Exposed: Theme: Climate change and global

warning
School: CPCINB GROUPE 02
Plan
Introduction

I. Definition of climate change and global

warning
II. The causes of climate change
1.Naturel causes
2.Human causes (anthropogenic)
III. The consequences of global warning
1.Environmental consequences
2.Human and economic consequences
IV. Solutions to climate emergency

Conclusion

EXHIBITORS TEACHER :
MR.GASSAMA

Adja Abibatou Fall

Astou Diop
Awa Faty
Seny Faye
Bineta Diop
Seynabou Faye
Khady Faye
Khadi Faye
Ndeye Lissa Diouf
Cheikh Sidiya Diop
Source: Wikipedia

Introduction

Climate change is the defining issue of our time, and we are at a critical
moment. From changing weather patterns, which affect agricultural and
food production, to rising sea levels, which increase flood risks, the
consequences of climate change are global in both impact and scale.
Without immediate action, adapting to the future consequences of these
changes will be much more difficult and costly.

I. Definition of climate change and global warning

Climate change refers to long-term variations in temperatures and

weather conditions. These variations can be natural, due to changes in
solar activity, or due to major volcanic eruptions. However, since the 19th
century, human activities have been the main driver of climate change,
primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas.

The burning of fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act
like a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun's heat and
increasing temperatures.

The main greenhouse gases responsible for climate change are carbon
dioxide and methane. These gases come, for example, from the use of
gasoline in cars or coal to heat buildings. Land clearing and felling forests
can also release carbon dioxide. Agriculture and oil and gas activities are
major sources of methane emissions. Energy, industry, transport,
construction, agriculture and land use planning are among the main
sectors responsible for these emissions.
II. The causes of climate change
1. Naturel causes

The use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and livestock farming are

increasingly influencing the Earth's climate and temperature.

These activities release enormous quantities of greenhouse gases, which

add to those naturally present in the atmosphere, thus reinforcing the
greenhouse effect and global warming.

The period 2011–2020 was the warmest decade on record. In 2019, the
global average temperature was 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels. Human-
induced global warming is currently increasing at a rate of 0.2°C per
decade.

An increase of 2°C above pre-industrial levels is the threshold beyond

which serious impacts on the natural environment, as well as human
health and well-being, are expected, and the risk of dangerous, even
catastrophic, climate change is much higher.
Therefore, the international community has recognized the need to keep
global warming below 2°C and to continue our efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.

The main driver of climate change is the greenhouse effect. Certain gases
in the Earth's atmosphere act like the walls of a greenhouse: they allow
solar energy to enter the atmosphere but prevent it from escaping,
causing global warming.

Many of these greenhouse gases are naturally present in the atmosphere,

but human activities are increasing the concentrations of some of them,
particularly:

Carbon dioxide (CO2);

Methane;

Nitrous Oxide;

Fluorinated Gases.

Human-produced CO2 is the main cause of global warming. By 2020, its

atmospheric concentration had risen to 48% above its pre-industrial level
(before 1750).

Other greenhouse gases are emitted by human activities in smaller

quantities. Methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, but its
atmospheric lifetime is shorter. Nitrous oxide, like CO2, is a long-lived
greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere for decades or even
centuries. Pollutants other than greenhouse gases, including aerosols such
as soot, have different warming and cooling effects and are also
associated with other problems, such as poor air quality.

Natural causes, such as variations in solar radiation or volcanic activity,

are estimated to have contributed less than 0.1°C to the total warming
between 1890 and 2010.

2. Human causes (anthropogenic)

The burning of coal, oil, and gas produces carbon dioxide and nitrous
oxide.

The cutting down of forests (deforestation). Trees help regulate the

climate by absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. When
they are cut down, this positive effect is lost, and the carbon stored in the
trees is released into the atmosphere, exacerbating the greenhouse effect.

The increase in livestock farming. Cattle and sheep produce large amounts
of methane when digesting their food.

Fertilizers containing nitrogen produce nitrous oxide emissions.

Fluorinated gases are emitted by equipment and products that use these
gases. These emissions have a significant warming effect, up to 23,000
times greater than that of CO2.
III. The consequences of global warning

An impact that affects, for instance, the soil can also have an impact on
other scenarios of our lives. For example, droughts can make food
production harder and also do the same to human health. Floods can also
affect human health by smoothing disease spread and can also have
effects on infrastructures and ecosystems.

So how do we manage to have a full overview of what’s really going on

with the consequences of global warming? We propose to divide the
impacts of global warming into 5 main types of effects or categories:
human health, species, nature, territories, and business.

We’ve chosen to follow this path because we understand that this is how
we can have an entire perspective of how climate change can affect,
maybe, just one aspect of the Earth but how this works like when you put
domino blocks standing in a line: when one piece falls, the others do too.

Although, of course, climate change doesn’t affect us all in the same way.
Social inequities that have been here for too long and those underserved
groups that tend to be more exposed to hazards with the fewest resources
to answer and recover from them will be more vulnerable than they
already are.

1. Environmental consequences

The changes we’ve talked about before, when we discussed the effects on
animal species, are moving fast. We’ll see the global warming effects on
environments in four categories: high temperatures, drought, fresh water
scarcity, and floods.

The fact that climate change has increased the global temperature is no
news. This is driving more and more heatwaves which lead, as we’ve seen,
to increased mortality risks and less productivity. We say that it leads to
less productivity because the capacity of ecosystems to provide key
services and goods can be severely affected. For example, we might
experience reduced lands and viability of agriculture and livestock.

On the other hand, low-temperature extremes like cold spells and frosty
days will be less frequent in, for example, Europe. But there won’t be a
single truth to follow, because climate change affects the chance of
predicting events, and, for that reason, we’ll be less ready to answer back
properly.

Drought will also cause trouble. Actually, it’s causing them already. The
lack of water availability and lack of precipitation can lead to
consequences on transport, infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, water, and
biodiversity. Plus, it can also pave the way for pest attacks and fuel
wildfires increase. Note that only in Europe, experiencing a global average
temperature that’s 3°C higher droughts will happen twice as much and
generate annual losses that will increase to 40 billion euros each year.
Fresh water will be affected too with a climate that keeps on getting
higher, evaporation that increases, rainfall patterns that change over and
over again, glaciers that melt, and sea levels that rise. The availability of
fresh water will be more difficult to find because, for example, all those
factors contribute to the growth of toxic algae and bacteria, therefore the
water scarcity issue will be significantly boosted.

Let’s check out an example. 40% of Europe’s freshwater comes from the
Alps, so the changes in snow and glacier dynamics, added to the patterns
of rainfall ones, might cause temporary water shortages around Europe.

Floods are another aspect we wanted to address here. Climate change

also generates more rain in some parts of the world. But increased
precipitation is not good. In the long term, it can lead to river flooding,
actually in Europe it’s a pretty common natural disaster that has already
resulted in fatalities and affected millions of people. In the short term, we
can suffer from pluvial foods, that’s mainly about extreme rainfall
generating flooding without any body of water, like a river, overflowing.

2. Human and economic consequences

The workforce availability will be affected because of some of the human

health issues we’ve discussed in the beginning. Plus, workers and
companies will have to deal with higher additional occupational health
constraints such as warmer temperatures at work, and natural hazards
that make workers unable to get to their workplace.

The businesses that have a more direct connection with climate

conditions, like agriculture businesses, will suffer from production shifts.
But every single company will have to invest money in adapting to climate
change, such as creating buildings and green infrastructure, water
management, relocation of any exposed settlement, and reinforcing
coastal defenses. This will create more employment and also income
opportunities, but there are some concerns about the net job generation
effects of it.

The truth is that climate change will affect all businesses but the most
vulnerable ones are the small and medium-sized enterprises. They’ll have
to face disrupting business operations and supply chains, property
damage, and shifts in their infrastructure. This will generate extra costs of
maintenance and materials and, therefore, higher prices.

Tourism is another sector that will be affected by climate change. For

example, the suitability of southern Europe for tourism is likely to strongly
decline during summer months but be better in other seasons. Those
places that are attractive to tourists because of snow, will also suffer
because winter sports are going to be harder and harder to do under
climate change conditions.

The good news is that businesses have on their hand one of the keys to
reducing the impact of climate change: they can make all of their
operations go green and reduce emissions.
IV. Solutions to climate emergency

Climate change is ongoing and poses the most serious threat to life on our
planet. Fortunately, there are many solutions to climate change, and they
are well understood.

In 2015, world leaders signed a major treaty called the Paris Agreement to
put these solutions into practice.

Cutting greenhouse gas emissions to zero as quickly as possible is central

to all solutions to climate change.

Since forests and oceans play a critical role in regulating our climate,
increasing the natural capacity of forests and oceans to absorb carbon
dioxide can also help stop global warming.

The main ways to stop climate change are to pressure the government
and businesses to:

Keep fossil fuels in the ground. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and gas. The
more we extract and burn them, the worse climate change will become. All
countries must transition their economies away from fossil fuels as quickly
as possible.

Invest in renewable energy. Replacing our main energy sources with clean,
renewable energy is the best way to transition away from fossil fuels.
These energies include solar, wind, wave, tidal, and geothermal energy.

Choose sustainable transportation. Gasoline and diesel vehicles, airplanes,

and ships use fossil fuels. Reducing car use, switching to electric vehicles,
and limiting air travel will not only help stop climate change but also
reduce air pollution.

Conclusion

Faced with a crisis of this magnitude that affects the entire planet, the
international response must be swift and decisive. Yet, progress by world
governments has been painfully slow. Many carbon reduction
commitments have been made, but few are binding, and targets are often
missed.