UNI tatvoduction: > 303 Microprocessov is on enhonded Version of goes miceopee sor Una ws designed by gabel in 19°76: —sMicwprocessey 6 the heave of lhe erachine. microprocessoy ts a devi, which is Gfalle of b Receiving input 2 perfosrnieg Gompubakions 3 shoving doko and zrsbuclions (hb pisplay the vesull _ & Gabadlieg all the devices that perf the above 4 functions. "Ay Miceoprocessey 16 raudbipuypose programmable device that accep digite! data (binawy jnsbuchons) a4 inpuky Processes doko acandi i ion in im ‘and provides yesul we da inthuctions sfovedl iG emoy pr Nhot is nicvo@rbellev? " micwognbolley IF o mall ond lowest micro Gmpucbey, which is designel fo pevforn lhe speific tants of embedded Systems Jike displ ry ccicwnaves informalion, veceivi yerole cipal ele. The gener paicse Gabeller amish of the processor, the eremoly (RAM, Rol , EPRoM) wervial post, peripherals (limexs, Gunhess), eb. < Evelubion of Microproce ssovs: Flesh Geveuaben bt Hicepecessos): These micwprecessors inbedocad in the Yeo jq7l-1972. tel Gypotalion. TL tas named as “talel 4oof’ singe it pasa yebit Processor seer Generation (2-bit Hicspworessows) : These miCr0prwessors Weve inhodaced in 1978 again by anlels sp was a favst shit picepmcessoy whith Gull Perfown ALU operations on g-bib words.TE was Trlel £008, and anotheY Improved version was Thlel gos9 Toad Genexabion (16-bit Micmpycessowd : "These reiiCeprGessoss WEE io vebrente by Takels 9096, which were WS-bIE Pr@sso¥s: Ge-bit MiceoPsoce sSo¥S) : several differeot Gupanies Fousth Generobion L micwprocescovs, bub the most Populay one is inbood ced 32-bi lhe tolel 80386 Fuel Generalion ( (6,-bik Micsprecessoxs): Fuom 1995 fb now we aye ation. Afley goesé, Tnkel “Gme out with a new in Aflh Gene pentium pyocessoY followed by pentium pro CPUs Pxlesso¥ narndy which allows’ multiple CPU in a single system by achieve reull p Cessing- pgplictions of Micepadessoy: = Ghadelows : lee Cae spsien > Games machine > Traffic Jigh > pilike opphicbions > pefense systems > mobile phones — Aubmebiles = cdlpvo plyes > Washing pachines — Cameras > secusity alayms = wakes — Ps playerspiffeerce Belcen MiCPOceSseYS, ood Hicreerianlers: > micsopwcessor is the heovk of — —svicoGrbolley is the heaxt of an Gmpuler system embeckled system. . Tb is ony a processoy, SO > fics Gaholley has o processor memo odd To Grponenks neal along with inlesnal memay bp bel ennected a Llo Grponenks > Memay and Tle has be he —>Memay and To ave dlveody . Gnnecled externally, © the Gyeuit presedf, and the Inbemal crvaslé hedmes Saxge- is small. ; : of the enkie system is ow ask of the enlive stem is est high: — pue, fp exleinal Gmponenb, he AS evlemal Grponenk ave lon tokal powey Gasumplion is bith: bola) powrey Gasumplion is Less a yosk of the micwprcessors do —>rost of the microGrlreliexs rk hove poser coving Ferber off power. saving rnode. “ath is mainly vse) in Pertona) — 9E If wsed mainly’ in a washi igen if ar rrachine, Mp? jd entail ples > wioopacescoy has a smalley => HideGnbolley has move Numbey of yegisles, 30 move of vegisters. Hence the po ae opevabions awe memo -based- — ensiey fo wile rem we 5k yses an exbemal bus b Ib mesan intemal Gnbsolliveg fue inlevface wilh RAM, Rom and a othey periphevals. oF Gmplex and expensive, with 5 2 simple and inexpensive with @ lovee ruber of insbwchions — Jess umber of insirachiens te to Process- process.Aychitecluve [Block Diagram gf goss Micropwcessox: The aychileckve of %0%5 micsepwocessoy iS Gmposed of & majoy unik, the GID Gur Inberface Unib) and Ev (Eretution vnib)s The Fiquye below shows Lhe block diagram of the aychilecheval yepresentation of the 20% micopre Bessov. Ta memo and reput / ral ‘ pH | DL Px ' if | I |___P_ it ' st ' ! OL Fig: Block Diagram of 8086 MicupscessorThe Bus Tnkerface yrik(@rV): >The BLU Provides the inlerfae of 80% b exlemal memoyy ere tho devices via the gstem bus: The BIV perfor all bus qpevations such as inspuckion Feldig, yeoding and wyili opevards fy mereiy and Coleg te adlvesses of the meno operands. Bru perhirs the following funchions:— eo oak prides il) iebib-fvectionl chi bus a to bit adress bus oe paihes ‘achos fron the eereyy Be beae dee. tp ond Bon the mena and To: The PEv. wes a mechanism Known as an insbnwebion queue b implemen pipeline avchitechve- This queue pesmil pye-Pelch of uple six byles of inshuction cade. phenevey, the queue of the BLU is rob | fal, ib has oor for atleast —fwve move byl ond ak the same lime the EU is ek Ik b vend or axile qerards fom memey, the BEY is yeqpesti Pree to bok ahead in the Profvam y pre-febchirg the nexk wipertcl Tnsbuction. > Thee pre-felching insbucliow ave hell in i FLFO queue. The BLU | folches luo indbmuction Ibs in a single: mova gee. she PIU alto Grlsim a dedioled added” which is used bo penesale go bit Prysical address Yok iS ovbpt on the addvess bus. This phyi@l addvess is formed yy odding an apperded bit Seqraenk addyess and le bit offset addvess- : ee ee PA = SeqxlOH + offset Nddvess othe (ESS > BID is also yesporsible fey genevatireg bus Gnbo! sifeals such as those fy memoy Yaad ov wrile ant Zlo vad ov write:nae example: Tre physial adlvess of next ishuckion tp 4. iS formed by Gwhining the Carvent Gnkealy of the Gde Seament- CS vefisteY ard Gowenk Gnlenk of the insbuction pointer ap veisler CS =43elH a IP=looolt paz 432)* loH + lood = 432lon +looo pa = hh 2lok & Jig Exccion, pnt ED The main Gmponenls of ED ave General pupose veqislels the AW Chithmebic ard Lofical anit.), speal purpose vegislew ard Flag] Shabu vegistev >The EU eibvack inshaction Fao top of the queue in the &r0, decades them genevales operands if necessaty, passes them te the BU ard veyed it b pevforn He yaad ov wile bus Oscles be memay oF tlo and perm the operation speafiel ¥ the insbuction on the operands > pusieg Phe creation of the Tnsbuction, the EU les the sabes ard ‘Gabal Flops ore) Ypebles Hem basal 00 the Youd of exetaleg Uhe insbuchon. rf the yeue is empl, the EV woik fy lhe next inshuction ble be be febchal orel shifled to top of- the queue. -swhen the EU exettes 0 branch oy jump instruction, it hransPers Gnbo) be ‘a tection Grvegerding jo arothey set of ata eat th : i the BTV audomali then begins to felch instructions from this Coe Danae>The EU felthes an opede fom the queue ink lhe instuction Yorisley. The inslwclion dedey decedes jb and, sends the lfera- lion bb Whe Gnbol unite Grit fy exedation. operand vegislev isa Ib biE register wed by the Gabel vGiske b boll the operards Hempravily. TE is nob available to te Programmes Pepisher olppoizabion of gos: Fe sot micepecessey has a tlal of feurleen vajislew that ove accessible bp the propremmer: All Phase vaisles ave ld-bit In sife: The vegies of, 9086 axe cobegori gel ink four differen pops @ beneval purpose Rajislens special purpose Resta © ent pegislen. @ Flog | stabs Registers @enevel purpose Registes: All general puspose wqistes A the 8086 miCaprcesseY Gr be viel iv axvibeebic ond dgie opeiabion’s These all general reise Gn le wel as eitheY g-bit of orbit yajisleu- (1) px Register: ACCurruladoy vegistev cmish oF bio obit vezisters AL ard AW, which Gn be Gmbined degethey ard wel os a Is bit vegisley AX pv in this Gse Gnkains the Jow-ovdev ble of the word, and MR contains the high -ovdler ble. > ACOumulebv Ga be vsed Ry Zlo operalions, yolale re) shivg manipulation:Al chev: i CO Be Reps: Base vepisle’ Gmis of too g-bit veRsles RL anf ae ‘hal o etre gether and wal as a Ue-bit qjiste Bx. BL in this Gse Grains the Jow -ordev ipl cE the word, ard AW Grkains the high ovdey byle. Base vagisley holds the Skastirg hase lowlbion of memoy yefion within o daba Segment Bx vezisle’ usually Grlains a daka poinke wed fr based, , based indexed o¥ vegistev indiveck addvesstng Giidox Regisler: Counk xefisley Gnsish of vo @-bik vepislexs OL ard cit, which Gn be Grbined pegether and wed a4 a le-bit vyefisleY Cx cL in this Gse Galains the Jow-ovdev de of he voor, and CH Gnkains the high -ovdey byle- { > Count vegisteY Gn be used in Loop, shift |Rotale irabuctions nal on = Goolel tn Shp rranipulabion- (iv) Pe Regisle: dab vepisler Guist of hoo s-bit vepistes DL ant DH, which Gn be Gmbinel togethey and wed asa Ié-bit yeistey DK \ = pL in his Gse Grains the Jow-ordey byle of the word, and DH Gnkains the high- ovdev bytes > pala vegistey Ga be wed os a port rumber 10 Tlo operations In inbegev go-bit raudbiply and divide imbuctions the Dx vepisley Gnlains high - odev word oF the inilial o¥ vesubling number.(BD) seal purpose Registers? C)Easbyuchion poicley: TE ack 24 a propiam Gunkey for 2086- > ap poink bo the addvess of the nevk instchion bb be exeulel. — th Gelert is audomeli incremented shen the program execution of o Pyopyam proceeds falhes > The Gulenk of Ip and cS vegistey ave used lo Grpuhe the merrey addvess of the inshuction Gde tb be felchel- W) Stack pointe TE is @ i-bit vegistey pointing fo program slack in stack segmenk- Gil) Kase folnlew TE Is o Ud-bib veqisley poicticg & daka in stock (WY) source nde: TE is a lé-bie yejistey wed for Source dala addvesses in sbi mani pubakion insbyuctions: L vegislev used fo destiralion w pestinakion gndex: re is a [b-bi on i instructions. dala add¥es in shing rani pubalio © segweck ig Theve ove shack, daka and extra dala. To speci memo these A segraenls ave Jo the Lipnenk vepistes: OW) Gade Seproent: Tt is a Wb-bit weiskey Gabon! addvess of 64KE coenk with Processoy instuctions. 7 eat fv all accesses to inshuchons bey CP) vapisley cs vepisler nner Bor cliffervenk RE Seamed fo. insbections, whee in 18 of Pacescy prodessoY Uses fou The pscessoY uses cs yeferenced by inshuction PPh be Changed diveclly. >The cs veqistey is ulowatiolly upeladed obasing fax jump , for all ard for webs inshuctions. ib is wed fy adlyessing a menoly doation in Gde Se9merd: oF lhe |_temy ee He creas hepran ietay Stack Segment: TE is a lé-bit vepisley Gnbaining addvess of SER ment wilh Pxoftem Slack. > default, the Processov assumes thok all doko veferenced y the clock pointer (SP) and base pointer (@P) vegistes is lobed in lhe Stock segment > ss vepistey Gn be charged alivectly wing Pop inskruchion. Tb is wed foY adduessirg Shack Segment of memoy. > The Stack seqmenk is Bak segment of memely, Lohich fs vse b stove shack doko. (ili) poke, Segment? TE is a K-bit vegisleY Gnloini ae cola. 4 7 | @ default, the PrwGssoY assumes Urak abl dolo yeferenced ¥ genetol vepisiee (ax, Rs; cx) Dx) and Tedex vegistess CE, PE) ts owl in tre dato segment “aps vepisler Ga be chonged dlivectly ving Pop and LDS inabyctions ort pointy jp tre data Segment money phere the dala is vesided. (WExbra segment: TL is a Io-bik vepislet Gabaining addwess of &KR SPimenk, usu wilh Progtoro lake. ‘ hy default, the ProcessY assumes Yok the DE vegisley reference, the ES seqmenk in Shi monipulation insbuctions» 3ES veqisler Go be cherged divectty sing Pop and LES inshucbor> (3ae also yefes fb Servet hich essentially ts anelhey daka | Senet of the memety TE also “bbs abo c | addvess of &KB@el vepsle L $o3b: TE is a IEbIE yepister, also Gllled ay yezishey vn status void (PSkI)- Seven bik Yemain unused shile lo indiGle the Gnditions of Pgs. The Jey ave shoan pele in Pigune- ov Ihe vest nine aye used stolus flay of the vals is yo @ wu wo 9 ¢ 1 6 S ee lee [x [x] x [x or Pe] ee [re °° x pe|x PF|X |eF| Souk of nine Plogs, SIX ave Grdition Pgs and tyyee ae Gabo] Alags: . — The Gry! Plays ave TF(Tkap Plog) , rpCentewnr Fes) and ; DF (pivection Pap ame Ga be setfvesek by the pegemres ' phile the | Gndition Plags, of (ovesflee Fag), sp (sign rg), zp @aoFly) AF (Renal Flag), PF (Pasty Flag) ond cP (sy phg) av sel sesel deperelirg on the vesully of some avitherelic oy bgial epevalions using Poepyam exetulion. cotlition | stabs Bags | Coy (CPA: cf is seb iF hee is a Gry ouk of MSB position a i Bom an adjibion operation ov iF a boon Is needed ak | of. Pe! MSG posibion clusi aublyaction. 17 bit Ry an g-bit operation and pis bit fy a Ib-bit cfevation. & fell Eg Cpr: pp is see iF the dower s-bit of the yesule of an operation Gaboirs an even rumbey of I'Ss Tis Pla is nema wed fx dota byansmission exo 3: pusiliay coy Edeg (AP Ap is sek iF a Guy is prrevaled cnt of the Dowex nibble vesullirg fiom an adbtition opevalion. rb Is wed only in g-bik operations ike DAA and DAS: > zew Flog(zF) ZF '€ sek if the yest of an avillmebic oy JiGl operation is Zero. lial oz |S siga Flag (sp): SP is wt IF the MSB of the yeull of an cpention iS 4 Foy signed opevalions such a number is heated os nepilve: | spis used wilh unsigned rummbers- & overflow Edeg (OF): of is used only AY Signed avithmelic operation if the vesulk is too Javge b be fitted in the rumbey and is sek of bik available ‘bb ac@mmodle it: conkse) Fags: . tas when TF is sok G1), the Processey operates in sirgle sterpng mode 12; fusing afleY each insbyuchion is exeaded: This mede is vey wefal lasing Progtamn develpmenk oy Prien debe is cleaved when the Cfu > when on Inleropt is yecgnizel, TF Plog yebwrs Ip the reain Program Bom Trlevsupt Swie subsoulindEss) exetulion of IRET in the Jost Jine of ESS, TF is yesboved bb ik value thak it had befve inkesruplion. , & Toherugh flag (EF): hen TP is Sek, the maskable inbesup Lik Cortenup Requesk) is erablel* The micopocessay will reGpige inkewp: veers from the peripherals. & piyechion Flog (DF): This Py is speahcaly wed in sting ipbuctions- orf. divedion Plog is cok G), Hen access, the shang chlo , fom highev meray Joclion beuovds Jowev memey oGakion. > af divection Peg ic vest (0), then access the string dale fom Jowev memoly Jo@ahion bowavels higher meme Lakion.