genetic code.
Protein Synthesis: Basics, mechanism of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, transcription, RNA processing, reverse transcription, translation
VI and regulation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes (Structural, regulatory 17
genes and operon model).
Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of
gene expression in phages, viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, role of
chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing.

Suggested Readings:
1. Alberts, B., et. al. (1983). Molecular Biology of The Cell. W. W. Norton & co., 1464pp, Sixth edition, United
states.
2. Cooper, G. (2000). The Cell, A molecular approach. Second edition.
3. Lodish, H., et. al. (2021). Molecular Cell Biology. Ninth edition.
4. Buchanan, B., Gruissem, G. and Jones, R. (2000). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American
Society of Plant Physiologists, USA.
5. Jordan, B.R. (2006). The Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Flowering. 2nd Edition, CAB International,
U.K.
6. Nelson, D.L., and Cox, M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). W.H. Freeman & Co., New
York.
7. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010). Plant Physiology. 5th Edition. Sinauer Associates, USA.
 17

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: Second

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : 0827903 Course Title: Ecology and Phytogeography

Course Objectives: To provide the students the ability to understand the environment and distribution of plants.
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course the students will be able to
• Understand the concepts of ecology.
• Know about the environment and learn the way to conserve the environment.
.

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Introduction of ecologist, recent developments, opportunities, institutions and
I journals 8
Ecological factors (light, air, water, topographic, edaphic, biotic), climate
II change. 12
Ecological concepts of species: Genecology and Ecological niche.
Population Ecology: Basic concepts, characteristics of population and
population structure.
Community Ecology: Composition, characters, structure, origin and
development of community: methods of study of structure of community.
Ecological succession: Process concept and trends. Climax. (Xerosere,
III 12
hydrosere)
Ecosystem Ecology: Structure and functions, with example of a natural and
artificial ecosystem, Energy flow in ecosystem.
Production Ecology: Measurement methods and productivity in different
ecosystems.
Preliminary Knowledge of I.B.P. (International Biological Programme), 8
IV M.A.B (Man and Biosphere Programme).
Pollution: Kinds of pollution (Air, Water, Soil and Noise) and greenhouse
gases, Ozone hole, and global warming.
Recycling of waste: Biogas, utilization and disposal of organic wastes and
inorganic wastes,
V Biodiversity and its conservation. 12
Biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, S, and Hydrological cycle, Nutrient
sources, Nutrient budgets in terrestrial communities and aquatic communities.
Soil erosion and conservation, rainwater harvesting, Chipko movement, Van
Mahotsav, Afforestation, reforestation.
Principles of phytogeography, vegetation types and Phytogeographical regions
VI 8
of India. Age and area hypothesis, continental drift, endemism, Hot spots,
Plant exploration. Invasion and introduction.
Remote sensing: Concepts, principles, processes, tools, techniques in
acquisition of R.S. data. Application in ecological and meteorological research
 18
Suggested Readings:
1. Odum, E.P. (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th
edition.
2. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource Conservation.
Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.
3. Ambast, R.S. & Ambast N.K. (2022). A Textbook of Plant Ecology. CBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt Ltd.
1t6th Ed.
4. Sharma, P.D. (2010). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th edition.
5. Pratima Kapur and S. R. Govil (2004). Experimental Plant Ecology. CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd,
India
6. Govil S. R. & Tripathi, B. D. (2001). Water Pollution: An Experimental Approach. CBS Publishers &
Distributors Pvt Ltd, India
7. Wilkinson, D.M. (2007). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach. Oxford
University Press. U.S.A.
8. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of ecology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India. 4th edition.
9. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc., U.S.A. 5th
edition.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: Second

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : 0827904 Course Title: Fungi and Plant Pathology

Objectives:
1. To understand the detailed structure of fungus
2. To study the evolution of fungi.
3. To study the economic importance of fungi

Course Outcomes:
1. Students will understand every aspect of fungi.
2. Students will able to endeavour the arena of mushroom cultivation and be the future entrepreneur.
3. Students will able to use locally available strains of fungi as biocontrol agents.

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Contribution of Mycologist and Plant Pathologist, Research developments,
I Opportunities, Institutions and journals. 8

General characters of fungi, cell structure and nutrition.

II Range of Thallus organization in fungi. 12
Unique aspects of (i) fungal cells, (ii) molecular biology of fungi
Types of reproduction in fungi.
Classification of fungi as proposed by Ainsworth (1973) Alexopoulus, Mims&
Blackwell (1996). Recognition of Fungi as a separate kingdom; splitting of the
fungi (Fungi and allied organisms into three kingdoms- Protista, Chromista
and Fungi.
Nutrition and growth in Fungi including factors affecting fungal growth.
Differentiation in fungi: control of i) Dimorphism. ii) conidiation. iii) mating
(with the help of Sex hormones). Heterothallism, Heterokaryosis,
parasexuality and physiological specialization in Fungi.
 19
A general account and affinities of the following groups with special
reference to systematic position, structure and reproduction of organisms
III mentioned hereunder: 12
I. The Fungi belonging to kingdom Protozoa:
a. Myxomycota (myxomycetes): Stemonites, Ceratiomyxa,
b. Plasmodiophoromycota (Plasmodiophorales) Plasmodiophora.
II. The Fungi belonging to Kingdom Chromista:
a. Oomycota: Saprolegnia, Phythium, Phytopthora, Albugo,
III. The Kingdom Fungi:
a. Chytridiomycota: Synchytrium,
b. Blastocladiomycota: Allomyces, Coelomomyces
c. Zygomycota: Saksanaea, Pilobolus, Entomophthora
d. Ascomycota : Taphrina, Phyllactinia, Erysiphae, Neurospora, Peziza
e. Basidiomycota: Puccinia, Uromyces, Hemiliea, Melampsora, Tilletia,
Ustilago
f. Anamorphic fungi (Deuteromycotina): With reference to their
telomorph, also wherever possible; Cercospora, Helminthosporium,
Curvularia, Alternaria, Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Aspergillus, Penicillium.
Fungal interactions: I. Role of antibiotics, hyphal interference,II.
Mycoparasitism,
IV III. Commensalism, Mycorrihizae, Lichens (Structure, types, reproduction, 12
importance),
Fungi as biocontrol agents.
Symptoms of fungal, bacterial and viral plant diseases.
Causes of plant diseases.
Host-parasite relationship, role of enzymes and toxins in disease
development.
Effect of infection on physiology of host.
Effect of environment on disease development-epiphytotics.
Disease control by Physical methods, chemical methods, crop rotation, plant
quarantines, resistance
Integrated pest management mechanism, its advantages, disadvantages and
future prospects.
Principles of biological control of air- borne and soil-borne plant diseases. 16
V Etiology and control of the following crop diseases: Paddy: Paddy blast, Bacterial
leaf blight.
Wheat : Black Stem rust, Bunt of wheat, Flag smut. Jowar: Grain Smut.
Sugarcane: Smut, Red rot. Cotton: Wilt
Grape : Downy and powdery mildew
Apple : Apple scab Groundnut: Tikka disease. Fibre: Rust of Linum. Coriander:
Gall of coriander.

Suggested Readings:
1. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. (2007). Introductory Mycology. Fourth Edition, Wiley India
Pvt. Limited.
2. Mehrotra, R.S. (2017). Plant Pathology. 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi.
3. Okafor, N. and Okeke, B.C. (2018). Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2ndEdition, CRC Press,
Boca Raton
4. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2018). Text book of Fungi & Their Allies, Second Edition. MacMillan Publishers
Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India
5. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi. Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
and New York.
7. Willey, J M., Sherwood, L.M. and Woolverton, C.J. (2017). Prescott’s Microbiology, 10th Edition, McGraw-Hill,
 20
USA
8. Agrios, G.N. (1997). Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.
9. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John Wiley & Sons (Asia)
Singapore. 4th edition.
10. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 3rd edition.
11. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan Publishers India Ltd.
12. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: Second

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : 0827905 Course Title: Anatomy and Embryology of Angiosperms

Course Objectives: To study the external and internal structures of root stem and leaf.
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
• Understand the morphology of plants.
• Understand the basic concepts of anatomy of plants.

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Recent Research developments, Opportunities, Institutions and journals.
Shoot development: organization of shoot apical meristem (SAM),
I Cytological and molecular analysis, Leaf (Marginal meristem).
Root development: organization of root apical meristem (RAM), Cell fates and
lineage differentiation of vascular tissue, regulation of root growth. 12
Epidermal structures, ontogeny and classification of stomata, trichomes and
secretory glands Phloem: Structure and development of sieve elements, P-
Proteins Xylem: Structure and development of tracheary elements Vascular
cambium: normal and abnormal functioning Nodal Anatomy: evolution of
nodal vasculature
Plant Tissues: Classification; Simple and complex tissues; cytodifferentiation of
II tracheary elements and sieve elements; Pits and plasmodesmata; Wall ingrowths 8
and transfer cells, adcrustation and incrustation, Ergastic substances.
Stem: Organization of shoot apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica
Corpus theory, continuing meristematic residue, cytohistological zonation); Types
III of vascular bundles; Structure of dicot and monocot stem. Leaf: Structure of dicot 8
and monocot leaf, Kranz anatomy. Root: Organization of root apex (Apical cell
theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory); Quiescent center; Root cap;
Structure of dicot and monocot root; Endodermis, exodermis and origin of lateral
root.
Vascular Cambium: Structure, function and seasonal activity of cambium;
Secondary growth in root and stem. Wood: Axially and radially oriented elements;
Types of rays and axial parenchyma; Cyclic aspects and reaction wood; Sapwood
IV 12
and heartwood; Ring and diffuse porous wood; Early and late wood, tyloses;
dendrochronology. Periderm: Development and composition of periderm,
rhytidome and lenticels.
 21
Adaptive and Protective Systems: Epidermal tissue system, cuticle, epicuticular
VI waxes, trichomes (uni-and multicellular, glandular and nonglandular, two examples 8
of each), stomata (classification); Adcrustation and incrustation; Anatomical
adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes. Secretory System: Hydathodes,
cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.

Stamen and Carpel evolution. Microsporogenesis and Megasporogenesis.

Embryo sac and its types. Pollination and Fertilization. Embryo and 12
Endosperm development. Placentation and its types. Types of fruits. Seed
VII germination. Dormancy.
Suggested Readings:
1. Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.
2. Fahn, A. (1974). Plant Anatomy. Pergmon Press, USA.
3. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjammin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
4. Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Delhi.
5. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing House. Delhi. 5th
edition.
6. Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
7. Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Springer, Netherlands.
8. Johri, B.M. (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: First Semester: Second

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 0827950 Course Title: Herbal Products

Objectives: To study preparation herbal medicinal product and herbal cosmetics
Course outcomes: Upon completion of the course, the students shall be able to understand
following
1. Key ingredients used in herbal products and cosmetics
2. Key building blocks for various herbal formulations.
3. Various key ingredients and basic science to develop aromatherapy, cosmetics,
Cosmeceuticals.
4. Scientific knowledge to develop cosmetics and cosmeceuticals with desired Safety, stability, and efficacy.
Credits: 4 Core: Minor-Open Elective
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Pioneer workers of Ayurveda, Research developments, Opportunities, Institutions
I and journals. 12

Herbs as raw materials: Definition of herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal

II 12
product, herbal drug preparation. Source of Herbs. Selection, identification and
authentication of herbal materials. Processing of herbal raw material.
Preparations of Decoction, Infusion, Fluid extract, Tincture, Aromatic water, Hair
care Botanicals, Herbal Cream, Herbal Shampoo, Herbal Syrup
Herbal Cosmetics: Scope, Formulation development and quality control of Herbal
cosmetics used in: Hair care, skin care, anti-wrinkles & antiaging.
III 12

Herbs in cosmetics: A brief account of following herbals or herb extracts or

IV herbal products of cosmetic importance such as Acacia concinna pods, Aloe 12
Vera, Almond oil, Neem, Citrus aurantium peels, Henna, Turmeric, Liquorices,
Olive oil, tea tree oil and wheat germ oil with special emphasis on their source,
active principles and cosmetic properties.
 22
Herbal formulations: Conventional herbal formulations like syrups, mixtures and
V tablets and Novel dosage forms like phytosome. Aromatherapy: Various 12
essentials oils used in Aromatherapy with their Significance. Evaluation of
Drugs: WHO & ICH guidelines for the assessment of herbal drugs Stability
testing of herbal drugs.

Suggested Readings:
1. Sharma, P. P. (2008). Cosmetics - Formulation, Manufacture and quality control, 4th edition, Vandana publication,
Delhi.
2. Skaria,B. P. et al. (2021). Aromatic Plants. Horticulture Science Series, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
3. Keville, K. and Green, M. (2008).Aromatheraphy (A Complete Guide to the Healing Art). Sri Satguru Publications,
New Delhi.
4. Chattopadhyay, P. K. (2018). Herbal Cosmetics & Ayurvedic Medicines (EOU). National Institute of Industrial
Research, Delhi.
5. Balsam, M. S. and Sagarin, E. (1972-1974). Cosmetics Science and Technology. Wiley Inter-science, New York.
6. Barel, A. O., Paye, M. and Maibach, H. I. (2009). Handbook of cosmetic science and Technology. 3rd edition.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Third

Subject: Botany
Course Code: : : 0927901 Course Title: Plant soil water relations, Growth and Development (Plant Physiology)
Course Objectives: To study the plant soil and water interaction.
How the factors influence the growth and development of plants
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
• Have an understanding of Physiological behavior of plants.
• Learn the basic concepts of soil water plant interaction.

Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….
Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0
Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Pioneer workers of Plant Physiology, Research developments, Opportunities,
Institutions and journals.
I Functional aspects of plant cell structure: colloidal systems, Water as a
universal solvent, pressures and potentials. Active and passive absorption of 20
water. Factors affecting water absorption Role of micro and macro mineral
nutrients, their physiological functions and deficiency symptoms,
Hydroponics. Mechanism of ion (mineral) absorption. Factors affecting
mineral absorption.

Driving forces and resistances in transpiration; stomatal movement

II mechanism. Ascent of sap, Translocation of solutes in plants; sensor- 12
regulator system, sucrose sensing mechanism.
Stress Physiology: Plant response to biotic and abiotic stress, mechanism of
stress tolerance, HR and SAR, water deficit and drought resistance
mechanism of salinity, metal toxicity, freezing heat and oxidative stress
resistance,
Discovery, chemical structure, physiological role, mechanism of action,
III bioassay and practical applications of following plants hormones: 8
Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinin. Hormone receptors, cell signaling and Signal
transduction
 23
Elementary idea of structure and functions of ABA, Ethylene, Ascorbic Acid,
IV 12
Brassinosteroids, Polyamines, Jasmonic acid and Salicylic acid. 11.Sensory
photobiology: detection structure, chemistry, physiology, function and
mechanism of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phytotropins.
Photoperiodism; Photoinduction and vernalization, Role of florigen, vernalin,
phytochrome and C/N ratio in flowering.
Dormancy: Dormancy of seeds and buds, gene expression during dormancy. Seed
V germination and seedling growth, metabolism of nucleic acid, mobilization of 8
reserved food material, hormonal control of seedling growth, gene expression
during seedling growth. Endogenous rhythms. Plant movements. Ageing and
Senescence
Suggested Readings:
1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons. U. S.A. 4th edition.

2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates
Inc. USA. 6th edition.
3. Bajracharya D. (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology-A Laboratory Manual. Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Third

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 0927902 Course Title: Phytochemistry and Metabolism

Course Objectives: To study the phytochemical logics of plant life.
To understand the metabolism involved in plant life
How the reactions make possible the plant life.
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course the students will be able to
Learn and understand mechanism involved in respiration and photosynthesis, metabolism.
Basics of proteins, lipids and carbohydrate.
Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Contribution of pioneer workers of biochemistry, Research developments,
Opportunities, Institutions and journals.
I Fundamentals of thermodynamics and bioenergetics, Buffers, pH Scale,
redox potential, Structure and functions of ATP; Forces stabilizing 16
macromolecules.

Classification, mechanism of enzyme action and catalysis, Allosteric

mechanism, active sites, isoenzymes, Coenzymes, steady state enzyme
II kinetics, Michaelis - Menten equation and its significance. Conformation of 12
proteins: secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; domains; motif and
fold, Ram Chandran’s Plot, Protein catabolism: Lysosomal and ubiquitin
targeted proteolysis.
General concept, Photosynthetic apparatus, Photosynthetic cycle, pigments,
III 12
light harvesting and non-cyclic complexes, Photo-oxidation of water,
electron and proton transport, Photophosphorylation. Carbon assimilation –
the calvin cycle (C3 cycle), Photorespiration and its significance, the C4
cycle, the CAM pathway, biosynthesis of starch and sucrose, physiological
and ecological considerations.
 24
Overview of plant respiration, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport
IV and ATP synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation; coupled reaction group 12
transfer biological energy transducers, Pentose phosphate pathway,
glyoxylate cycle, alternative oxidase system; Structure and function of fatty
acids, biosynthesis and their catabolism.
Overview of biological nitrogen fixation, nodule formation and nod factors,
mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonium assimilation,
V 8
nucleotide metabolism. Sulphur uptake, transport and assimilation.
Elementary idea of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, lignin and phenolics
(terpenes, phenols) with emphasis on flavonoids.

Suggested Readings:
1. Campbell, M.K. (2012). Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning.
2. Campbell, P.N. and Smith, A.D. (2011). Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by Churchill
Livingstone.
3. Tymoczko, J.L., Berg, J.M. and Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed., W. H. Freeman.
4. Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2011). Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Company.
5. Nelson, D.L. and Cox M.M. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H. Freeman and Company.
6. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 6th edition.
7. Hardin, J., Becker, G., Skliensmith, L.J. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell, Pearson Education Inc.
U.S.A. 8th edition.
8. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009 The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM Press & Sunderland,
Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
9. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009 The World of the Cell. 7th edition. Pearson
Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Third

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 0927903 Course Title: Stress Physiology

Objective: Objective: This course aims to educate student on concepts of various types of stresses in crop
production and strategies to overcome them.
Learning Outcome:
1. The students will understand various aspects of stress physiology such as physiological and molecular basis
of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants.
2. The knowledge in stress physiology will be useful for developing climate resilient genotypes for sustainable
crop production.
3. Student also able to explain what basic processes and/or traits are affected by each one of the stresses.
4. Explain how the plant tissue responds at the biochemical and molecular level to each one of the stresses.
Credits: Core: Compulsory
4
Max. Marks: ….. Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers of Stress Physiology, Research
I developments, Opportunities, Institutions and journals. 8

Biological stress vs. Physical Stress, Types of stresses and general methods of
II measurement of stress response (Strain), Stress physiology in crop 12
improvement, Response to UV stress: Injury and resistance mechanism
Response to low temperature stress: Chilling, freezing, frost injury and
III mechanism of resistance, Adaptations, Response to high temperature stress: 12
Injury and mechanism of resistance, Heat shock proteins, Adaptations
 25
Response to nutrient deficiency stress, Heavy metal stress, injury and
IV mechanism of resistance, adaptations, Salinity stress, Ionic and salt stress 12
injury, mechanism of resistance.
Response to water deficit: Desiccation, Dehydration injury; Mechanism of
resistance, Adaptations. Response to water excess: Flooding, hypoxia,
V 8
Mechanism of resistance, Adaptations, Causative agents for Biotic Stresses

Mechanism of Resistance against Fungal, Bacterial and viral pathogens.

VI Fire stress to forests.
Mechanism involved to save the plant forests fire. 10
 26

Suggested Readings:
1. Levitt, J. (1981). Plant responses to environmental stresses (vol. I &II). Academic Press, New York & London.
2. Dwivedi & Dwivedi, (2005). Physiology of abotic stress in plants. Agro bios, India.
3. Kramer, P. J. (1983). Water relations of Plants. Academic Press.
4. Panda S.K. (2002). Advances in Stress Physiology of Plants. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Third

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 0927904 Course Title: Genetic Engineering

Course Objectives: The aim of this course is to provide a profound knowledge on the methods used in Genetic
Engineering allows students to apply these in basic and applied fields of biological research in an innovative way.
Course Outcomes: : Upon successfully completing this course, the students could be able to:
1. Outline the basic steps in genetic engineering. Describe the mechanism of action and use of restriction enzymes.
2. Describe the techniques used to probe DNA for specific gene of interest and also the technique used to study gene
expression.
3. Conceptualize the basics and applications of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics.
4. Discuss the methods of protein sequencing, protein and metabolic engineering and their future prospects.
5. Explain the usefulness of RNA interference and its potential for crop improvement.
6. Outline the fundamentals of genome editing.
Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory
Max. Marks: ….. Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers of Genetic engineering, Research
developments, Opportunities, Institutions and journals.
I 12

Genetic Engineering (General), Restriction mapping, Restriction of Chimeric

II 12
DNA- staggered cleavage, addition of oligopolymer tailing & linkers, blunt end
ligation. Gene sequencing (principle & different techniques), c-DNA & genomic
libraries.
DNA analysis: Labelling of DNA & RNA probes, southern & florescence in-situ
III 12
hybridization, DNA fingerprinting, chromosome walking.
Techniques for gene expression: Northern & western blotting, gel retardation
technique, DNA footprinting, primer extension, S1 mapping, reporter assays.
Proteomics as a tool for plant genetics, breeding & diversity studies. Protein
IV extraction/ purification techniques viz electrophoresis & column chromatography. 12
Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translational modifications of
proteins, methods of analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large
scale expression such as Microarray based techniques. Protein Engineering and
metabolic engineering- definition and explanation, Steps, Achievements and
future prospects
RNA interference- Introduction, RNAi as tool for gene expression. RNAi as a
potential therapy. Use of transposons in genetic analysis: Transposons & T-DNA
V tagging & its use in identification & isolation of genes. Introduction to genome 12
editing with reference to CRISPR/Cas system.
 27

Suggested Readings:
1. Howe, C. (2007). Gene Cloning and Manipulation (2nd Edition).
2. Clark, D., Pazdernik, N. and McGehee, M. (2018). Molecular biology (3rd Edition).
3. Primrose, S. B. and Twyman, R. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics (7th Edition).
4. Brown, T. A. (2020). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction (8th Edition).
5. Thieman, (2020). Introduction to Biotechnology (4th Edition).

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Third

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 0927906 Course Title: Biodiversity, conservation and Plant resources
Course Objectives: To provide the knowledge of the biodiversity conservation of plants and sustainable use of plant
resources.
Course Outcomes: : On successful completion of this course the students will be able to
 Lean about diversity of life.
 Know how to conserve the plants
 Sustainable use of plant resources.
Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures

Important contribution of pioneer workers of this field, Research developments,

I 8
Opportunities, Institutions and journals.
Biodiversity: Definition; factors responsible for determination of Biodiversity;
II Global concern over climate change. 8
Levels of Biodiversity: Genetic, Species, Ecological, Evolutionary and
Agrobiodiversity.
Diversity Measures: (Diversity Indices)- Alpha(α), Beta (β), Gamma(γ) Diversity.
Biodiversity Conservation Initiatives
III a) In situ Stratagy: National parks, Wild life sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and world 12
heritage sites.
b) Ex-situ Stratagy: By seeds, reclamation, Afforestation, tree
Plantation, seed banks, gene banks, cryobanks
c) General account of activities of BSI, NBPGR for conservation and non-formal
conservation efforts
d) Restoration or Rehabilitation of Endangered species.
Biodiversity at world level: Biodiversity at global and country level, wild plant
IV wealth. 12
Ecosystem diversity in India: Desert, forest, Grassland ecosystem, wetland,
Mangroves.
Species Diversity: Endemic species, cultivated plants/Agro- diversity, Endangered
plants.
V Loss of Biodiversity: 12
a) Causal factors – Developmental pressure, encroachment, exploitation, human
induced and natural floods, earthquake, cyclone, landslides, Disaster management.
b) Threat to Ecosystem, species and genetic Diversity.
Categories of threats: Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare and Threatened
Plant resources, Concept, Status and Concern
VI Basic concepts of local plant diversity and its economic importance 8
World centers of primary diversity of domesticated plants
Biodiversity protection laws and policies, management of natural resources.
 28

Suggested Readings:
1. Primack, (2014). Essentials of Conservation Biology, 6th ed. Sinauer.
2. Groom, (2005). Principles of Conservation Biology, 3rd ed. Sinauer.
3. van Dyke (2008). Conservation Biology, 2nd ed. Springer.
4. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource Conservation. Anamaya
Publications, New Delhi, India.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 1027901 Course Title: Pharmacognosy

Course Objectives: To study the fundamentals of Pharmacognosy like scope, classification of crude drugs, their
identification and evaluation, phytochemicals present in them and their medicinal properties.
Course Outcomes: : Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able
1. to know the techniques in the cultivation and production of crude drugs
2. to know the crude drugs, their uses and chemical nature
3. know the evaluation techniques for the herbal drugs
4. to carry out the microscopic and morphological evaluation of crude drug
Credits: 4 Core: Compulsory
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. Phytochemical and
I Pharmacological literature review of Azadirahcta indica, Asparagus Ocimum 12
sanctum, Shankapushpi etc
Types of Plant drugs from vegetative parts and their Pharmacognostic study
a) Root drugs; Glycyrrhiza and Asparagus, Coleus, Withania, Catharanthus
II b) Rhizome drugs, Zingiber 16
c) Leaf drugs, Andrographis, Clitoria
d) Bark drugs: Terminalia arjuna, Holorrhena
Types of Plant drugs from Reproductive parts and their Pharmacognostic study
III a) Flower drugs: Crocus, Carthamus, Spilanthes 16
b) Seed drugs: Piper longum, Mucuna
c) Fruit drugs: Carum cuminum, Emblica, Cassia.
Evaluation of the drugs; Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical and
IV Biological methods of evaluation 16
A brief account of various drug constituents: Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycosides,
alkaloids, flavinoids, Tannins volatile oils, resins quinines and steroids with
particular reference to Acacia gum, Phyllanthus, Coleus, Asparagus, Rauvolfia
 29

Suggested Readings:
Evans, W. C. (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co., London.
2. Ali, M. (2020). Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
3. Kolkata, C. K., Gokhlae, P. (2007). Text book of Pharmacognosy. 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
4. Choudhary, R. D. (1996). Herbal drug industry. IstEdn, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
5. Ansari, S. H. (2007). Essentials of Pharmacognosy. IInd edition, Birla publications, New Delhi.
6. Pande, H. (2015). Herbal Cosmetics. Asia Pacific Business press, Inc, New Delhi.
7. Kalia, A. N. (2005). Textbook of Industrial Pharmacognosy. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Endress, R. (1994). Plant cell Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
9. Bobbers, J., Marilyn K. S., VE Tylor. (1996). Pharmacognosy& Pharmaco biotechnology

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 1020401 Course Title: Biotechnology & Plant Tissue Culture
Course Objectives: This course aims to help the students to attain an advanced understanding of the
components of plant biotechnology and will provide an overview of genetic manipulation, its applications,
GM crops, etc.
Learning Outcomes: Upon successfully completing this course, the students could be able to:
1. Conceptualize plant transformation and selection of desirable genes for crop improvement.
2. Learn the procedure for generating GM crops.
3. GM crops and products are in the market, their contributions towards food security, sustainable
environment and medicine.

Credits: 4 Core: Elective

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Pioneer workers of Biotechnology, Research developments, Opportunities,
Institutions and journals.
Recombinant DNA technology, basic concept in genetic engineering, tool and
I techniques of recombinant DNA technology. Enzymes in genetic engineering. 24
Restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, Polymerase, exonucleases, endonucleases,
restriction endonucleases, S I nucleases, DNA ligases, reverse transcriptase and
alkaline phosphatase. etc. Cloning vehicles: Plasmids, Cosmids, Lambda phage,
Charon phage, shuttle vectors, 2μ DNA plasmids, yeast plasmids, M13 vector.
Transposons, Primary vectors and plasmids - expression vectors.
Selection of genes, Gene libraries, Genomic and cDNA library - Gene transfer
methods, Genetic organization of Ti plasmids, Ti plasmid mediated transfer -
II Agrobacterium tumefaciens, DNA mediated transfer. Calcium phosphate, PEG, 12
DEAE, via liposomes - Microinjection - Macroinjection, microprojectile, and
electroporation, - Selection of clones, marker and reporter genes in screening
methods. Hybridizations - colony, Southern, Northern, Western Blotting. Elementary
Knowledge of next generation sequencing.
Introduction to Plant Tissue culture, Terms and definitions, Tools and techniques of
III plant tissue culture. Culture media, culture media preparation and sterilization, callus 12
and suspension cultures. Organ Culture and Protoplast culture. Protoplast-Isolation
regeneration and Viability test, Somatic hybridization and methods of protoplast
fusion- chemical.
Techniques and applications of somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of plants,
anther, pollen, ovule, endosperm, hairy root cultures.
Cell/callus line selection for resistance to herbicide, stress and diseases. Role of tissue
IV culture in rapid clonal propagation, production of pathogen - free plants and synthetic 12
seeds. Plant transformation: Methods of gene transfer in plants. Agrobacterium and
CaMV mediated gene transfer; direct gene transfer using PEG, micro injection,
 30
electroporation, microprojectile (biolistics) method, liposome mediated DNA delivery.
Transgenic plants for crop improvement: Maize, Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Brinjal and
Tomato.

Suggested Readings:

1. Tropp, B. E. (2012). Molecular Biology. Fourth Edition, Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Howe, C., (2007). Gene Cloning and Manipulation. 2nd Edition.
3. Watson, D., Baker, T. A., Bell, S. P., Gann, A., Levine, M., and Losick, R. (2008). Molecular Biology of Gene.
6th Edition, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor, New York, U.S.A.
4. Clark, D., Pazdernik, N., McGehee, M. (2018). Molecular biology. 3rd Edition.
5. Freifelder, D. (1990). Molecular Biology. 2 nd Edition, Narosa Publishing HouseNew Delhi.
6. Nicholl, D. S. T. (2008). An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 3rd Edition.
7. Plant Molecular Biology - Genetic Analysis of Plant Development and Metabolism. Springer-Verlag, New York,
London.
8. Grierson, D. and Covey, S. (1984). Plant Molecular Biology, Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford, Washington
DC.
9. Henry, R. J. (2005). Practical Applications of Plant Molecular Biology. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
10. Shaw, C. H. and Brown. T.A. (1988, 2020). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction. 8th Edition.
11. Primrose, S. B. and Twyman, R. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics. 7th Edition.
12. Tewari, K. K. and Singhal, G. S. (1997). Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 1020402 Course Title: Bio entrepreneurship and Innovation

Course Objectives: Impart knowledge and work experience based/case study-based training to students
in the field of innovation and uses of various biology/ biotechnology-based products, goods, services
employed in bio entrepreneurship.
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course the students will be able to:
1. To be able to prepare a business plan and launch career as bio- entrepreneur.
2. Being able to get employment in a bioindustry or a bioconsultancy
Credits: 4 Core: Elective
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers of this field, Research developments,
I Opportunities, Institutions and journals. 12

Entrepreneurship in the Life Sciences.

II Development of Products in the Biomedical Industry. 8

Integration of science, technology and business.

III 12
From Lab to land: scope in agro/food processing industry

Industrial management.
IV 12
Market analysis.
 31
Business development.
V Regulatory mechanisms. 8

Indian bioentrepreneurial scenario.

VI Case studies of successful bioentrepreneurs. 8

Suggested Readings:
1. Rhonda, A. (2010). Six-Week Start-Up: A Step-by-Step Program for Starting Your Business, Making Money and Achieving
Your Goals! Redwood City: The Planning Shop.
2. Byrne, J. A. (2011). World Changers: 25 Entrepreneurs Who Changed Business as We Knew it. New York: Penguin.
3. Edwards, S. and Edwards. (1999). Working from Home: Everything you need to Know about Living and Working under the
Same Roof. New York: Penguin Putman.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 1020403 Course Title: r-DNA Technology

Course Objectives: To introduce the students with the application of DNA Technology.

Course Outcomes: : On successful completion of this course the students will be able to:
• Know the techniques to transfer the DNA in biological systems.
• Understand the basic principles of r- DNA Technology.

Credits: 4 Core: Elective

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers in this field, Research developments,
Opportunities, Institutions and journals.
I 8

Genetic Engineering – Definition and explanation, restriction enzymes and

II restriction modification system. 12
Cloning and expression vectors – Definition and explanation: plasmids, cosmids,
and phagemids, fd, fl, and M13 vectors, transposons vectors.
Artificial chromosomes as vector.
Expression vectors; Use of promotors and expression cassettes, Virus expression
vectors, binary and shuttle vectors.
Reconstruction of chimeric DNA – staggered cleavage, addition of Oligopolymer
III tailing, blunt end ligation. 12
Cloning in bacteria vs. cloning in Eukaryotic cells.
Preparation of molecular probes and their uses; labeling of probes, radioactive vs
non-radioactive. Techniques used in probing DNA, RNA & Protein
electrophoresis, Southern, Northern and Western blotting.
Techniques of restriction mapping.
Polymerase chain reaction – Principles, techniques and modification, gene
IV 12
cloning vs. PCR, application and uses of PCR.
Chromosome walking, Chromosome jumping, Chromosome landing, map-based
cloning.
Compliment DNA, its cloning and cDNA library.
 32
RFLPs & RAPD and their applications.
V Gene sequencing. 8

Protein Engineering- definition and explanation, Steps involved, methods used,

VI Achievements and future prospectus. 8
Drug designing – methods used, blocking enzyme activity, blocking hormones
receptors, inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis.
Chemical synthesis vs recombinant DNA technology in protein engineering and
drug designing.

Suggested Readings:
1. Altman, D.G. (2006). Practical Botany for Medical Research. London: Chapman and Hall.
2. Rosner, B. (2006). Fundamentals of BioBotany.
3. Bonita, R., R. Beaglehole and T. Kjellstrom (2006). Basic Epidemiology, 2nd Edition. World Health
Organization.
4. Gordis, L. (2004). Epidemiology, 3rd Edition. Philadelphia.
5. Dunn, G. and B. Everitt (1995). Clinical BioBotany: An Introduction to Evidence-based Medicine.
Edward Arnold.
6. Daniel, W.W. and C.L. Cross (2012). BioBotany: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences,
10th Edition. Wiley.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: 1020404 Course Title: Elementary Knowledge of Computes and

Bioinformatics
Course Objectives: To give students a firm foundation in the advanced optimization techniques for the solution of
the problems covered in course contents.
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
• Develop the ability to formulate fairly complex optimization problems in the context of practical
problems.
• Learn the use of software computer applications.
• Use the DNA, RNA, Database for further applications
Credits: 4 Core: Elective
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers in this field, Research developments,
I Opportunities, Institutions and journals. 8

Computer System- Definition; Components (Input/output unit, Control Unit., Primary

II 12
Storage Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit); Types of Memory, Generation of
Computers
Number System & Logic Gates- Application of Number Systems (Decimal Number
System, Binary Number System, Hexadecimal Number System) & Conversions
(Decimal to Binary, Binary to Decimal, Decimal to Hexadecimal, Hexadecimal to
Binary); Addition operation in Binary Number System; Introduction to Logic
Gates(AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR XNOR); Introduction to Software.
Bioinformatics - Introduction; Definition & Concept, Role of Bioinformatics,
III Introduction of Internet in Biology & objectivity, Services of Internet used for 12
Biological Data, Human Genome Project.
 33
Database System- Definition; Purpose of Database System; Advantages of Database
IV 12
System, Relational Database- Definition; Relational Data Model, Database- Primary
Databases & Secondary Databases, Sequence Databases(EMBL, GenBank, DDBJ,
SWISS-PROT, PIR, TrEMBL), Protein Family/Domain Databases (PROSITE, Pfam,
PRINTS & SMART)

V Sequence comparison algorithm, Dynamic programming, Dot plot matrix, sequence 8

scoring schemes (weight matrix as Identify scoring, genetic code scoring scheme
chemical scoring, observed Substitution matrix and Gap penalties),Sequence database
similarity searching algorithms, local alignment, global alignment, FAST A, BLAST
(BLASTP, BLASTN, BLASTX, TBLASTN, TBLASTX) and similarity searching
scores and their statistical interpretation

VI Motifs and Domains, algorithm for multiple alignments, Biological motifs, micro array, 8
Phylogenetic prediction: Relationship of Phylogenetic analysis to sequence alignment,
Genome complexity and phylogenetic analysis, concept of evolutionary trees.
Maximum parsimony method, distance method, maximum likelihood method

Suggested Readings:
1. Y.Wang.Z.wang.(2023) Squence Analysis and Paralled Computing Tsinghua University press .
2. K.Stephen (2009) Bionformatics for system biology Springr.Press
3. Sharma.Vinay (2016) Text book of Bionformatics Rastogi Publication Meerut
4. R.Sundralingan and V.kumaresan (2000) Bionformatics Saras Publication T.N.
5. Ruchi Singh (2014) Bionformatics Vikas Publication .
6. Orpita Basu (2007) Bionformatics Oxford University Press
7. Pradeep.K.Sinha and Priti Sinha (2004) Computer fundamentals B.P.B Publication.

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: 1020405 Course Title: (iv) Biophysics

Course Objectives: To introduce students with biophysical concepts.
Course Outcomes: On successful completion of this course the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic ideas of biophysics.
 Learn theoretical methods and practicable techniques used in plant cell.
 Understand how cell works and effect of X-ray, Ultrasound on a living cell.
 Ability to develop the models of biomolecules.
Credits: 4 Core: Elective
Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers in this field, Research developments,
I Opportunities, Institutions and journals. Flow of energy in biological cells, 6
production of green energy and its application.
Thermodynamics: Concept of temperature, laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy
II and thermo chemistry: exothermic and endothermic reactions, free energy, 12
entropy, Gibb’s equation, and kinetic theory of gases.
 34
Nature and propagation of light, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction,
polarization, quantum theory of light.
III Depletion of Oxygen Pressure with altitude, Pollutants and Ozone layer 10
depletion, Toxicity and its effect on Bio-macromolecular Structure and Function,
Physiological effects of environmental stress.
Introduction to Probabilistic Models, Stochastic Models of Diffusion and other
IV 12
Biological Applications, Markov chains with Biological Applications.

Basic principles; Different types of immunoglobulin’s and antigens; Antigen-

V antibody interactions; complements, mechanism of generation of diverse 8
antibodies in the same host, synthesis of antibodies; major disorders of the
immune system, auto-immune diseases. Protein-DNA and Drug-DNA
interaction.
(a) X-Ray: Effects on Bio-macromolecules.
VI 12
(b) Gamma Radiation: Molecular effects of Gamma Radiation, Radiation
Chemistry of Water, Free Radicals, Effects on Biomolecules & Molecular
Structures: Radiation Effects on Proteins, Radiation Effects on Nucleic Acids,
Radiation Effects on Membranes. Effects on Cells and Organelles
(c) Ultraviolet Radiation: Effects on Bio-macromolecules & Molecular
Structures, UV Radiation Effects on Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Cells and
Organelles.
(d) Alpha & Beta Radiations: Effects on Cells and Organelle’s, human body.
(e) Radiation Hazards & Protection: Radiation Effects and Genetics, Methods to
combat ionizing, non-ionizing and particle radiations, use of radiations in cancer
& other diseases.

Suggested Readings:
1. Biological Effects of Radiation by Coggle J.E.. (Taylor & Francis).
2. Molecular Theory of Radiation Biology by Chadwick K.H. &Leenbouts H.P. (Springer Verlag)
3. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry by Atlik F.H. (John Wiley)
4. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics by Campbell, Gaylon S., Norman, John M. (Springer)
5. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations By Thomas M. Devlin (Wiley)
6. Biochemistry By Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko & LubertStryer (W.H. Freeman)
7. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, David Lee Nelson, Michael M. Cox. (W.H. Freeman)
8. Principles of Biochemistry by Donald Voet, Charl, Judith G. Voet – (Wiley)
9. Molecular Cell Biology by Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Anthony Bretscher, HiddePloegh,
Angelika Amon, Matthew P. Scott, (W.H. Freeman),
10. G. B. Arfken, Mathematical methods for physicists: a comprehensive guide, 7th ed. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier, 2013.
11. B.Rosner, Fundamentals of biostatistics,7thed. Boston: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 20 Introductory Physics, Building
Understanding by Jerold Touger (Wiley)
12. Physics in Biology and Medicine by Paul Davidovits (Academic Press) iii. Introduction to Biological Physics for the Health and
Life Sciences by Kirsten Franklin, Paul Muir, Terry Scott, Lara Wilcocks, Paul Yates
13. Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology by Russell K Hobbie, Bradley J Roth (Springer)
14. Essentials of Chemical Biology: Structure and Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules by Andrew D. Miller, Julian Tanner
(Wiley)
15. An Introduction to Chemistry for Biology Students by George I. Sackheim (Pearson)
 35

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: 1020406 Course Title: Industrial Microbiology

Course Objectives: To give students a firm foundation for industrial use of microbes.
Course Outcomes On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
• Develop the ability to work in microbial industry.

Credits: 4 Core: Elective

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Important contribution of pioneer workers in this field, Research developments,
I Opportunities, Institutions and journals. 12

Exploitation of microorganisms and their products, screening, strain

development strategies, immobilization methods, fermentation media, raw
II material used in media production, antifoaming agents, buffers, downstream 12
processing.

Fermentation equipment and its uses, fermenter design, Types of fermenters

III and fermentations- single, batch, continuous, multiple, surface, submerged 12
and solid state. Production of green energy from microbes and its application.
Waste (solid/liquid) recycling by the microbes. Bio- accumulators
(microbes)/Scavengers of metals (microbes)
Industrial products from microorganisms- antibiotics: production of
IV penicillin, streptomycin. Interferons, vaccines, hormones, vitamins. 12

Enzymes from microbes: amylase, protease. Organic acids: citric acid, acetic
acid, amino acids: glutamic acid, lysine. Production of alcoholic beverages: bear
V 12
and wine, biofuels: ethanol, methane, and biogas.

Suggested Readings:
1. Pelzar, M.J. Jr., Chen E.C. S., Krieg, N.R. (2010). Microbiology: An application-based approach. Tata McGraw
Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case. C.L. (2007). Microbiology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco,
U.S.A. 9th edition.
3. Frazier, W.C. (1988) Food Microbiology, McGraw Hill Inc. 4th Edition.
4. Prescott, L.M., Harley J.P., Klein D. A. (2005). Microbiology, McGraw Hill, India. 6th edition.

Programme/Class:M.Sc. Year:Second Semester:Fourth

 36
Subject:Botany

CourseCode:1020407 CourseTitle:Phyto-techniques and Biostatistics

CourseObjectives:Togivestudentsafirmfoundationfor various Phytotechniques.
To understand basic elementary knowledge and application of Statistics in field of Biological
Sciences
CourseOutcomes On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
• Develop the ability to work in industry.
• Analyze the data
• Conduct the experiments
• Help to progress the science
Credits:4 Core: Elective
Max.Marks:25+75 MinimumPassingMarks:….

TotalNo.ofLectures-Tutorials-Practical(inhoursperweek):L-T-P:4-0-0
Unit Topics No.ofLectures
Different types of stains, their preparation and uses: Safranin, fast green,
I 12
hematoxylin, iodine, cotton blue, crystal violet, ruthenium red, Janus green,
Gram’s stains, Acetocarmine. Microtomy: dehydration, clearing and embedding
of material, section cutting, dewaxing.Collection and preparation of herbarium
sheets; preservation and storage of plant materials
4Instrumentation, principle and Methods of fractionation- Cell sorting,
Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Centrifugation, X- ray diffraction.
II Spectrophotometry, MS, NMR, ESR, ORD/CD spectrometers, 12
Radioisotopic methods: Geiger Muller & Liquid Scintillation Counters.
Immunological methods: immunodiffusion, immuno- electrophoresis, crossed
immuno- electrophoresis, counter- RIA, ELISA, Immunoblotting
Introduction of Biostatistics. Collection and Classification of data: Sampling
III and types of sampling methods. Presentation of Data: Tabular, Graphical, 12
Line Diagrams, Frequency Polygon, Frequency Curve, Scatter or Dot
Diagram, Bar Diagrams, Pie Chart. Measures of central tendency - Mean,
median, mode. Measures of dispersion: Range, standard error, standard
deviation, co-efficient of variations.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA): Summary of steps involved in ANOVA.
IV 12
Test of hypothesis and tests of significance: Student’s t-Test, Chi-square test,
F-test. Introduction to life table. Parametric and Non-parametric test.
Probability: Sum rule, Product rule and Binomial expansion. Probability
distribution: Normal, Binomial and Poisson. Kurtosis. Correlation and
V 12
Regression: Types of correlation (linear, non-linear, positive and negative),
difference between correlation and regression.

SuggestedReadings:
1. Plummer, D.T. (1996). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
3rd edition.
2. Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University Press, New York. U.S.A.
3. Ausubel, F., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A., Struhl, K. (1995). Short Protocols in
Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons. 3rd edition.
4. Zar, J.H. (2012). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Publication. U.S.A. 4th edition
5. Danniel, W.W., (1987). Biostatistics. New York, John Wiley Sons.
6. Sundarrao, P.S.S and Richards, J. (2012). An introduction to Biostatistics, 5th edition.
7. Selvin, S., (1991). Statistical Analysis of epidemiological data, New York University Press.
8. Bishop, O.N. (1966). The Principles of Modern Biology: Statistics for Biology. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
9. Freedman, P. (2017). The Principles of scientific research. New York, Pergamon Press.
10. Campbell, R.C. (1998). Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press.
 37

Programme/Class: M.Sc. Year: Second Semester: Fourth

Subject: Botany

Course Code: : : 1020408 Course Title: Economic Botany and Food Security
Course Objectives: The aim of this course is to provide a profound knowledge about the products of economically
important plants which are of various uses.
Course Outcomes: : Upon successfully completing this course, the students could be able to know:
1. Scope of economic botany, study of economically important plants and plant products.
2. The tropical, subtropical and temperate crops that are sources of food, beverages, spices, medicines, timber
and essential oil.
3. The genetic and evolutionary aspects of different plants and their health benefits.
4. The need to increase the food production to meet the demand of increasing population

Credits: 4 Core: Elective

Max. Marks: 25+75 Minimum Passing Marks: ….

Total No. of Lectures-Tutorials-Practical (in hours per week): L-T-P: 4-0-0

Unit Topics No. of Lectures
Origin of Cultivated Plants. The work of Vavilov. The future role of
Plants in relation to mankind. Cereal Crops- Wheat, Rice, Maize, Barley,
I 12
Oat, Sorghum, Millets and Pseudocereals . research center, journals and
contribution of Indian Scientists.
Legumes or Pulses-Pea, Gram, Pigeon pea, Lentil, Black and Green gram.
II Fibres and Fibre yielding plants- Classification of fibres. Cotton, Flex, Hemp, 12
Jute, Sann or Sunn hemp, Coir, Kapok.

Oil yielding plants- Classification of vegetable oil. Methods of oil extraction.

III 12
Groundnut, Mustard, Common olive, Coconut, Castor, Cottonseed, Soya bean,
Sesame.
Petro-crops: our future fuel.
Spices, Condiments and other flavourings- Classification of Spices Ginger,
IV Turmeric, Cinnamon, Clove, Black pepper, Coriander, Cumin, Chillies, Fennel, 12
Cardamom, Saffron.

Medicinal Plants- Drug plants, Drugs obtained from Roots, Stems, Barks, Leaves,
Flowers, Fruits and Seeds, Alkaloids and Cancer.

Food Safety and Security- Functions of FSSAI, Sanitary Parameters for food
service premises. Challenges and Future plan of FSSAI.
V Food Security in India, Schemes of Central govt for Food security. Role of 12
cooperatives in food security. Challenges and Future prospectives.
 38
Suggested Readings:
1. Economic Botany-A Comprehensive Study by S. L. Kochhar. 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press,
4843/24,2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi – 110002, India
2. Plants and Human Welfare by O. P. Sharma, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.
3. Economic botany : principles and praetiees / edited by Gerald E. Wickens. SPRINGER
SCIENCE+BUSINESSMEDIA, LLC.
4. DEV, S. MAHENDRA, KANNAN, K.P. AND RAMCHANDRAN, NEERA (EdS.). 2003. Towards a Food
5. SecureIndia: Issues and Policies. Institute for Human Development, New Delhi.
6. Anil Chandy Ittyerah, Food Security in India: issues and suggestions for effectiveness, IIPA, Delhi.