UNIT I

POETRY: SYMPATHY

Answer the following questions:

1. Why was the poet lying on the road?

2. How did the rich man help the poet?
3. Did the poet recover after the rich man's help? Justify in your own words.
4. How did the poor man help the poet?
5. What did the poet realize at the end?

1. What is the central message of the poem ‘Sympathy’ and what themes does the poet
use to explicate that message? Justify your answer with examples from the poem in
not more than 250 words.
2. Is the poem ‘Sympathy” applicable in real life? Justify in your own words.
3. Do you think that sympathy is greater than wealth? Justify your answer with
examples from the poem and your life experiences in not more than 250
words.
4. Critically analyze the poem 'Sympathy' and express your views about the
poem.
PARAGRAPH WRITING

Write paragraphs of about 100 word each, on the topics given below with the
Topic sentence, Supporting sentences, and Conclusion.

 Friendship is greater than riches

 Ways to develop sympathy among children
 A sympathetic person I know
 Importance of sympathy in the medical profession
 Effect of the pandemic on the environment
 Green energy
 Effect of social media on youngsters
 Electric vehicles

GRAMMAR

PARTS OF SPEECH

Identify the part of speech of the underlined words below:

1. He carried a blue umbrella.

2. We travelled by train.
 3. They didn’t comply with her request.
4. Attitude determines your altitude.
5. Though they ran fast, they missed the bus.
6. Oops! I forgot the key to the office desk.
7. I am a huge fan of hers.
8. He often makes mistakes.
9. Neither she writes nor she speaks
10. Sneha could not finish her work.
11. The cat is chasing its own tail.
12. The TajMahal is in Agra.
13. He runs fast.
14. Alas! We won the match.
15. She is a beauty with brains.

Identify the part of speech of each word in the following sentences:

1. The black horse ran swiftly.

2. You may write with pen or pencil.
3. Eek! There are many cockroaches on the shelf.
4. Hitesh doesn’t speak to anybody.
5. Saritha is the ardent lover of books among her peers.
6. Her handwriting is quite neat.
7. Do you speak English fluently?
8. Although we waited in the queue, we couldn’t get the movie tickets.
9. My uncle has advised me to join a gym from December.
10. Our house is farther than yours.
11. Knowledge is power.
12. Speak the truth always.
13. A new bridge was built across the river in September.
14. Mr. Deepak is an exceptionally intelligent man.
15. Jimmy is a quiet boy.

Articles
Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles

Use ‘an’, ‘a’ or ‘the’ appropriately in the sentences given below.

1. Sheldon is ___ honest man.

2. King Arthur was ___ just king.
3. ____ lion let go of ___ mouse.
4. I have fixed ___ appointment with ___ doctor.
 5. Will you take ___ picture of us?
6. I broke ___ vase my brother brought.
7. My mother has ___ polka-dotted umbrella.
8. The team organised __ friendly match with ___ Presidents of both ___
countries.
9. We had __ mulberry tree in the garden.
10.___ Eiffel Tower lights up at night.
11.___ huge building turned to dust due to __ earthquake.
12.___ famous band Beatles is coming to Texas tomorrow.
13.Charles Babbage is considered as ___ father of computers.
14.__ famous poem ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ is written by __ Romantic poet John
Keats.
15.__ Pacific Ocean is one of __ five oceans of __ world.
16.__ painter drew __ life-sized portrait of Mrs Mary Poppins.
17.My son is ___ apple of my eye.
18.___ history professor who taught us is retiring today.
19.___ oranges I brought were very sour.
20.Sharon will take __ train from __ next stop.

VOCABULARY

PAIN AND SYMPTOMS

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate vocabulary:

Aching Fever Coughing Sick Food

Poisoning Sweating Cold Dizzy Headache
Blocked

1. Another way to say that somebody has a 'very high temperature', is

_______________

2. When a person finds it difficult to breathe through the nose, their nose
is _________________
3. A verb that means a 'soft' or 'mild' pain that normally affects the muscles, is
_________________

4. When you have pain inside of your head, you have a ___________

5. When you feel confused and everything seems to be moving, you are
_________________

6. A loud noise that comes from the mouth. It is something that smokers often do,
is ________________

7. Another way to say 'vomit' something you have eaten, is ________________

8. An illness that begins with the letter 'c', is _________________

9. An illness caused when somebody has eaten something which is bad, is called
______________

10. When water leaves the body through the skin, it is called __________

Match the following diseases with their symptoms:

I III

(1) Typhoid (i) Chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels

(2) Pneumonia (ii) Dry scaly lesions on skin

(3) Eilariasis (iii) Chill and high fever recurring every 3-4 days

(4) Ringworm (iv) Alveoli filled with fluid

(5) Malaria (v) Intestinal perforati

Common Illness
Match the half-sentences in column A with the half-sentences in column B to make 18
sentences which are correct, complete and true. The first one has been done for you as
an example.
 READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following comprehension passage and answer the given questions.

Cardamom, the queen of all spices, has a history as old as the human race. It is the
dried fruit of a herbaceous perennial plant. Warm humid climate, loamy soil rich in
organic matter, distributed rainfall and special cultivation and processing methods
all combine to make Indian cardamom truly unique in aroma, flavour, size and it
has a parrot green colour. Two types of cardamom are produced in India. The first
type is the large one, which has not much significance as it is not traded in the
future market. It is cultivated in north-eastern area of the country. The second type
is produced in the southern states and these are traded in the future market. These
are mainly cultivated in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. As per the future
market rules, only 7 mm quality was previously traded in exchanges. But later, it
relaxed its norms and now 6 mm quality is also traded in the exchanges.

Cardamom is an expensive spice, secondly to saffron. Indian cardamom is known

in two main varieties: Malabar cardamom and Mysore cardamom. The Mysore
variety contains leaves of cineol, limonene and hence is more aromatic. India is the
world’s largest producer and exporter emerged as the leading producer and
exporter of cardamom. The main harvest season of cardamom in India is between
August-February. Cardamom reaches at yielding stage two years after the
plantation. The primary physical markets of cardamom are Kumily Vandenmodu,
Jhekkady, Puliyarmala in Kerala and Bodynaik kaur and Cumbum in Tamil Nadu.

Kerala is the main producer of cardamom and contributes up to 60% in total

production. Karnataka produces around 25% of the total production cardamom.
Ooty is the main producer of cardamom in Tamil Nadu and contributes around 10-
15% of the total production. Besides India, Guatemala also produces around 1,000-
2,000 ton cardamom per year. Due to low quality of cardamom from Guatemala, it
remains available at cheaper rates.

1. Mysore variety contains leaves of _____________________

(a) Limonene
(b) Cineol
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
2. Indian Cardamom is_______________________

(a) Poor in quality

(b) Average in quality
(c) Better in quality
(d) None of these

3. Guatemala produces cardamom:

(a) More but poor in quality

(b) Less but good in quality
(c) More and good in quality
(d) Less and poor in quality

4. Main harvest season of cardamom in India is _____________

(a) August-February
(b) August-March
(c) November
(d) February-April

5. Cardamom reaches at its yielding stage in

(a) Immediately after plantation

(b) Depends upon the plantation
(c) One year after plantation
(d) Two years after plantation

6. India produces cardamom of __________________

(a) One type

(b) Two types
(c) Three types
(d) None of the above

7. Which of the following is the variety of Indian cardamom?

 (a) Malabar cardamom
(b) Mysore cardamom
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above

8. Which of the following production of cardamom produces by

Karnataka?

(a) 25%
(b) 10%
(c) 15%
(d) 60%

SELF INTRODUCTION
Imagine that you are the host of the annual day program at your university and
you have invited imminent personality as a chief guest of the program. As the
host of the program first introduce yourself and then introduce the chief guest of
the program to the audience. (Write your answer in not more than 250 words.)
 How do you introduce yourself to an interviewer?
 Imagine that you are making a presentation in the presence of a team of medical
experts. Introduce yourself to the team.

UNIT–2

A Birthday Letter by Jawaharlal Nehru

Answer the following questions:

1. Explain the important elements of Nehru’s letter.

2. Imagine yourself as Indira and write a reply letter to your father, Nehru for
the letter you received on your birthday.

Letter Writing
 1. Write a letter to apply for leave addressed to your class teacher.
2. Write a letter to your Dean requesting one week’s permission to attend
our siblings wedding.

Phrase and Clause

In the following sentences, state whether the underlined part is a phrase

or a clause.
1. In spite of the heavy rains, we reached on time.
2. She passed her test because of her teacher.
3. Though she performed well in the interview, she didn’t get the job.
4. In spite of his good grades, he couldn’t secure admission in a good
college.
5. Driven by the storm, we took shelter under a bridge.
6. Having delivered the message, he departed.
7. Not knowing what to do, she stood there motionless.
8. Now that he is married, he has become more responsible.
9. Despite her protests, they took the child away.

Prepositions of Place
For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from
the choices below.

1. Sam had lots of posters ………… the wall of his bedroom when he was a teenager.

(a) To (b) on (c) in (d) at

2. I usually walk ………… work every day. It keeps me fit.

(a) To (b) for (c) in (d) at

 3. I think I put the milk ………… the fridge. Can you see it?

(a) At (b) to (c) in (d) with

4. If you feel ill, perhaps you should stay ………… home tomorrow.

(a) In (b) at (c) to (d) by

5. The train arrived ………… the station twenty minutes late.

(a) For (b) to (c) at (d) by

6. The plane had to return ………… the airport because of the storm. It was too dangerous to
continue.

(a) In (b) for (c) to (d) at

7. Sheila is coming back ………… holiday tomorrow.

(a) From (b) out of (c) in (d) to

8. There was an accident last night ………… the end of our street.

(a) In (b) from (c) on (d) at

9. When the weather is nice we normally sit ………… the garden.

(a) At (b) on (c) in (d) to

10. The rider fell ………… the horse and broke his arm.

(a) Out of (b) down (c) for (d) off

11. Put the books back ………… the shelf after the class, please.

(a) In (b) on (c) at (d) up

12. I lost my money somewhere ………… the hotel and the beach.

(a) Between (b) from (c) to (d) into

Prepositions of Time

For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from
the choices below.
 1. My birthday is ………… December.

(a) On (b) in (c) at (d) to

2. I was born ………… 1980.

(a) On (b) to (c) at (d) in

3. I normally go to bed ………… eleven or twelve o’clock.

(a) At (b) for (c) in (d) on

4. I see my friends ………… the week end.

(a) In (b) by (c) at (d) to

5. I’m going to the cinema ………… Tuesday evening. Can you come?

(a) In (b) at (c) on (d) for

6. We’re going on holiday ………… next week; two weeks in the USA!

(a) At (b) in (c) on (d) …….

7. There was a lot of technological progress with computers ………… the last century.

(a) For (b) on (c) in (d) to

8. My parents wake up early ………… the morning. I don’t!

(a) In (b) for (c) to (d) on

9. I’ll see you tomorrow ………… breakfast.

(a) By (b) on (c) in (d) at

10. I’m busy now – I’ll talk to you ………… ten minutes.

(a) Near (b) on (c) in (d) at

11. I really like it when it snows ………… winter.

(a) At (b) on (c) to (d) in

12. In my family we normally have a big party ………… New Year’s Eve.

(a) In (b) with (c) on (d) at

Body parts and diseases
Match the following body parts with the diseases:

Definitions / One-word substitutes

1. Abrasion: A cut or scrape that typically isn’t serious.
2. Abscess: A tender, fluid-filled pocket that forms in tissue, usually due to infection.
3. Acute: Signifies a condition that begins abruptly and is sometimes severe, but the
duration is short.
4. Benign: Not cancerous.
5. Biopsy: A small sample of tissue that’s taken for testing.
6. Chronic: Signifies a recurring, persistent condition like heart disease.
7. Contusion: A bruise.
8. Defibrillator: A medical device that uses electric shocks to restore normal
heartbeat.
9. Edema: Swelling caused by fluid accumulation.
10. Embolism: An arterial blockage, often caused by a blood clot.
11. Epidermis: The outer layer of the skin.
12. Fracture: Broken bone or cartilage.
13. Gland: An organ or tissue that produces and secretes fluids that serve a specific
function.
14. Hypertension: High blood pressure.
15. Inpatient: A patient who requires hospitalization.
16. Intravenous: Indicates medication or fluid that’s delivered by vein.
17. Malignant: Indicates the presence of cancerous cells.
18. Outpatient: A patient who receives care without being admitted to a hospital.
19. Prognosis: The predicated outcome of disease progression and treatment.
20. Relapse: Return of disease or symptoms after a patient has recovered.
21. Sutures: Stitches, which are used to join tissues together as they heal.
22. Transplant: The removal of an organ or tissue from one body that is implanted
into another.
23. Vaccine: A substance that stimulates antibody production to provide immunity
against disease.
24. Zoonotic disease: A disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.

The doctor who attends to child delivery Obstetrician

The doctor who attends to corns in the feet and hands Chiropodist
The doctor who deals with the female reproductive system Gynecologist
The doctor who specializes in root canal and nerve treatment Endodontist
The doctor who straightens teeth Orthodontist
The doctor who treats bone problems Orthopedician
The doctor who treats eye diseases Ophthalmologist
The doctor who treats gums Peridontist
The doctor who treats heart problems Cardiologist
The doctor who treats skin diseases Dermatologist

UNIT–3
The Secret of Work
1. How, according to Swami Vivekananda, can people be made
completely free of misery?
2. What is the nature of work according to the writer? In what spirit
should it be done?
3. How is the idea of ‘Samskara’ explained in the essay?
4. What does Vivekananda want to convey by drawing a comparison
between a human being and a tortoise?
5. What does the essay tell us about being ‘unattached’ in all that we do?
6. What are the two ways in which we can work without expecting
anything in return

E-mail writing
Answer the following questions in about 50 to 100 words each.
1. Draft an email to your boss applying leave for a week’s time mentioning
the reason.
2. Draft an email to your class in charge explaining the reason for skipping
college for a week.

READING

1) Read the passage given below and use your skills of inference and prediction to
choose the correct answers:

It is not possible to imagine ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ without the influence of

Marlon Brando, the actor who rose to fame playing Stanley Kowalski. On the
page, the part is fairly simplistic. Stanley is a monster and a beast without any
redeeming qualities. But Brando and the play’s original director, Elia Kazan,
imagined the character as having a soft underbelly, rooted in his own sorrow,
insecurities, and soulful complexity. Brando’s Stanley is a brute, yes, but he is a
brute who hates the fact that he is so awful. He is also unable to control himself
and his passions, and this lack of control is equally embarrassing to him, even as it
is also threatening to Blanche and alluring to her sister Stella.
For instance, after he hits Stella, he comes back to her, famously begging for
forgiveness by shouting “Stella” outside their apartment. But in Brando’s depiction
on the stage and later on the screen, he is soaked from the rain and looks
completely desperate, as though he needs Stella to live. He looks and seems totally
helpless and weak, the exact opposite of the brute he appears later when he forces
himself onto Blanche.
The play is excellent and memorable, even when read. But it is Brando’s
interpretation of the male lead role that makes the play indelible. Without Brando,
the play would still have a deep meaning, but with Brando’s interpretation, the
play becomes even more profound.
1) Paragraph1 of the above passage can refer to each of the following except:

a. a critical interpretation of ‘A Street car Named Desire’

b. an explanation of why modern audiences connect with ‘A Street car
Named Desire’
c. a brief plot synopsis of ‘A Street car Named Desire’
d. back ground information on the times that produced ‘A Street car Named
Desire’
e. the author’s main argument concerning ‘A Street car Named Desire’

2) It can be inferred from the above passage that ‘A Street car Named Desire’
a. was Tennessee Williams’ first play
b. is better on stage than in print
c. did not have socialist leanings
d. was not melodramatic
e. would not have been successful without Marlon Brando

3) According to the passage, Blanche DuBo is

a. is intentionally overdramatic and theatrical
b. has never been to the city of New Orleans before
c. is recently married to Stanley Kowalski
d. faces danger from Stanley Kowlaski
e. is firmly rooted in realism and sanity

4) The paragraph argues that Marlon Brando’s portrayal of Stanley Kowalski

I. earned the actor great fame
II. is more nuanced than the part that is written
III. is what really made ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ a classic

a. I only
b. II only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. I, II, and III
5) The passage argues that

a. The New York theater scene was blown away by ‘A Street car Named
Desire’.
b. Tennessee Williams wrote ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ to end
melodrama.
c. ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ has no true meaning.
d. ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ only has power when performed on the
stage.
e. e. The character of Stanley Kowlaski has been made more complex
through Brando’s portrayal.

ROLE PLAYS

 Write a role play between a doctor and a corona patient during the first
consultation session (Write at least 20 exchange of dialogues)

 Imagine yourself as an office associate at the doctor’s clinic, giving

instructions to the patient on reaching the doctor’s room.
 You are diagnosed with tuberculosis; explain the symptoms and seek
medical treatment from the doctor.
 Imagine yourself as to be a doctor, explain the medication and treatment
process for a patient suffering from Covid.

TENSES

Correct the following sentences using appropriate tense.

i. I have seen her yesterday.

ii. TheyarestayinginHyderabadfrom10yearsnow.

iii. I came to meet you tomorrow.

iv. I am waking up at 7 A.M every day.

(DIRECT & INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH)

Convert the following sentences into reported speech:

1. He said to the tailor, “Will you have the dress ready by tomorrow evening?”
2. They requested, “Let us come in.”
3. Ravi said to Esther, “Why are you sketching on the wall?”
4. “Jacob succeeded as he’d have wished”, his mother said.
5. Arya said to Tiffany, “David will leave for his father’s place tomorrow.”
6. She said, “Why didn’t you send an email to me?”
7. The boss said to Shekhar, “Why didn’t you attend the auditing yesterday?”
8. “Be calm and listen to my speech”, the monk said.
9. Orlando said, “Alright, yes, you were correct and I was wrong.”
10. “Stand at ease”, the commander ordered the troops.
11. The guest told the waiter, “Please give me a cup of coffee.”
12. “You shall visit the fort in the moonlit night”, the guide said.
13. “Where will you be tonight”, she said, “in case I need to call you?”
14. The poet said, “Alas! How sad is my country today!”

Convert the following sentences into direct speech:

1. The traffic policeman asked the man to wear his seat belt.
2. The teacher told us that all the boys were playing in the garden.
3. She requested the professor to repeat the question.
4. I asked my sister if she had returned the book to her friend.
5. The instructor asked Ronny if he was ready for the meeting.
6. The judge commanded them to call the witnesses in the court.
7. The astronomer said that nobody could solve the problem.

VOCABULARY

FOOD AND LIFESTYLE

1. Which are the good sources of Protein?

A. Green vegetables
B. Rice
C. Fruits
D. Eggs

2. Which food item provides energy?

A. Rice
 B. Sugar
C. Bread
D. All of these

3. Which food item has calcium?

A. Honey
B. Milk
C. Sugar
D. Potato

4. Which food item has fat?

A. Butter
B. Fish
C. Green vegetable
D. None of these

5. We get vitamin A from which of the following?

A. Beet root
B. Lemon
C. Yellow fruit
D. Pulses

6. Which food item has carbohydrates and fats?

A. Bread and butters

B. Rice and pulses
C. Egg and fish
D. All of these

7. Which of the following is a good source of iron?

A. Green vegetables
B. Potato
C. Tomato
D. Beet root

8. Which food item has protein, fat and minerals?

A. Fruits
B. Bread
C. Honey
 D. Milk

9. Which disease is caused by deficiency of iron?

A. Rickets
B. Anaemia
C. Goiter
D. Scurvy

10. Lack of Vitamin A leads to which disease?

A. Rickets
B. Anaemia
C. Night blindness
D. Heart disease

Instruments and Equipment

Instrument Uses

for patients who are unconscious or too weak to sit up or walk

Bedpan
to the toilet to defecate

to create a permanent pathway to a vein (or artery) for the

Cannula
purpose of repeated injections or infusion of intravenous fluids

to correct arrhythmias of the heart or to start up a heart that is

Cardioverter / Defibrillator
not beating

to drain and collect urine directly from the bladder (primary use)
Catheter
also to act as a makeshift oxygen tube etc.

to remove toxic materials from the blood that are generally

Dialyser
removed by the kidneys; used in case of kidney failure

Electrocardiograph
to record the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time
machine

Enema equipment
to inject fluid into the lower bowel for several purposes, most
 frequently for relieving constipation

to look inside the gastrointestinal tract, used mainly

Endoscope
in surgery or by surgical consultants

Gas cylinder as a supply of oxygen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, etc.

Gauze sponge to absorb blood and other fluids as well as clean wounds

Glucose monitor to measure one’s blood pressure

Surgical scissors used for dissecting or cutting

Hypodermic
for injections and aspiration of blood or fluid from the body
needle / Syringe

as in gloves, gowns, bonnets, shoe covers, face

Infection control
shields, goggles, and surgical masks for preventing nosocomial
equipment
or healthcare-associated infection

Instrument sterilizer to sterilize instruments in absence of an autoclave

Kidney dish as a tray for instruments, gauze, tissue, etc.

Measuring tape for length, height, head circumference and girth measurements

to see into the eye, natural orifices, etc. and to test for pupillary
Medical halogen penlight
light reflex, etc.

Medical ultrasound to create an image of internal body structures

for nasogastric suction or the introduction of food or drugs into

Nasogastric tube
the body

to produce aerosols of drugs to be administered by respiratory

Nebulizer
route
Ophthalmoscope to look at the retina

Otoscope to look into the external ear cavity

to deliver gases to the mouth/nostrils to assist in oxygen intake

Oxygen mask and tubes
or to administer aerosolized or gaseous drugs

Pipette or dropper to measure out doses of liquid, specially in children

Proctoscope to look inside the anal canal and lower part of the rectum

Radiography to view internal body structures

Reflex hammer to test motor reflexes of the body

Sphygmomanometer to measure the patient's blood pressure

to hear sounds from movements within the body like heart

Stethoscope
beats, intestinal movement, breath sounds, etc.

Suction device to suck up blood or secretions

Thermometer to record body temperature

Tongue depressor for use in oral examination

Transfusion kit to transfuse blood and blood products

Tuning fork to test for deafness and to categorize it

to assist or carry out the mechanical act

Ventilator of inspiration and expiration so the non-respiring patient can do
so; a common component of "life support"
 for recording rates like heart rate, respiratory rate, etc.; for
Watch / Stopwatch
certain hearing tests.

Weighing scale to measure weight

Crocodile Forceps to remove foreign bodies from ear or nasal cavities.

UNIT IV

All the world’s a stage (Poem) by William Shakespeare

1. Describe the various stages of a man’s life pasteurised in the poem “All the
World’s a stage.”
2. Shakespeare has skilfully brought out the parallels between the life of man
and actors on stage. Elaborate this statement with reference to the poem.
3. What is the central idea of the poem?
4. Which two stages of man described by the poet sound humerous and why?

Short Essay
Write a short essay on the following topics and underline the Thesis Statement in
it.

1. Examinations
2. Health and Fitness
3. Importance of relationships
4. Education System
5. Favourite place you would like to visit.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Choose the correct form of the verb, which agrees with the subject.

1. Sally (run, runs) to the park every day.

2. These dogs (bark, barks) at strangers.
3. Ted and Mary (is, are) going to the movies.
4. The game (was, were) exciting.
 5. They (worry worries) too much.
6. She (study, studies) every night.
7. Black or white, wish (is, are) your choice?
8. That (was, were) incredible.
9. Those (is, are) pretty shoes.
10.A dash of sugar (have, has) to be added more.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb forms, which agree with their
respective subjects.

1. Jack and Jill _______ a couple. (be)

2. Idly and sambar ___ the best breakfast. (be)
3. Neither the dialogues nor the script _____ ready until we reached. (be)
4. Four quarters oil _____ been consumed already. (have)
5. The jury ____________ William’s performance. (have, applaud)
6. Either you or I ____ representing the university. (be)
7. My hair __________ extremely frizzy. (have, become)
8. There _____ a little chance of his recovery. (be)
9. Every student ______ to prepare a project model. (have)
10.Too many cooks ______ the broth. (spoil)

Degrees of Comparison

Fill in the blanks with the correct degree of the adjective given in the brackets.
Notes: An English adjective can exist in three forms – positive degree,
comparative degree and superlative degree. Test your understanding of these forms
with this exercise.
1. Raveena is ……………………… (tall) than her sister.
2. The Alps are the …………………………. (high) mountain ranges in Europe.
3. The test was very ……………………. (easy)
4. The test was ……………………. (easy) than I thought.
5. She is ……………………. (old) than him.
6. Who is the …………………. (tall) man in the world?
7. I can run …………………… than you. (fast)
8. Who is the …………………… runner in the class? (fast)
9. Ravi’s house is as ………………….. (big) as Peter’s house.
10. She took the …………………….. (strong) ropes to tie the bags together.

Medical Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviation Stands for More information

You may have an ABG

ABG Arterial blood gases test to detect lung
diseases.

Drugs called ACE

inhibitors are used to
treat high blood
ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme
pressure, heart failure,
diabetes and kidney
diseases.

Commonly injured part

ACL Anterior cruciate ligament
of the knee

ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder A behavior disorder

A disturbance of the
AFIB Atrial fibrillation
rhythm of the heart

Infection caused by
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome human
immunodeficiency virus

You may have a blood

ALP Alkaline phosphatase test for ALP to detect
liver or bone disease.

Also known as Lou

ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Gehrig's Disease

You may have a blood

ALT Alanine aminotransferase test for ALP to detect
liver disease.

AMD Age-related macular degeneration An eye problem

AMI Acute myocardial infarction Heart attack

AODM Adult onset diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes

 You may have a blood
AST Aspartate aminotransferase test for ALP to detect
liver disease.

A defect in the
AVM Arteriovenous malformation
circulatory system.

Your doctor may write

BID Twice a day
this on your prescription.

A measure of how much

BMI Body mass index you should weigh based
on your height

The force of your blood

BP Blood pressure pushing against the walls
of your arteries

Enlargement of the
BPH Benign prostatic hypertrophy
prostate gland

People with the gene

may be at increased risk
BRCA Breast Cancer Gene
for breast or ovarian
cancer.

You may have a blood

BUN Blood urea nitrogen test for BUN to detect
kidney disease problems.

CA Cancer OR Calcium

You may have a blood

CA-125 Cancer antigen 125 test for CA-125 A to
measure cancer activity.

CABG Coronary artery bypass graft A type of heart surgery

A common type of heart

CAD Coronary artery disease
disease

CAT Computerized axial tomography A type of x-ray

A blood test that

measures many
CBC Complete blood count
properties of the cells in
your blood
 Heart disease you were
CHD Congenital heart disease
born with

Also called heart failure.

A condition in which the
CHF Congestive heart failure heart can’t pump enough
blood throughout the
body.

CMV Cytomegalovirus A common virus

CNS Central nervous system The brain and spinal cord

A lung disease that

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
makes it hard to breathe

You may have a blood

test for CPK to see if
CPK Creatine phosphokinase
you’ve had a heart
attack.

An emergency procedure
CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation whose heart has stopper
or is no longer breathing

CRF Chronic renal failure Failure of the kidneys

You may have a blood

test for CRP to see if you
CRP C-reactive protein
have inflammation or
heart problems.

A fluid that surrounds

CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
the brain and spinal cord

CVA Cerebrovascular accident A stroke or "brain attack"

A diagnostic test that

CXR Chest x-ray uses radiation to make
images of your lungs

A surgical procedure on
D&C Dilatation and curettage
the uterus (womb)

Another name for

DJD Degenerative joint disease
arthritis

DM Diabetes mellitus
 A vaccine for three
DTP Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis
diseases

DVT Deep-vein thrombosis A blood clot

DX Diagnosis

A test that measures

ECG, EKG Electrocardiogram electrical impulses of the
heart

A test that uses sound

ECHO Echocardiogram waves to look at the
heart

A test that measures

EEG Electroencephalogram electrical impulses of the
brain

A test that measures

EMG Electromyography electrical impulses of
muscles

ENT Ear, nose and throat

A way to diagnose
problems in the liver,
ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
gallbladder, bile ducts
and pancreas

A blood test for

ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
inflammation

ESRD End-stage renal (kidney) disease

If you are a woman, you

FSH Follicle stimulating hormone may have a blood test for
FSH to evaluate fertility.

A problem that happens

GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease when stomach contents
leak back into your gullet

Another term for your

GI Gastrointestinal
digestive system

GFR Glomerular filtration rate A test of kidney damage

GU Genitourinary The urinary and sex

 organs

A virus that causes one

HAV Hepatitis A virus
type of liver disease

A virus that causes one

HBV Hepatitis B virus
type of liver disease

A blood test
HCT Hematocrit
measurement

A virus that causes one

HCV Hepatitis C virus
type of liver disease

A type of cholesterol,
HDL High density lipoprotein also known as "good"
cholesterol

A blood test
HGB Hemoglobin
measurement

The virus that causes

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
AIDS

A virus that causes

HPV Human papilloma virus
cervical cancer

Hormones supplements
HRT Hormone replacement therapy
that women may take

HTN Hypertension High blood pressure

A name for two digestive

disorders-- ulcerative
IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
colitis and Crohn's
disease

A problem with the large

IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
intestine

A device that monitors

ICD Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
heart rhythm problems

ICU Intensive care unit Special hospital unit

IDDM Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes

IM Intramuscular A type of injection

 A type of birth control
IUD Intrauterine device
for women

IV Intravenous A type of injection

An x-ray test of the

IVP Intravenous pyelogram
urinary system

A type of cholesterol,
LDL Low density lipoprotein also known as "bad"
cholesterol

LFT Liver function tests

MI Myocardial infarction Heart attack

A vaccine for three

MMR Measles, mumps, and rubella
diseases

MRI Magnetic resonance imaging A type of imaging test

MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus A type of infection

A disease of the nervous

MS Multiple sclerosis
system

You may need an NG

tube to empty the
NG Nasogastric
contents of your
stomach.

NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes

NKDA No known drug allergies

NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Drugs like ibuprofen

A type of anxiety
OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder
disorder

Diseases of the arteries

PAD Peripheral arterial disease
outside the heart

You may need a PAP test

PAP Papanicolau
to detect cervical cancer.

A disturbance of the
PAT Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
rhythm of the heart
PET Positron emission tomography A type of x-ray test

You may need PFTs to

PFT Pulmonary function test find out how your lungs
are working.

Infection and
inflammation of the
PID Pelvic inflammatory disease
female reproductive
organs

A group of symptoms
PMS Premenstrual syndrome that may happen before
a woman’s period

You may have a PPD skin

PPD Purified protein derivative
test for tuberculosis.

Your doctor may write

PRN As needed
this on your prescription.

You may have a blood

PSA Prostate specific antigen test for PSA to detect
prostate disease.

A measure of blood
PT Prothrombin time
clotting

You may have a blood

PTH Parathyroid hormone test for PTH to detect
parathyroid disease.

An illness caused by
PTSD Post-traumatic stress syndrome
traumatic events

A measure of blood
PTT Partial thromboplastin time
clotting

PUD Peptic ulcer disease A disease of the stomach

A disturbance of the
PVC Premature ventricular contraction
rhythm of the heart

Your doctor may write

QID Four times a day
this on your prescription.

RA Rheumatoid arthritis A type of joint disease

RBC Red blood cell A type of blood cell

 A virus that causes
RSV Respiratory syncytial virus
infections in children

Rx Prescription

Depression during
SAD Seasonal affective disorder
seasons with little light

SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome

SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus for short

SOB Shortness of Breath

STD Sexually transmitted disease

You may have a blood

T3 Triiodothyronine test for T3 to detect
thyroid disease.

You may have a blood

T4 Thyroxine test for T4 to detect
thyroid disease.

TB Tuberculosis An infection of the lungs

Surgery to remove a
TAH Total abdominal hysterectomy
woman's uterus (womb)

TIA Transient ischemic attack A small stroke

A test that measures the

TIBC Total iron binding capacity amount of iron in your
blood

Your doctor may write

TID Three times a day
this on your prescription.

The joint that connects

TMJ Temporomandibular joint your jaw to the side of
your head

A newborn will have this

test to check for
TORCH Stands for a group of infections that may cause birth defects infections. Sometimes
the mother also needs
the test.

TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone You may have a blood

 test for TSH to detect
thyroid disease.

An operation to remove
TURP Transurethral resection of prostate gland parts of the prostate
gland

Another name for the

URI Upper respiratory infection
common cold

Infection of the bladder

UTI Urinary tract infection
and kidneys

Therapy that uses

XRT Radiotherapy radiation, usually for
cancer

WBC White blood cell A type of blood cell

UNIT V

Answer the following questions in about 50 to 100 words each.

1. Why were diseases so deadly in the past?

2. What did Sister Nivedita do for plague victims?
3. What is plague manifesto?
4. Why did Sr. Nivedita clean the road herself?
Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

1. What do you think is the current relevance of the stories of great

humanitarians such as Sr. Nivedita? How is she an inspiration to the present
generation?
2. What in your opinion is the contribution of Sr. Nivedita to the medical field?
Which of her ideas or activities can be useful to you in your profession?

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

EXERCISE

1. Varun is helping Reshmi. (Change into passive voice)

2. A gift was given to Manassa by me. (Change into active voice)
3. Santana will sing All My Life at the Nationals. (Change into active voice)
4. A mouse was being chased by my cat. (Change into active voice)
5. Naveen loves Praveena. (Change into passive voice)
6. The decorations for the annual day will be done by Emma. (Change into active
voice)
7. J. K. Rowling wrote the Harry Potter novels. (Change into passive voice)
8. Ms. Holly will teach Spanish this year. (Change into passive voice)
9. Mike was hit by Nick. (Change into active voice)
10. Naslen is being scolded by his mom. (Change into active voice)

Convert the following sentences into Passive Voice:

1. They are repairing the road.

3. Someone has spoiled my paintings.

4. Is the doctor examining the patients?

5. Will they sing a song?

6. Does she bake cakes?

7. People say that India has a rich heritage.

8. The tailor had stitched those dresses.

9. Do it at once.

10. Don’t go there.

Change the Voice of the following sentences:

1. People speak English all over the world.

2. Rice is eaten by us.

3. You are instructed to finish the work.

4. I am watching him carefully.

5. Kites were being flown by Chandra.

6. He has drawn the picture.

7. Let them watch the T.V.

8. Don’t slouch while eating.

9. Take away these books.

 10. Please come in.

11. So, I offered him shelter, dressed his wounds, and began to look after
him.

12. So, I sent him to the government hospital for indentured labourers.
13. Dr. Booth was the head of the St. Aidan's Mission.

14. The birth of the last child put me to the severest test.

If conditionals:
Fill in the blanks with the correct conditionals.

1. If you __________ (smoke), you _________ (get) cancer.

2. If she _________ (learn) English, she _____________ (go) abroad.
3. My secretary ___________ (inform) you if the meeting ___ (be)
scheduled.
4. If he _______ (speak) louder, the audience _________ understand
you.
5. If we ______ (assemble) by 10 am, we ________ (have) enough time
to discuss all the points.
6. He __________ all his friends, if he _________ (continue) to talk
about them behind their backs.
7. I __________ (buy) a new car if I ____ (have) enough money.
8. If students _________ ( violate) the rules, the principal _______
(take) strict action .
9. If you __________ (touch) a hot pan, it _____ (hurt).
10.He _________ (agree) with her if he _______ (know) her.

Match the clauses to make conditional sentences.

I Answe Ii
r

1) If it snowed tomorrow a) if I were sick.

2) If I find your key b) if we water them.

3) If you had helped me c) if we don’t hurry.

4) If they get the passes d) we would have bought a

house.
5) She would care for me e) if you’re not audible.

6) The plants grow well f) I would have helped

you.

7) We’ll be late g) I would finish all my

assignments
8) If my father had won the h) I’ll give it to you.
lottery
9) If it were a holiday i) they'll attend the event.
yesterday

10) Nobody will pay j) we would go skiing.

attention

Health, Hygiene and Wellness, Medical Vocabulary/Terminology

 Acute: A condition that is often severe but starts and ends quickly
 Angina: Intermittent chest pain normally caused by insufficient blood
flow to the heart
 Benign: Refers to a tumor that is neither cancerous nor malignant
 Chronic: Describes a condition that is persistent or recurring
 Edema: Swelling as a result of fluid retention or build up
 Embolism: A clot caused by blood, fat, air or other types of fluid, gas or
foreign material
 Fracture: A cracked or broken bone
 Hypertension: Unusually high blood pressure
 Hypotension: Unusually low blood pressure
 Intravenous: Administration of medication or fluids by vein
 Lesion: Damage or change to tissue, such as a cut, a wound or a sore
 Malignant: Refers to the presence of cancerous cells in a tumor or
growth
 Myocardial infarction: Also known as a heart attack, where the heart
is deprived of blood due to arterial blockage
 Remission: Describes a disease that is not getting worse
 Sepsis: An imbalance in the body's response to infection that injures
the body's tissues and organs
  Thrombosis: A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel restricting
blood flow

Medical Slang
 Afib: Atrial fibrillation, irregular and rapid heartbeats
 Bagging: Helping a patient breathe using a squeeze bag attached to a
face mask
 C-section: Caesarian section, where a baby is delivered through an
abdominal and uterine incision
 Detox: Detoxification, the removal of toxins from the body, such as
drugs or alcohol
 Exam: Examination
 Foley: A catheter inserted into the bladder to help with urinary drainage
 GCS: Glascow Coma Scale, level of consciousness
 Labs: Laboratory work or tests
 MVA: Motor vehicle accident
 Nitro: Nitroglycerin
 O sign: A patient who is unconscious and open-mouthed
 OD'd: Overdosed
 Script: Prescription
 Stat: Immediately
 Thready: Shallow and weak, particularly in reference to a person's
pulse
 Tox screen: A blood test to determine the type and quantity of drugs in
the system