#At an outpatient appointment, you suspected acute appendicitis in a female

patient.

What is the appropriate course of action?

+Immediately hospitalize the patient

-Prescribe antispasmodics and re-examine the patient after 4-6 hours

-Monitor body temperature dynamics and blood leukocyte count for 24 hours

-Prescribe anti-inflammatory therapy and examine the patient the next day

-Observe the patient in outpatient settings and hospitalize if condition worsens

#The operation "appendectomy" for acute appendicitis is contraindicated:

+In appendicular infiltrate

-In acute myocardial infarction

-In pregnancy of 36-40 weeks

-In novocaine intolerance

-In blood clotting disorders

#Which symptom of acute appendicitis is rarely seen in elderly people?

-Slight pain in the right iliac region

+High body temperature

-Muscle tension in the right iliac region

-Stool retention

-Moderate leukocytosis

#For acute appendicitis, the following symptom is not characteristic:

-Rovsing

-Voskresensky

+Murphy

-Obraztsov

-Bartomier-Michelson

#The specific symptom for acute appendicitis is:

-Kocher-Volkovich

-Rovsing

-Sitkovsky
-All three symptoms

+None of them

#Clinically, acute appendicitis may be mistaken for:

-Salpingitis

-Acute cholecystitis

-Meckel's diverticulitis

-Ectopic pregnancy

+Any of these pathologies

#Acute appendicitis in children differs from that in adults in all ways except:

-Cramping pain, diarrhea, repeated vomiting

-Rapid development of diffuse peritonitis

-High temperature

-Pronounced intoxication

+Sharp muscle tension in the right iliac region

#For differential diagnosis between lower right pneumonia and acute appendicitis,
all of the following should be considered, except:

-Auscultation data of respiratory organs

-Laparoscopy data

-Chest X-ray data

+Blood leukocyte count

-Abdominal thermography data

#For the late stage of peritonitis of appendicular origin, all of the following are
characteristic, except:

-Abdominal distension

-Dehydration

-Disappearance of intestinal sounds

-Hypoproteinemia

+Enhanced peristalsis

#Which examination method is most informative in the differential diagnosis of

acute appendicitis and ruptured ectopic pregnancy?

-Examination of peripheral blood leukocytosis

-Skin thermometry

-Survey radiography of abdominal organs

-Rectal and vaginal examination

+Puncture of the posterior vaginal fornix

#Upon examining a 76-year-old patient at home, a general practitioner suspected

acute appendicitis, but there is no complete certainty in the diagnosis. It has
been only six hours since the onset of the disease. What to do?

-Recommend analgesic therapy

-Urgently send the patient to the clinic for additional laboratory examination

-Given the patient's age and short time since the onset of the disease, recommend
conservative treatment: rest, local cold application, antibiotics

-Conduct dynamic observation of the patient in outpatient settings

+Urgently hospitalize the patient in a surgical department

#As is known, the Kocher-Volkovich symptom is one of the most informative symptoms
in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Indicate which disease may have a similar
pain displacement:

-Acute pyelonephritis

-Crohn's disease

-Acute right-sided adnexitis

+Perforated ulcer of the stomach or duodenum

-Hepatic colic

#The Kocher-Volkovich symptom is:

-Increased pain in the right iliac region when applying impacts in the left iliac
region

-Increased pain in the right iliac region when tensing the right iliopsoas muscle

-Increased pain in the right iliac region when the patient is in the left lateral
position

-Increased pain in the right iliac region when turning the patient to the left side

+Movement of pain from the epigastric region or upper abdomen to the iliac region

#A 23-year-old female patient who has been in the surgical department for 18 hours,
during dynamic observation, acute appendicitis cannot be completely excluded. Your
treatment tactics?

-The patient must be operated on

-Continue observation of the patient

-Perform abdominal ultrasonography

-Together with a gynecologist, induce artificial termination of pregnancy, and then

perform appendectomy

+Perform laparoscopy and, if the diagnosis is confirmed, operate

#The main symptom allowing the diagnosis of pelvic location of acute appendicitis:

-Shchetkin-Blumberg symptom

-Rovsing symptom

+Tenderness of the anterior wall of the rectum during rectal examination

-Muscle tension in the right iliac region

-Kocher-Volkovich symptom

#Inguinal-scrotal hernia is differentiated from all of the following, except:

-Varicocele

-Spermatic cord tumor

-Testicular tumor

-Hydrocele

+Aneurysm of v. saphena magna

#Larrey's hernia is diagnosed by:

-Survey radioscopy of the abdominal cavity

-Survey radiography of the chest cavity

+Contrast X-ray examination of the stomach

-Ultrasound

-EGDFS

#The presence of the testicle in the hernial sac is characteristic of hernia:

-Sliding

-Strangulated

-Femoral

+Congenital

-Indirect inguinal

#Irreducibility of a hernia is a consequence of:

+Adhesions between organs that have entered the hernial sac and the sac wall
-Adhesions between intestinal loops that have entered the hernial sac

-Scarring process between the hernial sac and surrounding tissues

-Mismatch of organs that have entered the hernial sac to the size of the hernial
gate

-All of the above

#Femoral hernia is differentiated from all diseases, except:

-Cold abscess

-Inguinal hernia

-Lipoma

+Bartholin's gland cyst

-Varicose node of the thigh

#Differentiating a femoral hernia from a varicose node of the oval fossa is

possible by:

-Ascending functional phlebography

+Auscultation (blowing sound when coughing) and palpatory determination of reverse

blood wave when coughing

-Puncture of the node

-Thermography

-X-ray

#To distinguish an inguinal-scrotal hernia from hydrocele of the testicular

membranes:

-Examination

+Diaphanoscopy

-X-ray examination

-Palpation

-Percussion

#A 70-year-old patient has a left-sided indirect inguinal hernia with a tendency to

strangulation. There is prostate adenoma with urination disorders. Your
recommendations?

-Wearing a bandage constantly

-Emergency operation during the next strangulation

-Surgical treatment with rapid increase in hernia size

+Planned operation, after urologist examination and correction of urination

disorders

-Simultaneous hernioplasty and adenoma removal

#Shock and collapse in acute pancreatitis are caused by:

-frequent vomiting

-Compression of the distal part of the common bile duct and cholemia

+Enzymatic toxemia

-Biliary hypertension

-Dynamic intestinal obstruction

#The best and safest method for diagnosing asymptomatic choledocholithiasis and
cicatricial stenosis of the major duodenal papilla will be:

-Oral cholecystography

-Intravenous cholecystocholangiography

-Laparoscopic cholecystocholangiography

+Endoscopic retrograde pancreatocholangiography

-Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

#To clarify the diagnosis of a bleeding gastric ulcer, it is first necessary to do:

-analysis of feces for occult blood

-contrast X-ray examination of the stomach

-analysis of gastric juice for occult blood

+fibrogastroscopy

-determination of hemoglobin and hematocrit

#The main stimulator of secretin release is:

+hydrochloric acid

-protein breakdown products

-fats

-carbohydrates

-all of these factors

#Most characteristic of acute duodenal ulcer is:

-elderly patient age

+history of aspirin or corticosteroid use

-severe, paroxysmal seasonal pain in the epigastrium

-vomiting food, bringing relief

-splashing sound in the stomach

#Contraindications to surgical treatment of strangulated hernia are:

-giant size of the hernia

-pregnancy in its second half

-phlegmon of the hernial sac

-recently suffered myocardial infarction

+none of the above

#Hiatal hernia can cause:

-dysphagia

-heart rhythm disturbance

-pseudo-stenocardial phenomena

-hiccups

+all of the above

#Stretching of the intestinal wall in acute intestinal obstruction is facilitated

by:

-digestive juices

-food masses

-gases

-transudate

+all of the above

#In acute intestinal obstruction, the following pathophysiological disorders occur:

-disturbance of blood supply in the intestinal wall

-decrease in circulating blood volume

-development of tissue hypoxia

-disturbance of the cardiovascular system

+all of the above

#Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a method that allows diagnosing:

-liver abscess
-intrahepatic vascular block

-biliary cirrhosis of the liver

+obstruction of the bile ducts in mechanical jaundice

-chronic hepatitis

#Pain in acute intestinal obstruction is characterized by all of the following,

except:

-usually occurs suddenly, regardless of food intake, at any time of day, without
precursors

-often has a cramping character

+has an increasing character throughout the disease period

-lacks clear localization in any part of the abdominal cavity

-can be constant, not completely disappearing outside the attack period

#Increased intra-intestinal pressure and stretching of the intestinal wall in acute

intestinal obstruction leads to all of the following changes, except:

-deterioration of lung ventilation

-additional fluid loss

-additional loss of proteins and erythrocytes

+occurrence of mesenteric thrombosis

-development of functional intestinal obstruction

#Furuncle is usually caused by:

-streptococcus

+staphylococcus

-gonococcus

-Pseudomonas aeruginosa

-Proteus

#The most dangerous complications of deep neck phlegmon include all of the
following, except:

-purulent mediastinitis

-purulent meningitis

+compression of the respiratory tract

-breakthrough of pus into the esophagus

-sepsis
#In the treatment of tetanus, all of the following are used, except:

-tetanus antitoxin

-tetanus toxoid

+muscle relaxants

-chloral hydrate

-neuroleptics

#The "drumstick fingers" and "watch glass nails" symptom:

-is characteristic only for bronchiectatic disease

+can be observed in chronic suppurative diseases of the lungs and pleura

-is more characteristic of heart defects

-is characteristic of actinomycosis

-is characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis

#Most often, bronchiectatic disease affects:

-upper lobes of both lungs

-basal segments of the lower lobes

+basal segments of the lower lobes in combination with lingular segments of the
upper lobe of the left lung or middle lobe of the right lung

-middle lobe

-individual segments of both lungs

#A 30-year-old female patient complains of severe dyspnea that appeared 3 months

ago, general weakness. Temperature is normal, no cough. Peripheral lymph nodes are
not enlarged. Breath sounds are vesicular. X-rays of the lungs show multiple small
focal shadows on both sides, creating a meshwork of the pulmonary pattern.
Conclusion: disseminated process in the lungs of unclear etiology. Bronchoscopy
shows normal bronchial tree. The most reliable diagnostic method will be:

-bronchoscopy and puncture biopsy of bifurcation lymph nodes

-prescalene biopsy

-mediastinoscopy

+thoracoscopy and lung biopsy

-wide thoracotomy and lung biopsy

#For treatment of chronic callous anal fissure, the most effective is:

-presacral blockade with novocaine solution

-injection of novocaine with alcohol

-finger stretching of the sphincter according to Rekomie

-excision of the fissure

+excision of the fissure with dosed sphincterotomy

#For a carbuncle of the upper lip, the characteristic complication is:

-sepsis

-skin necrosis

+thrombosis of cavernous sinuses

-osteomyelitis of the upper jaw

-thrombosis of the carotid artery

#From the listed indicators, the most informative in burn shock are:

-a) arterial pressure

-b) central venous pressure

-c) circulating blood volume

-d) leukocytosis

+e) correct b) and c)

#In pyloric stenosis of the stomach of degree III, it is necessary to:

-immediate laparotomy and gastric resection in all cases

+operation after intensive parenteral therapy, correction of volemic disorders

-contrast and endoscopic examination of the stomach, repeated gastric lavage with
hydrochloric acid solution, if malignancy is suspected - operation

-immediate laparotomy, blood and plasma substitutes transfusion, antibiotics

-conservative therapy, surgical treatment is not indicated

#In acute pancreatitis, the largest number of activated pancreatic enzymes is

contained in:

-arterial blood

-venous blood

+exudate of the abdominal cavity

-lymph

-urine

#Small disturbances of water-electrolyte and protein metabolism occur:

-in adhesive intestinal obstruction

-in obstructive intestinal obstruction

-in strangulation intestinal obstruction

-in paralytic form of dynamic intestinal obstruction

+in spastic form of dynamic intestinal obstruction

#For some forms of acute intestinal obstruction, the Obukhovskaya`s hospital

symptom is characteristic, manifested by:

-a clearly defined dilated intestinal loop, determined during palpation of the

abdomen

-"splash sound", determined in a limited area or across the entire abdomen

+gaping of the anal sphincter and empty ampulla

-sound of a falling drop

-"empty" ileocecal region

#The frequency of malignancy of polyps in familial diffuse polyposis of the colon:

-malignancy in 100% of cases

-malignancy does not occur

-facultative precancer

-such a pattern has not been studied

+depends on the nature of the polyps (adenomatous, hamartomatous)

#The most pronounced changes in the esophagus during its chemical trauma occur:

-throughout the esophagus

-in the pharynx area

-in the cardia area

+at the sites of physiological narrowings

-in the abdominal segment of the esophagus

#For acute thrombosis of deep veins of the extremities, all of the following are
characteristic, except:

-severe distending pain

-fever

-edema of the extremities

-cyanosis
+hyperemia of the skin along the course of the large vein

#For conservative therapy of acute thrombophlebitis of superficial veins of the

lower extremities, all of the following are recommended, except:

-bed rest

-butadione

-compresses with Vishnevsky ointment

+walking

-elevated position of the limb

#The most common cause of trophic ulcers is:

-lymphatic circulation disorder

-arterial circulation disorder

+venous circulation disorder

-traumatic injuries

-water-electrolyte balance disorder

#The diagnosis of secondary varicose veins of the extremities is based on all of

the following, except:

-history of deep vein thrombophlebitis

-pronounced trophic skin changes and persistent edema

-asymmetry of the lesion

-phlebography data

+arteriography data

#The greatest cosmetic effect in the treatment of varicose veins of the lower
extremities is achieved by:

-Babcock operation

-Troyanov-Trendelenburg operation

+sclerotherapy

-Klapp operation

-Madelung operation

#Hemorrhoidectomy according to Milligan-Morgan involves:

-circular excision of the anal canal mucosa

-excision of hemorrhoids at 2,5,8 o'clock according to the clock face

+excision of hemorrhoids at 3,7,11 o'clock according to the clock face

-excision of prolapsing hemorrhoids

-excision of hemorrhoids at 2,5,8 o'clock according to the clock face with

restoration of the anal canal mucosa

#Causes of pneumonia in burn patients include:

-autoinfection

-disruption of bronchial drainage function

-disturbance of pulmonary ventilation

-disturbance of small circle hemodynamics

+all of the above

#For a primary focus in sepsis, the presence of the following signs is

characteristic:

-a) "succulent" granulations and marginal epithelialization

-b) abundant purulent discharge

-c) pronounced edema of the wound edges

-d) sluggish granulations

+e) correct c) and d)

#Metronidazole is combined with:

-penicillins

-cephalosporins

-aminoglycosides

-tetracyclines

+all of the above

#A patient with AB (IV) blood type urgently needs a blood transfusion due to life-
saving indications. There is no time or possibility to determine the Rh factor. The
patient should be transfused with:

-AB (IV) Rh+

+AB (IV) Rh-

-B (III) Rh+

-A (II) Rh-

-O (I) Rh-
#Contraindications to blood transfusion include:

-severe operation

-surgical infection

-shock

+severe liver dysfunction

-decreased blood pressure

#When a 50-year-old patient first consults a doctor with a single complaint that he
has developed a dry, persistent cough, there are likely grounds to suspect:

-acute bronchitis

-bronchiectatic disease

-pleurisy

+lung cancer

-chronic bronchitis

#The appearance of the "spectacles" symptom in a basilar skull fracture is

explained by:

-damage to the cribriform plate in the anterior cranial fossa

-rupture of the ophthalmic artery

-damage to the internal carotid artery in the cranial cavity

-damage to the anterior ethmoid vein

+damage to the posterior ethmoid vein

#What is the causative agent of amebiasis of the colon?

+protozoan

-anaerobes

-virus

-bacterium

-saprophytes

#Acute gastric dilation can be quickly recognized by:

-chest X-ray in an upright position

-laparocentesis

+nasogastric intubation

-percussion of the abdominal wall

-examination of blood plasma for serotonin

#Femoral hernias are more common:

-in elderly men

+in multiparous women

-in women who have not given birth

-in young men

-in children

#Strangulated femoral hernia must be differentiated from:

-lipoma

-cold abscess

-strangulated inguinal hernia

-acute thrombophlebitis of a varicose node in the region of the external opening of

the femoral canal

+all of the above

#Suspicion of extrahepatic portal hypertension can be based on history indicating:

-enlargement of the spleen from birth or early childhood

-umbilical sepsis

-trauma

-suppurative processes in the abdominal cavity

+all of the above

#One of the early diagnostic symptoms of acute intestinal insufficiency is the

Wahl's symptom, which is characterized by:

+"splash sound" detected in a limited area or across the entire abdomen

-respiratory and heart sounds heard through the anterior abdominal wall

-presence of distended intestinal loops detected during bimanual, rectal, and

vaginal examination

-"empty" ileocecal region

-clearly defined, distended intestinal loop detected during abdominal palpation

#The most common cause of portal hypertension in adults is:

-thrombosis of the splenic or portal vein

-tumor lesions of the liver

+liver cirrhosis

-pulmonary or cardiovascular insufficiency

-Budd-Chiari syndrome

#Multiple small liver abscesses usually develop:

-in acute destructive cholecystitis

-when ascaris worms crawl into the intrahepatic bile ducts

-in suppuration around a foreign body in the liver

-in suppuration of parasitic liver cyst

+in severe purulent cholangitis

#Hernias requiring priority preventive surgery due to frequent strangulation

include:

+femoral

-indirect inguinal

-umbilical

-white line hernias

-direct inguinal

#A patient's complaints after gastric resection of heaviness in the epigastrium,

weakness up to fainting after eating sweet or dairy food are signs of:

-insuloma of the pancreas

-afferent loop syndrome

-peptic ulcer of the anastomosis

+dumping syndrome

-small stomach syndrome

#Secretin is produced:

+in the duodenum

-in the liver

-in the pancreas

-in the distal parts of the small intestine

-in the hypothalamus

#For a patient with acute gastric dilation, the following should not be used:
-nasogastric drainage of the stomach

-infusion therapy

-sedative therapy

+antibiotic therapy

-constant stomach decompression

#The most common location of perforations in patients with peptic ulcer of the
duodenum and stomach is:

+anterior wall of the pyloroduodenal zone

-antral part of the stomach

-lesser curvature of the stomach

-greater curvature of the stomach

-cardiac part of the stomach

#Clinical presentation of acute blood loss occurs already with blood loss equal to:

-250 ml

-500 ml

+1000 ml

-1500 ml

-2000 ml

#Infusion of 1 liter of physiological sodium chloride solution will increase the

circulating blood volume by:

-1000 ml

-750 ml

-500 ml

+250 ml

-less than 250 ml

#Hemorrhoidectomy is indicated:

+for prolapse of hemorrhoids of stage III

-for pain syndrome during defecation

-for prolapse of hemorrhoids of stage I

-for anal itching

-for paraproctitis
#The first clinical sign of acute burn toxemia is:

-anemia

-normalization of diuresis

+fever

-dysproteinemia

-decrease in body temperature

#Burn shock (in middle-aged individuals) develops with deep burns covering:

-5% of body surface

-10% of body surface

+15% of body surface

-more than 20% of body surface

-more than 30% of body surface

#Infusion agents that do not have volume-replacing function include:

-dextrans

+electrolyte isotonic solutions

-plasma

-blood

-isotonic glucose solutions

#In peptic ulcer complicated by bleeding, vomiting with "coffee grounds" contents
can be observed in all of the following locations, except:

-lesser curvature

-cardiac part of the stomach

-antral part of the stomach

-lower part of the esophagus

+postbulbar part of the duodenum

#Antibiotic therapy for liver abscesses should be based on the following

principles:

-use of broad-spectrum antibiotics

-use of antibiotic combinations

-use of antibiotics only after determining the nature of the microflora and its
sensitivity
-consideration of the degree of antibiotic excretion in bile

+all of the above

#X-ray examination of a pulmonary patient should begin with:

-lung tomography

-targeted radiography

-bronchography

-subexposed radiography

+survey radiography and radioscopy in direct and lateral projections

#The diagnosis of the cause of mechanical jaundice is best helped by:

-oral cholecystography

-intravenous cholecystocholangiography

+retrograde cholangiography

-liver scintigraphy

-direct splenoportography

#In recurrent erysipelas of the lower extremities, the most frequent complication
is:

-osteomyelitis

-thrombophlebitis

-periostitis

+lymphostasis

-sepsis

#The main clinical signs of the acute phase of tetanus (all of the following are
correct, except one):

-severe general condition of the patient associated with intoxication

-presence of sardonic smile in the patient

-severe excitability of striated muscles

+flaccid paralysis of muscles below the lesion site due to selective action of
tetanus toxin on nerve tissue

-urinary retention

#For the treatment of hypovolemia, initially used are:

-vasopressors
-cardiotonic drugs

+plasma substitutes

-erythrocyte mass

-donor blood

#The most effective method of conservative treatment of lung abscess is:

-intra-arterial administration of antibiotics

-therapeutic bronchoscopies

-intramuscular administration of antibiotics

-general strengthening treatment and immunotherapy

+combination of all the above methods

#In the first hours of starting gastric bleeding, there may be:

-melena

-muscle defense symptom

+vomiting with "coffee grounds" gastric contents

-bradycardia

-apnea

#Intermittent jaundice is caused by:

-impacted stone of the terminal part of the common bile duct

-tumor of the common bile duct

-stone of the cystic duct

+valve stone of the common bile duct

-Genner's disease

#Gallstone disease is dangerous for all of the following, except:

+development of liver cirrhosis

-hydropsy of the gallbladder

-secondary pancreatitis

-development of destructive cholecystitis

-choledocholithiasis

#Courvoisier's syndrome is not observed in cancer of:

-pancreatic head

-supraduodenal part of the common bile duct

-retroduodenal part of the common bile duct

+gallbladder

-pylorus

#Complications of choledocholithiasis include:

-hydropsy of the gallbladder

-empyema of the gallbladder

+jaundice, cholangitis

-chronic active hepatitis

-ascites

#The most common cause of mechanical jaundice is:

-cicatricial strictures of the extrahepatic bile ducts

+choledocholithiasis

-pancreatic head cancer

-liver echinococcosis

-worms

#Which combination of clinical symptoms corresponds to Courvoisier's syndrome:

+enlarged painless gallbladder in combination with jaundice, acholic stool

-liver enlargement, ascites, dilation of veins on the anterior abdominal wall

-jaundice, palpable painful gallbladder, local peritoneal symptoms

-absence of stool, cramping pain, appearance of palpable mass in the abdomen

-enlarged painful gallbladder in combination with jaundice, acholic stool

#A female patient with postcholecystectomy syndrome, cholecystectomy 2 years ago.

Pain resumed 5-6 months after surgery. On admission, condition is of moderate
severity, icteric tint of the skin and sclera. The most reliable diagnostic method
for the disease:

-examination of blood, urine, stool bilirubin

-examination of blood enzymes

-laparoscopy with liver biopsy

+ERCP
-abdominal X-ray

#The most frequent sign of acute pancreatitis during gastroduodenoscopy:

-acute gastric ulcers

-acute duodenal ulcers

+edema and hyperemia of the posterior wall of the stomach

-hemorrhages on the anterior wall of the stomach

-esophagitis

#On the 4th day in a patient with destructive pancreatitis, there are still
pronounced intoxication symptoms, body temperature 39°C, chills, sweating,
leukocytosis, hyperemia of the skin in the lumbar region. Diagnosis:

-edematous pancreatitis

-pancreatic abscess

-omental bursa abscess

+retroperitoneal phlegmon

-peritonitis

#Indications for surgery in destructive pancreatitis:

-parapancreatic infiltrate

+purulent complications, bleeding

-edema of retroperitoneal tissue

-pancreatogenic peritonitis

-vomiting

#A patient was hospitalized with complaints of pain in the epigastric region,

nausea, vomiting. Over 6 months, lost 15 kg. X-ray examination revealed the stomach
pushed forward. Diagnosis:

-pyloric stenosis

+pancreatic tumor

-gastric ulcer

-stomach cancer

-Hodgkin's tumor

#Signs of endocrine insufficiency of the pancreas in chronic pancreatitis:

-jaundice

-frequent loss of consciousness

+high sugar content in blood and urine

-liver enlargement, palpable gallbladder

-high lipid content in blood and urine

#Indicate symptoms characteristic of impaired exocrine activity of the pancreas:

-dry skin

-diabetes

+weight loss, creatorrhea and steatorrhea

-dilation of veins of the anterior abdominal wall

-diarrhea

#During surgery, a 3x4 cm formation was found in the pancreas. The patient has long
suffered from diabetes. Histological examination established that the tumor
originates from alpha cells. Indicate the type of tumor:

-gastrinoma

+glucagonoma

-acinar cancer

-squamous cell carcinoma

-sarcoma

#The main factor in the pathogenetic treatment of acute pancreatitis is:

+suppression of the secretory function of the pancreas

-elimination of hypovolemia

-inactivation of pancreatic enzymes

-nasogastric decompression of the gastrointestinal tract

-operation

#Perforation of any hollow organ of the abdominal cavity is characterized by all of

the following symptoms, except:

-appearance of sharp pain

-tension of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

-bradycardia

+Mayo-Robson symptom

-peritonitis

#In fatty pancreatic necrosis, the following is indicated:

-laparotomy, drainage of the abdominal cavity

-laparotomy with excision of the gland capsule

+infusion therapy, anti-enzyme and cytostatic drugs

-distal resection of the pancreas

-drainage

#In subphrenic abscess, all of the following may occur, except:

-decreased respiratory excursion of the lungs

-high standing of the diaphragmatic dome

-accompanying effusion into the pleural cavity

+diarrhea

-intoxication

#The best option for treating subphrenic abscess is:

-conservative treatment

-extraperitoneal opening and drainage

-laparotomy, opening and tamponade of the cavity

+puncture of the abscess with a thick needle under ultrasound control and drainage

-observation

#Manifestation of a sliding hiatal hernia is:

-dysphagia

-frequent vomiting

+frequent heartburn

-weight loss

-fainting

#Paraesophageal hernia is dangerous due to:

+strangulation of the stomach

-malignancy

-precardial pain

-none of the above

-coprostasis
#Hiatal hernias most often manifest as:

-severe bleeding

-slight bleeding

-hypersecretion

+pain after eating

-vomiting

#Most often in the formation of a sliding hernia participate:

-jejunum and ileum

-sigmoid and descending colon

+cecum and bladder

-omentum

-pancreas

#A 35-year-old patient was admitted to the clinic with complaints of pain in the
left chest, shortness of breath worsening after eating and during physical
exertion, as well as in the lying position, nausea and periodically vomiting,
bringing relief. History includes car trauma 10 days ago. Chest X-ray shows a gas
bubble with a fluid level above the diaphragm. Your diagnosis:

-left-sided abscessing pneumonia

-angina pectoris

-sliding hiatal hernia

+traumatic diaphragmatic hernia

-pneumothorax

#Complication of which of the listed diseases is erosive-ulcerative esophagitis:

-stomach cancer

-duodenal ulcer

-cardiospasm

+sliding hiatal hernia

-pancreatitis

#Under what conditions are sliding hiatal hernias radiologically detected:

-in standing position

-in semi-sitting position

+in Trendelenburg position

-with artificial hypotony of the duodenum

-on the right side

#A 50-year-old female patient suddenly developed acute dysphagia, accompanied by

severe pain behind the sternum. What is the possible cause from the diseases listed
below:

-intercostal neuralgia

-angina pectoris

+strangulated paraesophageal hernia

-reflux esophagitis

-renal colic

#Indicate early clinical manifestations of small intestine strangulation in

internal hernias:

-diarrhea

-collapse

+cramping abdominal pain, delay in gas passage

-peritoneal irritation symptoms

-peritonitis

#The highest acidity figures are observed in ulcers of:

-stomach fundus

-antral department

+pyloric canal

-body

-duodenum

#Endoscopic examination does not allow to diagnose:

-type of gastritis

-Mallory-Weiss syndrome

-early stomach cancer

+Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

-ulcer location

#Meckel's diverticulum is an anatomical element of:

+ileum
-jejunum

-it is a protrusion of the bile ducts

-often occurs after appendectomy

-colon

#Meckel's diverticulum most often manifests as:

-bloody vomiting

+intestinal bleeding

-small bowel obstruction

-constipation

-meteorism

#Lymphatic drainage from the sigmoid colon occurs through lymph nodes:

-superior mesenteric

+inferior mesenteric

-para-aortic

-through none of the listed groups

-carotid artery

#Complication of acute lung abscess cannot be:

-abscess rupture into the pleural cavity

-bleeding

-aspiration of pus into the healthy lung

+formation of a dry cavity in the lung

-abscess rupture into the bronchus

#For gangrene affecting one of the lung lobes, the recommended treatment is:

-daily sanitation of the bronchial tree through a bronchoscope

-introduction of antibiotics into the pulmonary artery

+lobectomy

-intensive therapy with endobronchial administration of antibiotics

-pulmonectomy

#When pyopneumothorax develops in lung abscess, the first indication is:

-endobronchial administration of proteolytic enzymes

+drainage of the pleural cavity

-antibiotics

-X-ray therapy

-ultrasound

#Chronic empyema of the pleura is considered:

-from the second week

-from the fourth week

-from six weeks

+from eight weeks

-from the seventh week

#For total atelectasis of one of the lungs, the following is indicated:

-antibiotic therapy

-puncture of the pleural cavity

-drainage of the pleural cavity

+bronchofibroscopy with sanitation of the bronchial tree

-lobectomy

#Pulmonary gangrene is characterized by:

-development of the disease with areactivity of the organism

-absence of a granulation wall at the border of the lesion

-extensive necrosis of lung tissue

+all of the above is correct

-unlimitedness of the process

#The main early symptoms of central endobronchial lung cancer are:

-cancerous pneumonia

-recurrent pneumothorax

-atelectasis of a part of the lung

+persistent cough and hemoptysis

-drowsiness

#Polycystosis of the lungs is not complicated by:

-bleeding

-infection

-pneumothorax

+development of lung cancer

-hemothorax

#The most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax is:

-lung abscess

-lung cancer

-bronchiectasis

+bullous lung cysts

-lung echinococcosis

#The main radiological sign of central lung cancer is:

-the presence of a rounded shadow in the lung

+the presence of a "track" to the lung root

-atelectasis

-high position of the diaphragm

-rounded shadow

#The main method of treating lung cancer is:

-radiotherapy

-chemotherapy

-hormone therapy

+surgical

-observation

#It is advisable to examine sputum for atypical cells:

-once a day

-two days in a row

-weekly

+five to six days in a row

-once
#The method that allows verification of diagnosis in middle lobe syndrome is:

-lateral tomography

-bronchography

-dynamic observation

+fibrobronchoscopy with biopsy

-sonography

#The radiological sign of peripheral lung cancer with decay is:

-segmental atelectasis

-nodular node with a "track" to the lung root

-rib usuration

+thin-walled multichamber cavity

-fluid level in the cavity

#A patient with a lung abscess developed a clinical picture of pyopneumothorax -

Your actions:

-massive antibiotic therapy

-therapeutic bronchoscopy

+drainage of the pleural cavity with active aspiration and antibiotic therapy

-thoracotomy and sanitation of the pleural cavity

-surgery

#For the sanitation of the bronchial tree in patients with bronchiectatic disease,
the most effective method is:

-breathing exercises

-intramuscular antibiotic therapy with kanamycin

+therapeutic bronchoscopy

-inhalation with tetracycline

-spirography

#The main method for diagnosing central lung cancer is:

-X-ray examination of the lungs

-tomography of the lungs

-computed tomography

+tracheobronchoscopy+biopsy
-ultrasound

#Shoulder pain, arm muscle atrophy, and Horner's syndrome (combined in Pancoast
syndrome) are characteristic of:

-central cancer of the lower lobe of the lung

-central cancer of the middle lobe of the lung

+peripheral cancer of the upper lobe of the lung

-peripheral cancer of the middle lobe of the lung

-lung abscess

#A 45-year-old patient was diagnosed with acute total pleural empyema. What
treatment is indicated for the patient:

-bronchoscopy with bronchial catheterization

-puncture of the pleural cavity

+thoracocentesis, drainage of the pleural cavity with continuous aspiration of the

contents

-thoracotomy, sanitation of the pleural cavity

-observation

#Choose which of the following measures is indicated in the treatment of exudative

pericarditis:

-prescription of cardiac drugs

-prescription of diuretics

-prescription of anticoagulants

+pericardial puncture

-surgery

#A 53-year-old patient suffers from angina pectoris. On coronary angiograms, there

is a segmental stenosis (about 70% of the lumen) of the anterior interventricular
artery. The patient can work, but experiences heart pain 2-3 times a day - Your
tactics:

-insist on changing the nature of work

-intensify drug therapy

-recommend sanatorium treatment

+recommend surgical treatment now

-beta-blockers

#The most common cause of embolism of the arteries of the systemic circulation is:
+ischemic heart disease

-atherosclerosis of the aortic arch

-aortic aneurysm

-arteriovenous fistulas

-strokes

#For atherosclerotic occlusion of the femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries in an

83-year-old patient with chronic ischemia stage IV, gangrene of the foot, the
correct choice of treatment tactics is:

-only conservative treatment

-lumbar sympathectomy

-reconstructive vascular surgery

+primary amputation of the lower limb

-local therapy

#In substantiating the pathogenesis of varicose disease, the most recognized theory
is:

-mechanical

-hormonal

-angiodysplasia

+hereditary

-professional

#The small saphenous (hidden) vein is usually located:

-in the subcutaneous tissue along the entire posterior surface of the leg

+in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in the lower half of the leg and between the
sheets of the deep fascia in the upper

-between the sheets of the deep fascia throughout

-subfascially

-periosteal

#The most effective means of preventing the progression of varicose disease is:

+elastic compression of the limb

-compliance with a rational work and rest regime

-limitation of heavy physical activity

-complex therapy with vasoprotectors

-diet

#Complications of varicose disease include:

-skin pigmentation

-induration of subcutaneous tissue

-trophic ulcers

+thrombophlebitis

-hepatitis

#When assessing the patency of deep veins, the following functional test is used:

-Talman's

-Sheinis's

-Hackenbruch's

+Delbe-Pertes

-Mayo

#To identify the insufficiency of superficial vein valves, the following test is
used:

-three-tourniquet test (Sheinis)

-marching test (Delbe-Pertes)

+Troyanov-Trendelenburg test

-Prett's test

-Paget's test

#All of the following tests allow for the determination of communicating vein
insufficiency, except:

-Talman's

+Sicard's

-Brodie-Troyanov-Trendelenburg's

-Sheinis's

-Valsalva's

#In varicose disease, the radical intervention will be:

-eliminating the discharge from deep veins to superficial ones

-ensuring the removal of incompetent superficial veins

-correcting incompetent valves of deep veins

+solving all these problems

-elimination of varicose nodes

#For primary varicose veins of the lower extremities, the following is indicated:

-elastic bandaging

+surgical treatment

-therapeutic exercise

-massage

-local therapy

#After phlebectomy, the following is recommended:

-early getting up

-elastic bandaging of the limb

-physiotherapy treatment

+all of the above

-use of anticoagulants

#Not characteristic of iliac-femoral segment phlebothrombosis is:

+hyperemia of the skin of the thigh in the area of vein passage

-swelling of the foot and shin

-distending pain in the thigh

-increased volume of the thigh and shin

-pain in the affected limb

#The most dangerous complication of deep vein thrombosis is:

-trophic ulcer of the lower leg

+pulmonary embolism

-thrombophlebitis of superficial veins

-obliteration of deep veins

-pain

#Not characteristic of subclavian-axillary venous thrombosis is:

-fatigue in the arm during work

-swelling of the arm

-cyanosis of the skin of the forearm and shoulder

+decreased pulsation of the radial artery

-limb pain

#For iliofemoral venous thrombosis in a pregnant woman, it is necessary to:

-hospitalize the patient in a maternity hospital

-conduct conservative therapy at home

-determine the nature of treatment after determining the prothrombin index in an

outpatient setting

+hospitalize the patient in a vascular department

-abortion

#A modern method for diagnosing thrombosis of the inferior vena cava is:

+radioindication with labeled fibrinogen

-retrograde iliocavography

-distal ascending functional phlebography

-sphygmography

-angiography

#Not characteristic of Paget's syndrome, Paget-Schroetter disease is:

+cyanosis of the face and neck

-distending pain in the arm

-cyanosis of the arm skin, increased venous pattern

-swelling of the arm

-pigmentation of the upper extremity

#Not characteristic of post-thrombophlebitic syndrome is:

-hyperpigmentation of the skin

-stagnant dermatosis and sclerosis

-formation of trophic ulcers

+pale "marble" skin

-venous outflow disturbance

#The best method of treating an aortic aneurysm is:

-homotransplantation (allotransplantation)

-heterotransplantation (xenotransplantation)

-autovenous transplant

+replacement of the affected part of the aorta with a synthetic prosthesis

-conservative treatment

#Atherosclerotic aneurysms are most often located in:

-popliteal artery

-radial artery

-femoral artery

+distal part of the abdominal aorta

-capillaries

#Arteriovenous fistula most often forms as a result of:

-injury

-infection

-neoplasm

+all are incorrect

-trauma

#Raynaud's syndrome is not observed in:

-Buerger's disease

-scleroderma

-stenosis of the subclavian artery

+arteriovenous fistula

-no correct answer

#The thought of mesenteric thrombosis may be suggested by:

-colic pain in the abdomen

-spasmodic pain in the abdomen

-periodically disappearing pain in the abdomen

+abdominal pain not corresponding to clinical findings that would explain its great
intensity

-constipation
#Modern theory of the etiology of obliterating thromboangiitis:

-nicotine

-endocrine

+infectious-allergic

-corticosteroid

-alcoholic

#In the 1st stage of obliterating thromboangiitis, the following is indicated:

+conservative therapy

-lumbar sympathectomy

-restorative vascular surgery

-primary amputation

-Pirogov amputation

#In acute arterial insufficiency, manifested by plegia and total muscle

contracture, the following is established:

-ischemia 1B

-ischemia 2B

-ischemia 3A

+ischemia 3B

-ischemia 3C

#For acute limb ischemia of degree 1_B, the following is not characteristic:

-feeling of numbness and coldness in the limb

-paresthesia

-pain at rest

+subfascial edema

-pain when walking

#The most common cause of acute arterial thrombosis is:

-obliterating thromboangiitis

+obliterating atherosclerosis

-puncture and catheterization of arteries

-extravasal compression of arteries

-varicose veins

#Leriche syndrome is:

-brachiocephalic non-specific arteritis

+atherosclerotic occlusion of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta

-capillaropathy of the distal parts of the limb

-migrating thromboangiitis

-thrombophlebitis

#The most accurate method for diagnosing pulmonary embolism is:

-plain chest radiography

-ECG

-radiocardiography

+perfusion scanning of the lungs

-ultrasound

#The presence of numbness, coldness, and pain at rest in a patient with acute
arterial insufficiency corresponds to:

-III

-I1A

+I1B

-I2A

-I2C

#The main factor determining the treatment tactics for acute arterial insufficiency
is:

-patient's age

-severity of the general condition

+degree of limb ischemia

-presence of concomitant atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of the affected

artery

-patient's gender

#Not characteristic of acute obstruction of the main arteries of the limb is:

-pallor

-pain
-paresthesia

+epidural edema

-muscle atrophy

#The essence of Oppel's test consists in:

-leg fatigue

-reactive hyperemia

+pallor of the plantar surface of the foot

-pallor of the fingers

-pain in the lower leg

#The characteristic effect of angiotensin-2 is:

-increase in aldosterone production

-increase in renin production

+sharp change in vascular tone

-increase in histamine production

-increase in adrenaline production

#A 34-year-old female patient with no cardiovascular history was diagnosed with

circulatory disturbance in the right brachial artery, ischemia stage II-b. The
patient's condition is satisfactory - Pulse 78 beats/min. ECG and echocardiography
revealed no pathology. Indicate the most likely cause of acute arterial
obstruction:

-mitral stenosis

-non-specific aortoarteritis

+compression of the subclavian artery by an accessory cervical rib

-acute thrombosis of the deep veins of the lower leg

-tricuspid valve stenosis

#A 57-year-old patient with IHD and post-infarction cardiosclerosis underwent

embolectomy from the right common femoral artery with complete restoration of blood
flow to the limb. 12 hours after surgery, the patient experienced increasing
shortness of breath up to 30 breaths per minute, pain in the anterior group of
muscles of the right lower leg, and swelling. Since the operation, the patient has
excreted 150 ml of urine. Indicate the most likely cause of the appearance of the
above clinical symptoms:

-acute iliac-femoral venous thrombosis

-massive pulmonary embolism

-repeated myocardial infarction

+post-ischemic syndrome

-angina

#Burning pain, feeling of heat in a reddened area, bright hyperemia with clear
boundaries, high temperature is characteristic of which disease?

+erysipelas

-phlegmon

-abscess

-anthrax

-carbuncle

#Severe, excruciating, pulsating pain in the phalanx of a finger, depriving of

sleep, sharply intensifying when lowering the hand is noted:

+in subcutaneous felon

-in erysipelas

-in Raynaud's disease

-in cutaneous felon

-Schroetter syndrome

#A patient has inflammatory formations on the back of the neck, burgundy-red in

color, with multiple purulent points in the form of sieves - In the tests: sugar 12
mmol/l, white blood cells 11.0 thousand, ESR 20 mm/h.

What disease does the patient have?

+carbuncle

-anthrax

-phlegmon

-furuncle

-chancre

#Deterioration of general condition, the appearance of jerking, pulsating pain

throughout the finger, uniform swelling of tissues with smoothing of
interphalangeal furrows are characteristic of:

-subcutaneous felon

-bone felon

+tendon felon

-joint felon
-vaginal felon

#Severe pain and swelling in the thenar area and radial edge of the hand, smoothing
of the palmar fold, and severe pain on palpation are characteristic of:

-supraaponeurotic phlegmon of the hand

-interdigital phlegmon

+phlegmon of the thenar area

-phlegmon of the hypothenar area

-hypothenar abscess

#An abscess differs from an infiltrate by the presence of

-pain

-hyperthermia

+fluctuation

-hyperemia of the skin

-edema

#For a diabetic patient receiving insulin, in the treatment of a purulent wound

+the use of proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin) is indicated

-the use of enzymes is not indicated

-the use of an enzyme is decided individually

-local application of insulin

-cessation of insulin treatment

#In the initial serous stage of acute mastitis, the following is not used:

+incision

-prevention of milk stasis

-antibacterial therapy

-ultrasound diagnostics

-compress

#Regurgitation of frothy bright red blood, intensifying with coughing, is

characteristic of:

-bleeding peptic ulcer

-cardia tumor

-Mallory-Weiss syndrome
+pulmonary bleeding

-esophageal atresia

#To establish the source of gastroduodenal bleeding allows:

-X-ray examination of the stomach

-laparoscopy

-nasogastric tube

+EGDFS

-ultrasound

#Disappearance of pain and the appearance of "melena" in duodenal ulcer is

characteristic of:

-pyloroduodenal stenosis

-ulcer perforation

-ulcer malignancy

+bleeding

-obstruction

#The most frequent complication of a penetrating gastric ulcer is:

-development of pyloric stenosis

-malignancy of the ulcer

-formation of an interorgan fistula

+profuse bleeding

-peritonitis

#Not characteristic of a bleeding duodenal ulcer:

-coffee-ground vomit

+increased abdominal pain

-decrease in hemoglobin

-melena

-drop in hemodynamics

#With the threat of recurrence of peptic ulcer gastroduodenal bleeding, it is

recommended:

-exclusively conservative therapy

-emergency surgical intervention

+urgent surgery

-systematic endoscopic monitoring

-expectant tactics

#With bleeding after defecation in the form of a stream of blood and itching in the
anal area, one can think:

-of a pararectal fistula

+of hemorrhoids

-of rectal cancer

-of a rectal polyp

-of a diverticulum

#In an incarcerated inguinal hernia complicated by intestinal obstruction and

phlegmon of the hernial sac, the operation begins with

+median laparotomy

-puncture of the hernial sac

-isolation of the hernial sac

-incision and drainage of the phlegmon

-laparoscopic intervention

#An early sign of incarceration of an external abdominal hernia is

+acute onset of the disease, sudden irreducibility of the hernia, sharp pain,
tenderness, and tension of the hernial protrusion

-gradual onset of the disease, irreducibility of the hernia, sharp pain,

tenderness, and tension of the hernial protrusion

-gradual onset of the disease, irreducibility of the hernia, sharp pain,

tenderness, and tension of the hernial protrusion, increase in body temperature

-irreducibility of the hernia, sharp pain, tenderness, tension, and redness of the
hernial protrusion

-painless hernial protrusion

#By parietal incarceration, we mean:

+Richter's

-W-shaped

-retrograde

-fecal
-intussusception

#For the purpose of pathogenetically justified prevention of postoperative hernias,

modern methods of surgical treatment of hernias.

+plastic surgery of hernia gates with additional reinforcement with allomaterial by

the sublay or onlay method

-plastic surgery of hernia gates with additional reinforcement with allomaterial by

the on lay method

-two-row plastic surgery of hernia gates, there is no need for additional

reinforcement with allomaterial

-two-row plastic surgery of hernia gates, with additional reinforcement with

allomaterial by one of the methods

-three-row plastic surgery of hernia gates, there is no need for additional

reinforcement with allomaterial

#Characteristic signs of Douglas pouch abscess after appendectomy:

+hectic fever

-cough

-constipation

-sagging of the posterior wall of the rectum

-Bergman's symptom

#Name, on the basis of which the diagnosis of appendicular infiltrate is made:

-history: less than the 4 days from the onset of the disease

-mobile, not adherent to the wing of the right iliac bone, moderately painful,
tumor-like formation

+history: more than 4 days from the onset of the disease, immobile, adherent to the
wing of the right iliac bone, moderately painful, tumor-like formation

-hectic body temperature

-peritonitis

#Macroscopic signs of catarrhal appendicitis (indicate the incorrect answer):

-thickening of the appendix

-dull serous membrane with pronounced hyperemia of small vessels

-when opening the appendix, edematous, bright red mucosa is visible

+blackening of the appendix

-injected with vessels

#The main complications of acute calculous cholecystitis (indicate the incorrect
answer):

+pylephlebitis

-choledocholithiasis

-cholangitis

-mechanical jaundice

-abscess

#Indicate the main clinical signs characteristic of cholangitis (indicate the

incorrect answer):

-severe pain in the right hypochondrium

-high temperature with chills

+constipation

-jaundice

-cholelithiasis

#The main areas of pain irradiation in acute cholecystitis (indicate the incorrect
answer):

-right half of the chest

+lumbar region

-left half of the chest, heart

-right shoulder

-neck area

#Functions of the gallbladder (indicate the incorrect answer):

-reservoir for bile

+develops bile

-concentrates bile

-regulates and maintains a constant level of bile pressure in the bile ducts

-contraction with abundant fatty food

#For colic caused by cholelithiasis, the following is not characteristic:

-Intense pain in the right hypochondrium

-Nausea

+Shchetkin-Blumberg symptom in the right hypochondrium

-Ortner symptom

-reflex vomiting

#What is the most common cause of development of mechanical jaundice?

-Cicatricial strictures of the extrahepatic bile ducts

+Choledocholithiasis

-cancer of the head of the pancreas

-echinococcus of the liver

-cholangitis

#Indicate one of the symptoms that is not characteristic of gallbladder dropsy:

-Enlargement of the gallbladder

-Pain in the right hypochondrium

+Jaundice

-radiologically-disconnected gallbladder

-disconnected bladder

#Contraindications for prescribing cytostatics in acute pancreatitis:

-destructive forms of pancreatitis

-respiratory failure

+purulent complications of pancreatitis with renal-hepatic insufficiency

-collapse

-pancreatic necrosis

#Hiatal hernias most often manifest as:

-severe bleeding

-mild bleeding

-hypersecretion

+pain after eating

-pain around the navel

#Complications of pancreatitis include:

+all of the above

-peritonitis and retroperitoneal phlegmon

-abscesses of the abdominal cavity

-pancreatic fistulas

-diabetes mellitus

#Cullen-Kampf symptom is noted in cases of:

+intra-abdominal bleeding

-intra-abdominal accumulation of intestinal contents

-retroperitoneal bleeding

-intra-abdominal accumulation of bile

-ulcer perforation

#The basis for the diagnosis of acute peritonitis in the 1st stage cannot be?

+severe hypoproteinemia

-constant abdominal pain

-nausea and vomiting

-leukocytosis

-board-like abdomen

#Painful palpation of the liver, pain under the right clavicle, high position of
the right dome of the diaphragm and hectic fever indicate:

+presence of a subdiaphragmatic abscess on the right

-acute cholecystitis

-acute pancreatitis

-right-sided pleurisy

-Liver echinococcosis

#The tactics of the doctor for elderly patients with frequent inguinal hernia
incarceration?

+surgical treatment

-permanent wearing of a bandage

-dispensary observation

-the patient needs observation by a surgeon

-conservative treatment

#What causes most often lead to the formation of rectovaginal fistulas:

+operations for acute paraproctitis and obstetric manipulations

-diarrhea

-intestinal dysbiosis

-menstrual cycle disorder

-operations on the jejunum

#Indicate the cause of dry cough:

+foreign body in the respiratory tract

-pneumonia

-lung abscess

-pulmonary tuberculosis

-pulmonary echinococcosis

#Sudden onset of pain and shortness of breath in lean men is characteristic of:

+pneumothorax

-esophageal disease

-pleural empyema

-pericarditis

-pyothorax

#Subcutaneous emphysema can occur with:

+pneumothorax

-hemothorax

-chylothorax

-hemoperitoneum

-abscess

#Suddenly occurring constant severe pain throughout the abdomen is characteristic:

+for perforated ulcer

-for intestinal obstruction

-for renal colic

-for pancreatitis

-for appendicitis

#Sudden severe pain in the epigastrium, sometimes radiating to the back and left
shoulder, repeated vomiting is characteristic:
+for acute pancreatitis

-for acute intestinal obstruction

-for mesenteric vascular thrombosis

-for cholecystitis

-for angina pectoris

#Gradually increasing abdominal pain, vomiting, loose stools with blood is

characteristic:

+for mesenteric vascular thrombosis

-for aneurysm rupture

-for enterocolitis

-for intussusception

-gastritis

#Sudden sharp pain in the lower abdomen, hypotension, "roly-poly toy" symptom is
characteristic:

+for ruptured ectopic pregnancy

-for mesenteric vascular thrombosis

-for perforated ulcer

-for acute intestinal obstruction

-CAID

#Cramping abdominal pain, retention of stool and gas, on X-ray a gas-distended loop
of colon occupying the entire abdominal cavity (symptom of a light abdomen) is
characteristic:

+for sigmoid volvulus

-for strangulated hernia

-for small intestinal obstruction

-for ovarian torsion

-for perforation

#Bright frothy blood occurs:

+in pulmonary hemorrhage

-in esophageal bleeding

-in stomach ulcer

-in intestinal bleeding

-in Mallory-Weiss syndrome

#Mayo-Robson symptom in acute pancreatitis?

+tenderness in the left costovertebral angle

-pain reduction in the knee-elbow position

-abdominal wall distension in the epigastric region

-tenderness in the epigastric region

-pain radiation to the perineum

#What infectious diseases can cause acute peritonitis?

+typhoid fever

-viral hepatitis

-dysentery

-Whipple's disease

-FLU

#When does hepatic dullness disappear in peritonitis?

+with perforation of a hollow organ

-with gastrointestinal bleeding

-with liver rupture

-with acute cholecystitis

-with intra-abdominal bleeding

#Preoperative preparation of patients with acute peritonitis in the third period

includes:

+correction of homeostasis disorders

-hormone therapy

-physiotherapy

-antibiotic therapy

-antibiotic therapy

#Indications for emergency surgery in amoebic colitis are:

+all answers are correct

-perforation

-bleeding
-gangrene of the colon

-severe intoxication

#The causes of mechanical jaundice are all, except:

-tumor of the pancreatic head

-stone in the common bile duct

-cholangitis

-helminthic invasion

+Botkin's disease

#Complaints of patients with jaundice all except:

-yellowing of the skin and sclera

-change in stool color – acholic stool

-darkening of urine

-skin itching

+vomiting with the smell of "rotten eggs"

#Symptoms of liver echinococcosis in the second stage are all except:

-heaviness and pain in the right hypochondrium, epigastrium

-general weakness, malaise

-hepatomegaly

-skin rashes

+high hectic temperature

#In open pneumothorax, first aid consists of:

+applying a hermetic bandage

-conservative therapy

-surgery on the vascular pedicle of the lung

-immediate surgical intervention

-wound drainage

#Sudden cramping pain usually in the hypogastrium, retention of stool and gas is
characteristic:

+for colonic obstruction

-for small intestinal obstruction

-for perforated ulcer

-for renal colic

-for hepatic colic

#Constant severe pain in the right hypochondrium and in the epigastrium increasing
with deep breath, vomiting with bile is characteristic:

+for acute cholecystitis

-for acute pancreatitis

-for right-sided renal colic

-for right lower lobe pneumonia

-for gastritis

#Not severe constant abdominal pain, pulsating formation in the abdomen is

characteristic:

+for abdominal aortic aneurysm

-for abdominal aortic tumor

-for ovarian cysts

-for wandering kidney

-peritonitis

#Severe constant diffuse pain in the lower abdomen radiating to the thigh, smooth,
round, mobile formation palpable in the hypogastrium is characteristic for:

+torsion of ovarian cyst

-pelvic abscess

-uterine fibromyoma

-inflammation of the uterine appendages

-pyosalpinx

#Acute pain in the umbilical region occurring 30 minutes after eating, diarrhea
alternating with constipation, flatulence is characteristic for:

+CAID

-acute gastroenteritis

-exacerbation of peptic ulcer

-colon cancer

-obstruction
#What should an emergency doctor do with patients with GIB:

+conduct hemostatic therapy and deliver to a surgical hospital

-gastric lavage with warm water

-reassure the patient and leave at home with a recommendation to see a doctor

-treatment with home remedies and observation at home

-observe as an outpatient

#A simple and informative method of diagnosis for Douglas abscess is?

+digital examination of the rectum

-abdominal ultrasound

-X-ray examination of the abdominal organs

-laparoscopy

-puncture

#What is not characteristic of the terminal phase of acute peritonitis?

+increased intestinal peristalsis

-dehydration

-abdominal distension

-leukocytosis

-multiple organ failure

#Weakness of which wall of the inguinal canal leads to indirect inguinal hernia?

+anterior

-posterior

-upper

-lower

-lateral

#How is the diagnosis of anal sphincter insufficiency determined?

+sphincterometry

-rectoscopy

-ballonography

-ballonometry

-spirometry
#Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is...

+diffuse polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract and pigmentation of the skin and
visible mucous membranes

-Pseudopolyposis of the colon

-colon polyposis and brain tumor

-colon polyposis and disorders of the musculoskeletal system

-jejunal polyposis

#Preparations of which series are the most effective in treating mild forms of
ulcerative colitis?

+sulfonamides (salazopyridazine)

-penicillin series

-intestinal preparations (bifidum-bactrum)

-chemotherapeutic agents

-penicillin

#Pink foamy sputum is characteristic of which pathology:

+pulmonary edema

-lung cancer

-bronchial asthma

-BEB

-EPSV

#Paradoxical breathing occurs with:

+multiple rib fractures

-combined fractures

-chest contusion

-clavicle fracture

-pneumothorax

#In hemothorax, chest puncture is performed at the level of:

+VII rib

-III rib

-X rib
-II rib

-XII rib

#Severe cramping pain in the umbilical region and in the epigastrium, vomiting is
characteristic:

+for small intestinal obstruction

-for large intestinal obstruction

-for perforated ulcer

-for acute pancreatitis

-for cholecystitis

#Pain arising in the epigastrium and umbilical region shifting after 4-6 hours to
the right iliac region is characteristic:

+for acute appendicitis

-for covered perforation of ulcer

-for gastroenteritis

-for acute pancreatitis

-for Crohn's disease

#Sudden sharp pain in the abdomen, vomiting, stool in the form of raspberry jelly
appearing after palpation of the abdomen is characteristic:

+for intestinal intussusception

-for acute gastroenteritis

-for strangulated inguinal hernia

-for sigmoid volvulus

-for intestinal perforation

#Constant severe abdominal pain, vomiting, painful swelling in the inguinal region
is characteristic:

+for strangulated inguinal hernia

-for inguinal lymphadenitis

-for acute intestinal obstruction

-for irreducible inguinal hernia

-for sliding hernia

#Shock index is

+ratio of pulse to systolic blood pressure

-ratio of BP to Hb

-ratio of Hb to BP

-ratio of Hb to Ht

-ratio of Ht to BP

#How can the condition of perforating vein valves be determined:

+Pratt-2 test

-Heckenbruch test

-Shamova test

-Pratt-1 test

-Pratt-3 test

#What is not a complication of varicose disease:

+gangrene of the foot

-trophic ulcers

-thrombophlebitis of dilated veins

-bleeding from varicose nodes

-limb edema

#Reference points allowing to suggest CAID are except:

+vomiting with eaten food

-multiple examinations and unsuccessful therapy

-connection of the pain symptom complex and intestinal dysfunction with food intake

-coincidence of intensity and duration of pain symptom complex with digestive cycle

-unsuccessful conservative treatment

#A 52-year-old patient complains of intermittent claudication, impotence,

periodically notes diarrhea alternating with constipation, stool is unformed
contains mucus poorly digested food. Objectively: the patient is emaciated, lower
limbs are pale, pulsation on the right femoral artery is not determined. Your
diagnosis:

+CAID and Leriche syndrome

-Chronic pancreatitis

-Chronic ulcerative colitis

-Larrey syndrome
-Chronic pylephlebitis

#Acute ulcerations of the stomach and duodenum develop after exposure to adverse
factors within the next:

+72 hours

-24 hours

-36 hours

-4 days

-10 days

#Medicamentous ulcerations are predominantly located:

+in the antral section

-in the stomach fundus

-stomach body

-duodenum

-in the pyloric section

#All of the following contribute to the reduction of pain in peptic ulcer, except:

+cold in the epigastrium

-frequent and fractional nutrition

-bed rest

-vomiting at the height of pain

-conservative treatment

#The causes of acute gastric ulcers can be all of the following, except:

+smoking

-use of NSAIDs

-stress

-burn disease

-CNS diseases

#The cause of achalasia development:

+absence of Auerbach's plexus

-stress

-gastroesophageal reflux
-gastritis

-duodenogastric reflux

#The smallest amount of blood causing melena is equal to:

+60 ml

-25 ml

-100 ml

-250 ml

-300 ml

#Massive gastrointestinal bleeding is rarely a consequence of:

+reflux esophagitis

-varicose veins of the esophagus

-erosive gastritis

-stomach ulcer

-disintegrating stomach cancer

#The development of Mallory-Weiss syndrome is facilitated by:

+alcoholism

-peptic ulcer

-hiatal hernia

-stomach cancer

-duodenitis

#Symptoms of hypovolemia appear when intestinal bleeding exceeds:

+500 ml

-300 ml

-100 ml

-750 ml

-150 ml

#When peptic ulcer is complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding, the pain:

+disappears

-intensifies

-radiates to the back

-is concentrated in the umbilical region

-becomes dagger-like

#The most common clinical sign of liver cirrhosis:

+ascites

-palpable liver

-jaundice

-peripheral edema

-hepatitis

#The best method for diagnosing anastomotic ulcer is:

+endoscopy

-angiography

-radiography

-acidity testing

-colonoscopy

#Night cough is not characteristic of which disease

+pleurisy

-chronic sinusitis

-bronchial asthma

-pneumonia

-COPD

#When does paroxysmal cough with reprises occur:

-chronic bronchitis

-gastroesophageal reflux

-BEB

+pertussis

-Typhus

#Chest pain not relieved by nitroglycerin accompanied by pallor, cold sweat,

arterial hypotension is characteristic of:

+myocardial infarction

-angina pectoris
-pneumothorax FRLAD

-rib fractures

-COPD

#Chest pain in lying position, when leaning forward, especially after eating, often
interfering with sleep is characteristic of:

-stomach diseases

-FRLAD

+Esophagospasm

-dissecting aortic aneurysm

-gastritis

#Which pathogen often causes acute nonspecific surgical infection:

+staphylococcus

-pseudomonas aeruginosa

-pale spirochete

-ray fungus

-trichomonas

#Which disease should be ruled out first when complaining of chest pain?

-rib fractures

-diseases of the lungs and pleura

-pneumonia

+angina pectoris, myocardial infarction

-sternum fracture

#Pain in the left iliac region, worsening while walking, fever, constipation, blood
and pus in the stool is characteristic:

-for dysentery

-for intussusception

-for renal colic

+for diverticulitis of the colon

-gastritis

#Acutely occurring severe pain in the abdomen or back with shock in an elderly
patient is characteristic:
-for acute intestinal obstruction

-for colon tumor

-for coprostasis

+for rupture of aortic aneurysm

-pyelonephritis

#Cramping abdominal pain and diarrhea, possible fever, weakness, nausea, vomiting
is characteristic for:

+acute gastroenteritis

-exacerbation of peptic ulcer

-colon cancer

-CAID

-perforation

#Acute ulcer is formed when taking the drug:

-belladonna

-validol

-vitamin "C"

+aspirin

-antibiotics

#Determine the correspondence of the second degree of blood loss by DBC and Ht:

+DBC 30%, Ht 25%

-DBC 20%, Ht 35%

-DBC up to 30%, Ht 30%

-DBC more than 30%, Ht below 25%

-DBC 50%, Ht 40%

#Contraindication to appendectomy in acute appendicitis is:

-myocardial infarction

-pregnancy 36-40 weeks

-novocaine intolerance

+appendicular infiltrate

-peritonitis
#What corresponds to the concept of dumping syndrome?

-expansion of the afferent loop

-hypovolemia

+hypoglycemia

-hyperglycemia

-dumping jejunum

#Severe pain in a limb that is edematous, tense, shiny, pale and to the touch
colder than the healthy one. Your diagnosis.

+acute deep thrombophlebitis

-acute superficial thrombophlebitis

-limb phlegmon

-limb gangrene

-post-injection abscess

#Indicate the causes of suprahepatic block in portal hypertension?

-liver cirrhosis

-echinococcal liver cyst

-portal vein thrombosis

+Chiari disease

-hodgkin

#The length of the anal canal corresponds to

+3-4 cm

-2-3 cm

-1-2 cm

-4-5 cm

-8cm

#The development of anal fissure is facilitated by

-hemorrhoids

+prolonged constipation

-acute paraproctitis and proctitis

-trauma to the rectum and anal canal

-diarrhea

#Posterior dosed sphincterotomy is indicated in the treatment of

+hemorrhoids with increased sphincter tone and anal fissure

-coccygodynia

-chronic paraproctitis

-hemorrhoids with prolapse of internal hemorrhoidal nodes

-prolapse of the rectal mucosa

#To confirm the diagnosis of anal fissure is sufficient

-colonoscopy

-anoscopy

+digital examination of the rectum

-irrigoscopy

-rectoromanoscopy

#Severe pain in the area of the anus during the act of defecation, accompanied by
slight discharge of scarlet blood, and "stool phobia" are characteristic

+for the anal canal fissure

-for rectal polyp

-for sphincteritis

-for rectal cancer

-for UC

#The clinical picture of rectal fistula is characterized by

-bleeding during defecation

+relapses of paraproctitis with discharge of pus from the fistula

-stool phobia

-discharge of mucus during defecation

-bleeding during defecation

#In acute ischiorectal paraproctitis are indicated

+opening of the abscess through the perineum with transection of the coccygeal-
rectal ligament

-opening of the abscess through the intestinal lumen

-puncture of the abscess and administration of antibiotics

-opening, drainage of the abscess, excision of the crypt in the anal canal

-excision of the abscess

#For the occurrence of acute paraproctitis, obligatory etiological factors are

+blockage of the excretory duct of the anal gland and its inflammation

-diarrhea

-tendency to constipation

-defect of the rectal mucosa

-constipation

#Ischiorectal paraproctitis in typical cases is characterized by all of the

following, except

-discharge of mucus from the anus and swelling of the perineum with hyperemia

-high temperature

-absence of changes from the skin of the perineum

+disturbance of urination

-hemorrhoids

#In purulent inflammation of the epithelial coccygeal passage it is more expedient

+opening of the abscess with excision of the epithelial passage

and open management of the wound

-opening of the abscess and drainage of the purulent cavity

-excision of the epithelial passage with suturing the wound tightly

-opening of the abscess with excision of the epithelial passage and suturing the
edges of the wound to the bottom

-antibiotic therapy without opening

#For the diagnosis of extrasphincteric rectal fistula are indicated

-colonoscopy

+anoscopy and fistulography

-irrigoscopy

-passage of barium through the intestine

-ultrasound

#The most frequent complications of sigmoid diverticulosis are

+diverticulitis

-bleeding

-penetration of diverticulum into the mesentery

-perforation of the sigmoid colon

-hemorrhoids

#The most frequent complications of sigmoid colon cancer are

-perforation of the tumor

-penetration of the tumor into the mesentery

-inflammation of the sigmoid colon

+intestinal obstruction

-UC

#Acquired diverticulosis of the colon is more often localized

-in the transverse colon

-in the right half of the colon

-equally often in the right and left half

+in the left half of the colon

-in the hepatic flexure

#Congenital diverticulosis of the colon is more often localized

+in the right half of the colon

-in the left half of the colon

-equally often in the right and left half

-in the sigmoid colon

-in the splenic flexure

# Blood supply to the rectum is due to

-perineal arteries

-superior mesenteric artery and internal iliac artery

-internal pudendal artery

+internal iliac artery and branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

-inferior mesenteric artery

#In the treatment of UC are not used

-hormonal preparations

-antibiotics

-vitamins

+laxatives

-immunomodulators

#Complication of acute terminal ileitis cannot be

+intestinal obstruction

-perforation

-bleeding

-abscess formation

-peritonitis

#The most common cause of small intestinal mechanical obstruction

-gallstones

-foreign bodies

+adhesions of the abdominal cavity

-benign tumors

-tumors

#For Crohn's disease is not characteristic

+lesion of only the intestinal mucosa

-development of external and intraorgan fistulas

-long course of the disease

-development of pararectal fistulas

-dyspeptic phenomena

#The most reliable method of diagnosis of colon polyps

+colonoscopy

-X-ray examination with oral administration of barium

-irrigoscopy

-examination of feces for hidden mucus

-ultrasound
#Meckel's diverticulum is a remnant of the duct

-Wolf

-Senson

+Omphalomesenteric

-Muller

-Mallory

#In Hirschsprung's disease has no diagnostic value

-Swenson biopsy

-irrigoscopy

-study of barium passage through the colon

+ultrasound

-colonoscopy

#Obligate precancers of the colon include

+diffuse familial polyposis

-juvenile polyps

-single polyp of the colon

-regional enteritis

-pseudopolyps

#Which polyps of the colon have a greater tendency to malignancy?

-multiple adenomatous

-hyperplastic

-adenomatous

+Villous

-ulcerative

#For pararectal fistula is not characteristic

-fistula

-periodic exacerbations

-purulent discharge

+bleeding
-mucus-like discharge

#In acute thrombosis of hemorrhoidal nodes is not used

+sclerotherapy

-analgesics

-anticoagulants

-presacral blockade

-surgical intervention

#To confirm the diagnosis of anal fissure is used

-measurement of pressure in the rectum

+anoscopy

-colonoscopy

-rectoscopy

-irrigography

#Excision of hemorrhoidal nodes is contraindicated in

+portal hypertension

-prolapse of nodes

-combined hemorrhoids

-ulceration of nodes

-single nodes

#Meckel's diverticulum is an anatomical element of

+ileum

-jejunum

-represents a protrusion of the bile ducts

-often occurs after appendectomy

-colon

#Which wall of the rectum protrudes into the vagina in rectocele?

+anterior

-posterior

-lateral

-posterior and lateral

-all walls

#How many degrees of rectocele are distinguished

-1 degree

-5 degrees

-4 degrees

+3 degrees

-2 degrees

#What changes are characteristic of the nervous apparatus of the colon in

Hirschsprung's disease?

-increase in the number of ganglia of the intramural plexus

+absence or hypogangliosis of the intramural plexus

-hypotrophy of the muscular layer

-nerve fibers are not changed

-ischemia of nerve cells

#In which part of the large intestine is the aganglionic zone most often determined
in Hirschsprung's disease?

+rectum

-rectosigmoid section

-ileocecal angle

-sigmoid colon

-duodenum

#With which diseases is differential diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease carried

out?

-Crohn's disease

-amoebiasis of the colon

+chronic colostasis

-nonspecific ulcerative colitis

-hemorrhoids

#What is the leading symptom in Hirschsprung's disease?

+absence of independent stool and flatulence

-discharge of pathological secretions from the anus

-diarrhea

-vomiting

-dysphagia

#What is characteristic of Hirschsprung's disease during local examination of the

abdomen?

-"Shchetkin-Blumberg" symptom is positive

-large-wave peristalsis is visible, intestinal loops are inflated

-"doughy abdomen"

+"frog abdomen" and abdominal asymmetry

-peritonitis

#What is the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease based on?

+anamnesis and X-ray examination

-clinical and biochemical analyses

-computed tomography

-immunological tests

-ultrasound

#Indicate the main method of surgical treatment for Hirschsprung's disease in

adults?

-Hagenthorne operation

-Soave operation

-Swenson operation

+Duhamel operation

-Oppel operation

#What are the clinical signs of grade II insufficiency of the anal sphincter?

+incontinence of gas and liquid stool

-incontinence of gas

-incontinence of formed feces

-incontinence of gas and formed stool

-containment of feces and gas

#Indicate the treatment tactics for grade III insufficiency of the anal sphincter?
-dosed sphincterotomy

-levatoroplasty

-proctoplasty

+Sphincteroplasty

-extirpation of the rectum

#What affects the development and course of UC disease?

-Stress

+Changes in immunological reactivity and progressive dysbacteriosis

-Spasm of the muscular wall

-Increased intracolonic pressure

-decreased intracolonic pressure

#What clinical forms of UC exist?

-chronically continuous-recurrent form

-chronic recurrent form

-acute fulminant form

+all answers are correct

-no correct answer

#Which of the layers of the colon is primarily affected in UC?

+mucous

-submucous

-muscular

-serous

-submuscular

#What is the main clinical sign of UC?

-uncontrollable vomiting

-increased body temperature

+diarrhea and discharge of pathological impurities (blood, mucus, pus)

-constipation

-dysphagia

#Indicate the common radiological signs of UC?

+ulcerative defects and tubular narrowing

-filling defect

-Payer's syndrome

-megarectum

-minirectum

#With which diseases should differential diagnosis of UC be conducted?

-pseudoobstructive syndrome

-colostasis

-Hirschsprung's disease

+Crohn's disease

-gastritis

#The main method of diagnosis of amoebiasis of the colon.

-immunological

+serological and bacteriological

-angiography

-ultrasound

-virological

#Which histological form of cancer is most common in the colon?

-carcinoid

-sarcoma

+adenocarcinoma

-leiomyosarcoma

-leukoma

#What is the main clinical symptom of cancer in the right half of the colon?

+anemia

-intestinal obstruction

-bleeding

-diarrhea

-leukocytosis
#Which method of operation is indicated for a tumor of the sigmoid colon
complicated by intestinal obstruction?

+Hartmann operation

-Soave operation

-Swenson operation

-Duhamel operation

-Oppel Operation

#Which research method is most informative for cancer of the lower ampullary part
of the rectum?

+digital examination of the rectum

-radiological examination

-ultrasound

-tomography

-ERCP

#What is diverticulosis of the colon.

+Hernia-like protrusion of the mucous membrane

-Megarectum.

-Total expansion of the colon.

-Congenital stricture of the colon

-atresia of the anus

#Which section of the colon is more often affected by diverticulosis.

-Transverse colon.

-Descending part of the colon.

-Cecum.

+Sigmoid colon

-hepatic angle

#In diverticulosis of the colon, the most informative diagnostic method is

+Irrigography

-Ballonography.

-Rectoscopy.

-Computed tomography.
-Ultrasound

#Cause of development of acquired diverticulosis of the colon.

-Decrease in intracolonic pressure

-Spastic colitis.

+Increase in intracolonic pressure

-Abdominal trauma.

-paralytic colitis

#What is Crohn's disease

+Inflammatory-ulcerative disease of the gastrointestinal tract, granulomatous

colitis

-infectious disease of the colon.

-Congenital pathology of the colon.

-Anomaly of esophageal development.

-atresia of the anus

#Indicate the most informative research methods for Crohn's disease of the colon.

-Rectoscopy

-bacterial stool culture

-Ultrasound

+Irrigography, colonoscopy

-ECG

#For Crohn's disease, the lesion is characterized as:

+segmental

-only of the colon.

-only of the rectum.

-only of the jejunum.

-total

#Which of the complications listed below are characteristic of Crohn's disease.

+formation of interintestinal fistulas

-formation of polyps

-formation of stercoral ulcers

-invagination

-strangulation

#Indicate the characteristic signs of Crohn's disease.

-megarectum

-"filling defect"

+"cobblestone road"

-dolichosigma

-dolichosigmoiditis

#Which of the complications listed below is not characteristic of Crohn's disease.

+Megarectum

-rectal fistulas

-Pseudopolyposis

-Bleeding

-perforation

#Which of the following factors is the leading one in the etiology of Crohn's
disease

+Neuropsychiatric, immunological

-Infectious.

-Traumatic

-Hereditary

-viral

#Microscopic picture of Crohn's disease, indicate the correct answer.

-Presence of lymphocytes

-Presence of streptococci

-Presence of neutrophils

-no correct answer

+Presence of granulomas

#In the diagnosis of rectovaginal fistulas, the following is important:

+digital examination of the rectum and rectoscopy

-ballonography
-irrigography

-general analysis of blood and urine

-colonoscopy

#Erysipelas is more often localized:

+on the lower limbs

-on the upper limbs

-on the scalp

-on small joints

-in all parts of the body

#The main stimulators of acid secretion in the stomach are:

a) acetylcholine;

b) histamine;

c) gastrin;

d) adrenaline;

e) prostaglandins.

Choose the correct combination of answers:

+a, b, c

-c, d, e

-b, c, e

-b, c, d

-a, c, e

#A 62-year-old patient was admitted to the department 12 hours after the onset of
the disease with complaints of cramping abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting. History
of appendectomy. Pain appeared after consuming plant food. The patient's condition
is of moderate severity. Pulse 92 beats/min. The abdomen is moderately distended,
depression of the right iliac region is noted. In the projection of the ascending
colon, a soft-elastic oval-shaped tumor-like formation is palpated. Peristalsis is
enhanced, with a resonant tone. Rectal examination revealed bloody discharge from
the rectum. Irrigoscopy was performed, the "two-pronged fork" symptom is
determined. Indicate the correct clinical diagnosis:

-toxic dilatation of the colon

+ileocecal form of intussusception

-abscess of the right iliac region

-tumor of the cecum, obturative intestinal obstruction

-compression of the colon by an ovarian cystoma with the development of obturative

intestinal obstruction

#Conservative treatment of obturative intestinal obstruction consists of the

following:

a) gastric decompression;

b) siphon enema;

c) correction of water-electrolyte disorders;

d) introduction of promedol;

e) introduction of drugs that enhance intestinal motility

Choose the correct combination of answers:

-a, c, e

+a, b, c

-a, b, d

-b, c, d

-b, c, e

#Which operation is considered inadequate for oblique inguinal hernia except?

-by Postemsky method

-by Sapezhko method

+by Girard-Spasokukotsky method

-by Bassini method

-strengthening of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

#What pain is not characteristic of irreducible umbilical hernia, except?

+sudden severe pain

-constant pain

-periodically intensifying pain

-painlessness

-aching pain

#Which organ of the abdominal cavity is not found in a large umbilical hernia?

+liver

-greater omentum
-small intestine

-transverse colon

-uterine appendages

#In high small intestinal obstruction, the complex of therapeutic measures should
begin with:

-Surgical intervention

-Infusion therapy

+Introduction of nasogastric tube

-Antibiotic therapy

-Use of anticholinesterase drugs

#In the treatment of pancreatic cysts, cystogastrostomy is used, frequent

complications after this operation are:

-Esophagitis caused by trypsin getting in

-Cyst recurrence

-Postoperative bleeding

-Infection

+Malignant degeneration

#The best method of treating congenital pancreatic cyst is:

-Medical treatment

-Marsupialization

-Body of pancreas resection

-Radiation therapy

+Cyst excision

#In the treatment of pancreatic cysts, anastomoses with the gastrointestinal tract
are often practiced. The best of them is:

-Cystogastrostomy

-Cystojejunostomy with inter-intestinal anastomosis

+Cystojejunostomy on disconnected loop

-Cystostomy

-Cystoduodenostomy

#The most common site of bleeding after typical gastric resection is:
+Lesser curvature of stomach

-Gastroenteroanastomosis

-Remaining ulcer in gastric stump

-Erosive gastritis

-Duodenal stump

#For lymphogranulomatosis of stomach, it is necessary to:

-Perform gastric resection

-Perform gastric resection and vagotomy

+Perform gastric resection and prescribe chemotherapy

-Prescribe chemotherapy

-Prescribe radiation therapy

#Priority measures for strangulated many-hour-old inguinal hernia are:

-Prescription of analgesics and spasmolytics to facilitate hernia reduction

-Use of general warm bath

-Reduction of hernia

+Conducting urgent surgical treatment

-Performing preoperative preparation for 2-3 hours followed by surgery

#When there is a non-viable intestinal loop found during surgery, it is necessary

to perform resection of the afferent loop, retreating from visible border of
necrosis at a distance of:

-5-10 cm

-15-20 cm

-25-30 cm

+40-50 cm

-60-70 cm

#During surgery for sliding inguinal hernia, technical difficulties may arise due
to the fact that:

-There was a diagnostic error

-Intestine constitutes one of walls of hernia sac

-Mesentery of small intestine may be strangulated in hernia gates

+Congenital insufficiency of transverse fascia is observed

-Left-sided localization of hernia is more common

#Optimal volume of fluid for abdominal cavity lavage after removal of peritonitis
source is:

-1-2 liters

-4-6 liters

+8-12 liters

-14-16 liters

-18-20 liters

#Knot formation is more often observed between:

-Rectum and small intestine

-Descending and sigmoid colon

+Sigmoid and small intestine

-Loops of small intestine

-Cecum and small intestine

#Hydrops of gallbladder develops due to:

-Obstruction of common bile duct by stone

-Obstruction of common hepatic duct by stone

-Obstruction of major duodenal papilla by stone

+Obstruction of cystic duct by stone

-Chronic disturbance of duodenal patency

#Mallory-Weiss syndrome is:

+Rupture of mucosa of cardiac part of stomach

-Presence of "mirror" ulcers

-Pyloric stenosis

-Damage to mucosa of antral part of stomach

-Persistent spasm of cardiac sphincter

#Indication for emergency surgical intervention with spontaneous reduction of

strangulated hernia is:

+Appearance of peritoneal signs

-Disappearance of hernia protrusion

-Dysuria phenomena

-Temperature increase

-Presence of pain syndrome in area of hernia gates

#The most severe clinical form of intestinal obstruction is:

+Intussusception

-Volvulus

-Knot formation

-Strangulated hernia

-Obstruction of colon by tumor

#The most common complication of acute ulcers of upper GI tract is:

-Perforation

-Malignancy

-Penetration

+Bleeding

-Transition to chronic ulcer

#Presence in patient after gastric resection of vomiting with gastric contents in

large amounts without bile admixture, tachycardia indicates development of:

-Peritonitis

-Pancreatitis

-Intestinal obstruction

+Anastomositis

-Bleeding into gastric lumen

#Patient was admitted to clinic with repeated vomiting of blood with clots. Denies
ulcer history, abuses alcohol. History of pancreatitis. The most likely cause of
bleeding may be:

-Bleeding from varicose veins of esophagus

-Gastric ulcer

-Gastric cancer

+Mallory-Weiss syndrome

-Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

#In a patient with duodenal ulcer complicated by decompensated stenosis, there are
tonic convulsions of lower extremities and loss of consciousness. First of all, the
patient is indicated for introduction of:

-Glucose solution

-Insulin

-Cardiac glycosides and mesaton

+Solution of sodium chloride and potassium solution

-Transfusion of erythrocyte mass

#In a patient after gastric resection, vomiting of "coffee ground" type occurred.
Your tactics:

-Repeated laparotomy

-Transfusion of erythrocyte mass

-Administration of aminocaproic acid and calcium chloride

-Gastric lavage

+Gastric lavage and fibrogastroscopy

#In a 75-year-old patient with continuing bleeding, as well as severe concomitant

diseases, the following is indicated:

-Gastric resection

-Suturing of bleeding vessel

+Wedge excision of gastric ulcer

-Thermocoagulation of bleeding vessel with fibrogastroscope

-Conservative treatment

#In a patient with diverticulosis of left half of colon, profuse bleeding

developed. Your tactics:

-Removal of bleeding diverticulum

+Left-sided hemicolectomy

-Sigmotomy ligation of bleeding vessel

-Electrocoagulation of bleeding vessel

-Endoscopic plugging of bleeding vessel

#Diverticula are most common in:

-Esophagus

-Stomach

-Duodenum
+Colon

-Small intestine

#With Richter's strangulation with necrosis of intestinal wall, the most acceptable
option of operation is:

+Intestinal resection

-Wedge excision of necrotic area

-Immersion of necrosis area with single-row silk suture

-Immersion of narcotized area with 2-row suture

-Bringing intestine outside

#The main signs of intestinal viability in strangulated hernia are:

-Peristalsis of intestinal wall

-Pulsation of mesenteric vessels

-Serous membrane is shiny, dark cherry color

+Pink color of intestinal wall, shine of serous membrane, preservation of pulsation

of mesenteric vessels and peristalsis of intestinal wall

-Shiny serous membrane, preserved peristalsis of intestinal wall

#When dissecting Gimbernat's ligament in strangulated femoral hernia, a vessel was

damaged, which turned out to be:

-Femoral vein

-Femoral artery

+Obturator artery

-Inferior mesenteric artery

-External iliac artery

#Strangulation of anti-mesenteric edge of intestine is observed:

-In Littre's hernia

+In Richter's hernia

-In combined inguinal hernia

-In hernia of spigelian line

-In hernia of Petit's triangle

#During herniorrhaphy for left-sided inguinoscrotal hernia, it was found that one
of walls of hernia sac is the urinary bladder, which indicates presence of:

-Direct inguinal hernia

-Indirect inguinal hernia

-Femoral hernia

+Sliding hernia

-Strangulated hernia

#On the day after herniorrhaphy for direct inguinal hernia, the patient developed
pain during urination, microhematuria. This is due to:

+Injury to urinary bladder

-Acute cystitis

-Renal colic

-Prostatitis

-Exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis

#During surgery for acute cholecystitis, exudate with bile admixture, bile
impregnation of hepatoduodenal ligament and neck of gallbladder was found, the
cause of these changes:

-Destructive cholecystitis

+Enzymatic cholecystitis

-Destructive pancreatitis

-Perforation of pyloroduodenal ulcer

-Purulent cholangitis

#Partial removal of gallbladder with electrocoagulation of remaining mucosa is

indicated for:

-Gangrenous cholecystitis

-Perivesical abscess

-Mirizzi syndrome

+Dense paravesical infiltrate

-Atypical arrangement of bile ducts

#For gastric volvulus, it is necessary to perform:

-Gastric resection

-Untwisting of volvulus and fixation of stomach to parietal peritoneum

+Untwisting of volvulus and nasogastric drainage

-Untwisting of volvulus and selective-proximal vagotomy

-Will treat patient conservatively

#In a patient with gastric bleeding, multiple papular bleeding formations

protruding above gastric mucosa with diameter of 0.2-0.3 cm were revealed. There
are no disorders of the coagulation system. Name the most likely disease:

-Erosive gastritis

-Hemophilia

+Rendu-Osler disease

-Ménétrier's disease

-Hydrochloric acid burn of stomach

#When forming external pancreatic fistula, the following is indicated:

-Excision of fistula

-Anastomosis between fistula and small intestine

-Pancreatic resection

+Conservative therapy aimed at suppression of endocrine function of pancreas (5-

fluorouracil, ribonuclease, somatostatin), fat diet

-Plugging of fistula

#Hemodynamic disturbance in acute pancreatitis in first phase is due to:

-Atoxic dilation of vessels

-Sharp increase in capacity of portal system

+Increased vessel permeability and exit of liquid part of blood into interstitial
space

-Cardiac insufficiency

-Right heart overload

#Prolonged presence of drains in abdominal cavity after appendectomy leads to:

+Formation of intestinal fistulas

-Bleeding

-Wound suppuration

-Chronic colitis

-Chronic cystitis

#Dysphagia after fundoplication according to Nissen is due to:

-Damage to vagus nerves

-Damage to phrenic nerve

-Hyperfunction of cuff

+Excessive narrowing of esophageal opening of diaphragm

-Hypertonus of cardia

#Marginal liver resection is performed for:

-Damage to elements of Glisson's triad

-Damage to inferior vena cava

+Gunshot and other marginal liver injuries

-Subcapsular liver ruptures

-Detachment of liver segment

#In gastric injury, the following is performed:

-Vagotomy+suturing of wounds

+Suturing of gastric wounds

-Gastric resection

-Gastroenteroanastomosis+suturing of wounds

-Pyloroplasty+suturing of wounds

#Signs of injury to retroperitoneal part of duodenum revealed during laparotomy

are:

-Edema of hepatoduodenal ligament

-Edema of small intestine mesentery root

-Imbibition of small omentum with blood

-Reflux of bile into stomach

+Imbibition with bile and area of descending part of duodenum

#For fresh injuries of duodenum, the following is indicated:

+Suturing of its wound, duodenal intubation

-Resection of 2/3 of stomach

-Gastroenteroanastomosis

-Suturing of duodenal wounds and cholecystectomy

-Gastroduodenostomy according to Finney

#Pancreatic resection for its injuries is indicated:

+For complete transverse ruptures and crushing

-For post-traumatic pancreatitis

-For splenic artery injury

-For pancreatic head injury

-For extensive steatonecrosis of retroperitoneal tissue

#Indications for small intestine resection in trauma are:

-Point hemorrhages on serous membrane in area of trauma

-Through injury to small intestine

+Detachment of intestine from mesentery for 4 cm or more

-Mesenteric hematoma

-Extensive retroperitoneal hematoma

#For fresh injuries of colon, the following is indicated:

-Wound suturing

+Wound suturing and abdominal cavity drainage

-Hemicolectomy

-Lahey's operation

-Colostomy

#Primary sclerosing cholangitis is due to:

-Duodenostasis

-Portal hypertension

+Pancreatic-biliary reflux

-Pericholedochal lymphadenitis

-Chronic colitis

#Transection of bile ducts in early postoperative period manifests as:

-Mechanical jaundice

-Hiccups

-Purulent cholangitis

+Bile leakage

-Vomiting with bile

#Ligation of extrahepatic bile ducts in early postoperative period manifests as:

-Biliary peritonitis

-Fever

-Bile leakage

+Mechanical jaundice

-Pancreatic necrosis

#For long-term framework drainage of bile ducts, the following is used:

-Felker's drain

-Lost drain

-T-shaped drain

-Kehr-Mayo-Robson

+Replaceable transhepatic according to Goetz-Seypol-Kurian

#When forming hepaticojejunostomy, the length of small intestine loop excluded

according to Roux should be:

-Up to 30 cm

-30-50 cm

-50-70 cm

+70-90 cm

-90-120 cm

#Indication for simultaneous double drainage of bile ducts is:

-Choledocholithiasis

-Chronic head pancreatitis

-Polycystic liver

-Distal cicatricial stricture of hepaticocholedochus up to 1.0 cm

+Distal cicatricial stricture of hepaticocholedochus more than 1.5 cm

#In perforation of inoperable rectosigmoid tumor, the following is indicated:

-Suturing of perforation, application of double-barreled anus

-Suturing of perforation, abdominal cavity drainage

-Application of tampons to perforation, application of single-barreled anus

-Cecostomy, abdominal cavity drainage

+Suturing of perforation, double-barreled sigmostoma, abdominal cavity drainage

#In cancer of upper ampullary part of rectum combined with solitary liver
metastasis, the following is performed:

-Low anterior resection of rectum and chemotherapy

-Rectum extirpation according to Quenu-Miles

-Loop sigmostomy and chemotherapy

+Low anterior resection of rectum and liver resection

-Loop sigmostomy, embolization of hepatic artery branches and chemotherapy

#Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is:

-Multiple ulcerative lesion of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

-Combination of recurrent gastric ulcer with hiatal hernia

-Peptic ulcers of stomach and duodenum in combination with enteritis or diarrhea

+Recurrent ulcers of stomach and duodenum in combination with adenomas of

pancreatic islet apparatus

-Peptic ulcers of stomach against background of mucosal atrophy

#Criterion of sliding hernia is:

+Participation in formation of hernia sac of mesoperitoneally located organ

-Participation in formation of hernia sac of extraperitoneally located organ

-Presence of hernia contents

-Absence of hernia contents

-Participation in formation of hernia sac of intraperitoneally located organ

#In hernia sac phlegmon, the following is indicated:

-Conservative treatment with antibiotics

-Opening of phlegmon

-Drainage of phlegmon with double-lumen drain with active aspiration

-Intestinal intubation with Miller-Abbott tube

+Operation laparotomy, excision as a single block of hernia sac with necrotic

intestinal loops

#Clinical manifestation of sliding hiatal hernia is:

-Dysphagia

-Frequent vomiting with gastric contents

+Frequent heartburn
-Weight loss

-Unstable stool

#Prolongation of prothrombin time in jaundice cannot be corrected by prescription

of vitamin K preparations. This most likely indicates:

-Presence of distant metastases

-Duration of mechanical jaundice

-Complete obstruction of bile ducts

+Pronounced hepatocellular dysfunction

-Hemolytic jaundice

#In edematous form of pancreatitis during laparoscopy, all following signs can be
found, except:

-Edema of small omentum and hepatoduodenal ligament

+Reduction in size of gallbladder

-Protrusion of stomach wall forward

-Hyperemia of visceral peritoneum of upper parts of abdominal cavity

-Serous effusion in subhepatic space

#The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is:

+Chronic alcoholism

-Gallstone disease

-Hyperparathyroidism

-Hereditary factor

-Trauma

#The cause of reflex paralytic intestinal obstruction may be:

-Atrial fibrillation

-Exacerbation of gastric ulcer

+Compression fracture of spine

-Hypertensive crisis

-Crohn's disease

#Intermittent jaundice can be explained by:

-Stone of cystic duct

-Stones in gallbladder with occlusion of cystic duct

-Impacted stone of major duodenal papilla

+Valve stone of choledochus

-Tumor of extrahepatic bile ducts

#Metastases of carcinoid to liver are most common with primary tumor location:

-In jejunum

+In ileum

-In appendix

-In colon

-In rectum

#When transporting a patient with fracture of humeral shaft, the most rational is
application of:

-Soft Desault bandage

-Plaster Desault bandage

+Kramer splint

-Plaster bandage according to Weinstein

-Thoracobrachial plaster bandage

#For fractures of bones of elbow joint during patient transportation, the following
is necessary:

-Desault bandage

+Fixation with Kramer splint

-Fixation on CITO splint

-Fixation with Sitenko splint

-Thoracobrachial bandage

#In fractures of radius in typical place, the following may be damaged:

+Long extensor of thumb

-Extensor of index finger

-Long flexor of thumb

-Short radial extensor of wrist

-Long radial extensor of wrist

#In fractures of radius in typical place, the following immobilization is used:

-Dorsal plaster splint

-Circular plaster cast to elbow joint

-Circular plaster cast to lower third of shoulder

-Palmar plaster splint

+Dorsal and palmar plaster splint

#In pelvic fractures, the following is most often damaged:

-Prostate in men and ovaries in women

+Urethra (its prostatic part)

-Distal part of urethra

-Urinary bladder

-Vagina in women and penis in men

#Rupture of tendon-muscular part most often occurs in area of:

+Long head of biceps brachii

-Short head of biceps brachii

-Quadriceps femoris

-Biceps femoris

-Triceps surae

#Detachment of tendon with bone fragment predominantly occurs in damage to:

-Achilles tendon

-Long head of biceps brachii

+Triceps brachii

-Quadriceps femoris

-Biceps femoris

#For damage to rectus abdominis muscle, the following is characteristic:

-Hemorrhage in anterior abdominal wall

+Rupture of rectus abdominis muscle, arising, as a rule, with direct blow at moment
of relaxation of abdominal press

-Sharp pain in abdominal wall

-Symptoms of peritoneal irritation

-Tension of anterior abdominal wall

#X-ray diagnostics of vertebral fractures is based on:

-Reduction in height of vertebral body

-Change in axis of spine, disappearance of natural curves (lordosis, kyphosis)

-Condition and disturbance of cortical layer of upper end plate of body

+Degree of displacement of intervertebral disc

-Presence of hematoma in soft tissues near vertebral body

#Transportation of victims with open injury to sagittal sinus area is carried out:

-In lying position on back

-In lying position on side with raised head

+In semi-sitting position

-In position on stomach

-In position on back with raised head

#Fractures of leg bones without displacement of fragments require:

+Application of split plaster cast

-Skeletal traction

-Application of compression-distraction apparatus

-Surgical treatment

-Functional treatment

#Signs of calcaneal fracture are:

+Pain in area of calcaneus, flattening of foot arch, deformation of ankle joint,

lowering of malleolar tips on side of calcaneal fracture

-Deformation of ankle joint, displacement of medial malleolus upward

-Hemarthrosis of ankle joint, flattening of internal arch of foot

-Pain in area of calcaneus location, absence of ankle joint deformation

-Pain in area of calcaneus and soft tissue edema

#When suspecting diaphragm rupture, the most informative method of examination is:

-Survey X-ray of chest and abdominal cavity

+X-ray with oral contrast

-Diagnostic puncture of pleural cavity

-Laparocentesis or laparoscopy
-Ultrasound of chest and abdominal cavity

#Classification of depth of lesion adopted for chemical burns distinguishes:

-Two degrees

-Three degrees

+Four degrees

-Five degrees

-Similar to classification for thermal burns

#Antibiotic therapy in burn patients is used:

-For superficial burns

-For limited deep burns with prophylactic purpose

+When complications develop

-For treatment of burn patients in outpatient conditions

-Not used

#First aid for burn victim comes down to:

-Closing wound with alcohol bandage

-Application of bandage with Vishnevsky ointment on burned limb

+Cooling burn wounds with water or placing victim under shower for cooling, then
application of aseptic bandage

-Application of bandage with levomekol

-Application of bandage with furacillin

#First clinical sign of acute burn toxemia is:

-Anemia

-Normalization of diuresis

+Increase in body temperature

-Dysproteinemia

-Decrease in BP

#Autodermoplasty on face for deep burns is performed:

-With perforated autoskin transplants

+With continuous autoskin transplants without notches and perforations

-With full-thickness skin transplants

-With skin-fascial autotransplants

-With split flap

#Length of anal canal corresponds to:

-1-2 cm

-2-3 cm

+3-4 cm

-4-5 cm

-5-6 cm

#Anal fissure is more often located on:

+Posterior semicircumference of anal canal

-Right semicircumference of anal canal

-Left semicircumference of anal canal

-Anterior semicircumference of anal canal

-Anterior and posterior semicircumference of anal canal

#Posterior dosed sphincterotomy is indicated in treatment of:

+Hemorrhoids with increased sphincter tone and anal fissure

-Coccygodynia

-Chronic paraproctitis

-Hemorrhoids with prolapse of internal hemorrhoids

-Prolapse of rectal mucosa

#To confirm diagnosis of anal fissure, the following is sufficient:

-Digital examination of rectum

-Colonoscopy

+Anoscopy

-Irrigoscopy

-Rectoromanoscopy

#Dosed sphincterotomy in treatment of posterior anal fissure involves dissection of

posterior portion of internal sphincter to depth of:

+0.5-0.8 cm

-0.8-1.0 cm
-1.0-1.5 cm

-1.5-2.0

-More than 2.0 cm

#Hemorrhoidectomy according to Milligan-Morgan involves:

-Circular excision of anal canal mucosa

-Excision of hemorrhoids at 2,5,8 o'clock position

+Excision of hemorrhoids at 3,7,11 o'clock position

-Excision of prolapsed hemorrhoids

-Excision of hemorrhoids at 3,7,11 o'clock position with restoration of anal canal

mucosa

#For a patient whose hemorrhoids are complicated by anal fissure, the following
should be undertaken:

-Anti-inflammatory treatment

-Excision of anal fissure

+Presacral novocaine blockade

-Hemorrhoidectomy

-Hemorrhoidectomy with dosed sphincterotomy

#For diagnosis of rectal cancer, first of all it is necessary to perform:

+Digital examination of rectum and rectoromanoscopy

-Stool analysis for occult blood

-Laparoscopy

-Ultrasound examination of pelvic organs

-X-ray examination of colon

#Infrequent pain in area of anus during act of defecation, accompanied by slight

discharge of scarlet blood, with stool phobia is characteristic

-For rectal cancer

-For rectal polyp

-For sphincteritis

+For anal fissure

-For hemorrhoids

#Clinical picture of rectal fistula is characterized by:

-Stool phobia

-Bleeding during defecation

+Recurrences of paraproctitis with discharge of pus from fistula

-Discharge of mucus during defecation

-Temperature increase

#The most radical method in treatment of acute thrombosis of hemorrhoids should be

considered:

-Sclerotherapy

-Presacral novocaine blockade

-Anticoagulants

+Surgical intervention

-Application of cold

#For diagnosis of diverticulosis of colon, the most informative examination methods

are:

-Rectoromanoscopy

-Colonoscopy

+Irrigoscopy

-Examination of colon after taking barium inside

-Ultrasound examination of abdominal organs

#Development of diverticulosis of colon is facilitated by:

-Increase in intra-abdominal pressure

+Increase in intra-intestinal pressure

-Food factor (consumption of refined food)

-Food factor (consumption of food rich in fiber)

-Consumption of large amount of fluid

#In acute ischiorectal paraproctitis, the following is indicated:

-Abscess puncture and introduction of antibiotics

-Opening abscess through intestinal lumen

-Opening abscess through perineum with transection of coccygeal-rectal ligament

+Opening, drainage of abscess, excision of crypt in anal canal

-Abscess puncture and introduction of drain for irrigation

#In etiology of paraproctitis, the main importance is:

-Prolapse of rectum

-Trauma to rectal mucosa

+Inflammation of anal glands

-Hemorrhoids

-Obstruction of excretory duct of anal gland

-General septic diseases

#Complications after hemorrhoidectomy are:

-Expressed pain syndrome

+Urinary retention

-Perianal edema

-Bleeding

-Acute paraproctitis

#The most common complications of sigmoid diverticulosis are:

+Diverticulitis

-Bleeding during defecation

-Penetration of diverticulum into mesentery of intestine

-Perforation of sigmoid colon

-Intestinal obstruction

#In perforation of sigmoid diverticulum, the following is indicated:

-Sigmoid resection with end-to-end anastomosis

-Application of bypass anastomosis and abdominal cavity drainage

+Hartmann's operation

-Laparotomy, abdominal cavity drainage

-Abdominal cavity drainage, transversostomy

#The most common complications of sigmoid cancer are:

-Inflammation of sigmoid colon

-Penetration of tumor into mesentery

+Intestinal obstruction
-Tumor perforation

-Profuse intestinal bleeding

#In extrasphincteric rectal fistula complicated by purulent cavity, the most

radical operation is:

-Excision of fistula into intestinal lumen

-Drainage of purulent cavity

+Application of ligature and drainage of purulent cavity

-Excision of fistula with suturing of sphincter

-Plastic surgery with lowering of mucosa according to Blinichev

#Congenital diverticulosis of colon is more often localized:

-In left half of colon

+In right half of colon

-Equally often in right and left half

-In sigmoid colon

-In transverse colon

#In sigmoid cancer complicated by tumor perforation, absence of metastases to

distant organs in 62-year-old patient, the operation of choice is:

-Sigmoid resection with anastomosis and application of preventive colostomy

-Sigmoid resection with anastomosis

+Sigmoid resection with colostomy formation

-Transversostomy, abdominal cavity drainage

-Bringing out sigmoid colon with tumor to anterior abdominal wall

#Hemorrhoidal bleeding is characterized by discharge during act of defecation:

+Scarlet blood

-Dark blood with clots

-Melena

-Mixed blood and stool with mucus

-Scarlet blood with clots

#Subcutaneous acute paraproctitis in typical cases is characterized by:

-Absence of changes on perineal skin

-Presence of pararectal fistulas

+Perineal swelling with skin hyperemia

-Pain in depth of pelvis

-Discharge of mucus from anus

#Novocaine blockade according to Lorin-Epstein (spermatic cord, round ligament) is

effective in renal colic with stone localization in:

-Renal pelvis

-Upper third of ureter

-Middle third of ureter

+Lower third of ureter

-Localization does not matter

#Sign of renal colic on ultrasound is:

-Round echonegative formation in kidney with thin walls

-Hypoechoic formation in collecting system of kidney

+Dilation of pelvicalyceal system and upper third of ureter

-Solid formation in kidney

-Heterogeneity of kidney parenchyma

#The most informative method of diagnosing paranephritis is:

-Survey X-ray of urinary tract

-Excretory urography

-Isotope renography

+Ultrasound

-Paranephral puncture

#In acute cystitis, from instrumental methods of examination, the following are
indicated:

-Cystoscopy-in most cases

+Cystoscopy-in exceptional cases

-Cystoscopy is contraindicated

-Catheterization of urinary bladder

-Urethroscopy

#Leading symptom in urethral trauma is:

-Macrohematuria

+Urethrorrhagia

-Urinary retention

-Perineal hematoma

-Frequent painful urination

#The most common cause of extraperitoneal rupture of urinary bladder is:

-Iatrogenic trauma

+Pelvic fracture with displacement

-Blow to abdomen with full urinary bladder

-Fall from height

-Overfilling of urinary bladder

#When suspecting kidney infarction, the most informative is:

-Ultrasound

-Excretory urography

-Renal venography

-Retrograde pyelography

+Aortoangioraphy

#Causative agent of hidradenitis is most often:

-Streptococcus

-Proteus

+Staphylococcus

-Pseudomonas aeruginosa

-E. coli

#The most severe forms of purulent arthritis are caused by:

-Staphylococcus

-Pneumococcus

-Proteus

-Pseudomonas aeruginosa

+Hemolytic streptococcus

#Causative agent of erysipelas is:

-Golden staphylococcus

+Streptococcus

-E. coli

-Association of microorganisms

-Pseudomonas aeruginosa

#Complication of surgical treatment of purulent parotitis is:

-Fistula

-Neck phlegmon

-Osteomyelitis of lower jaw

+Paresis of branches of facial nerve

-Paresis of branches of trigeminal nerve

#After establishing diagnosis of acute purulent mediastinitis, the following is

primarily necessary:

-Massive antibiotic therapy

-Immunotherapy

-Detoxification therapy

+Surgical treatment

-Blood transfusion

#In putrid paraproctitis, it is expedient to use:

-Claforan

-Gentamicin

-Vibramycin

+Metronidazole and clindamycin

-Any of the listed antibiotics

#Arthrotomy operation in purulent arthritis is performed:

-With extensive destruction of articular ends of bones

+With multiple repeated joint punctures not giving effect

-In presence of pus in joint cavity

-In destruction of ligamentous apparatus of joint

-With severely expressed pain syndrome

#In septicopyemic complication of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis, purulent foci
are more often localized:

-In liver

-In lungs

-In spleen

+In brain

-In heart

#Means of specific immunotherapy in sepsis caused by staphylococcus include:

-T-activin

-Levamisole

+Antistaphylococcal plasma and staphylococcal toxoid

-Leukomass Platelet mass

#The most rational routes of antibiotic administration in sepsis are:

-Oral

-Intramuscular and intravenous

+Intravenous and endolymphatic

-Intraosseous and intramuscular

-Endolymphatic

#Active immunization for staphylococcal sepsis should be carried out using:

-Anti-staphylococcal bacteriophage

+Native or adsorbed staphylococcal toxoid

-Anti-staphylococcal plasma

-Anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin

-Injection of gamma-globulin

#For septicopyemia characteristic:

-General weakness, exhaustion of the body

+Metastasis of purulent foci to various organs and tissues

-Sharp pain and violent inflammation of superficial metastases

-Hectic temperature

-Relative subsiding of the process by the end of metastasis formation

#In the presence of subdiaphragmatic abscess indicated:

+Urgent operation-opening of the abscess

-Abscess puncture

-Observation

-Conservative therapy

-Laparoscopy

#Extraperitoneal method of opening a subdiaphragmatic abscess according to Clermont

involves:

+Blunt detachment of the transverse fascia together with the peritoneum from the
lower surface of the diaphragm

-Blunt detachment of only the transverse fascia

-Approach to the abscess through the thoracic cavity with opening of the pleura

-Approach to the abscess through the thoracic cavity without opening the pleura

-Approach to the abscess through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall

#Posterior subdiaphragmatic abscess under the left dome of the diaphragm is opened:

-Through the upper-middle access

-Through oblique access in the left hypochondrium

+According to V.Melnikov

-According to Clermont

-By using all the above methods

#When the subdiaphragmatic abscess is located behind the coronary ligament, the
abscess is opened:

-According to Clermont

-By laparoscopic method

+According to V.Melnikov

-Through the upper-middle access

-By puncture and drainage under ultrasound control

#In which complication of acute appendicitis the patient needs to be operated on,
but it is impossible to perform appendectomy at all costs:

+appendicular abscess;

-appendicular infiltrate;
-sepsis;

-diffuse peritonitis;

-pylephlebitis.

#Contraindication to appendectomy with an established diagnosis of acute

appendicitis is concomitant:

+no contraindications;

-myocardial infarction;

-hemophilia;

-infectious hepatitis;

-AIDS.

#Suddenly occurring constant severe pain throughout the abdomen is characteristic

+for perforated ulcer

-for intestinal obstruction

-for renal colic

-for pancreatitis

-for paraproctitis

#Sudden cramping pain usually in the hypogastrium, delayed stool and gas is
characteristic

+for colonic obstruction

-for small intestinal obstruction

-for perforated ulcer

-for renal colic

-for acute appendicitis

#Severe cramping pain in the navel area and in the epigastrium, vomiting are
characteristic

-for colonic obstruction

+for small intestinal obstruction

-for perforated ulcer

-for acute pancreatitis

-invagination

#Pain in the left iliac region, worsening when walking, fever, constipation, blood
and pus in the stool is characteristic:
-for invagination

+for diverticulum of the colon

-for dysentery

-for renal colic

-for amebiasis

#An infected wound is called if 1 g of tissue contains microbial cells:

-1000 and more

-10000 and more

-100000 and more

+1000000 and more

-10000000 and more

#Early primary surgical treatment of a wound is carried out within:

-6 hours

+24 hours

-48 hours

-1 hour

-72 hours

#Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is more common in:

-adults

-elderly

+male children and adolescents

-female children and adolescents

-gender and age do not affect

#Currently, sepsis is most often caused by:

-streptococcus

+staphylococcus

-pseudomonas aeruginosa

-facultative anaerobes

-all correct
#The penetration of sepsis pathogens into the bloodstream is facilitated by:

+secretion of hyaluronidase

-synthesis of endotoxins

-secretion of hemolysins

-synthesis of fibrinolytics

-all correct

#A prerequisite for the development of the so-called therapeutic sepsis is:

-acute otitis

-rheumatism

+immunodeficiency

-all correct

-all incorrect

#The main signs of venous bleeding are:

-Bright red color of the flowing blood.

+Dark color of the flowing blood.

-Pulsating nature of bleeding.

+Relatively slow nature of bleeding.

#The main signs of arterial bleeding are:

+Bright red color of the flowing blood.

-Dark color of the flowing blood.

+Pulsating nature of bleeding.

-Relatively slow nature of bleeding.

#While working on unloading, a patient received a cable blow to the lower third of
the chest. Briefly lost consciousness. When examined by the ambulance team that
arrived at the scene: condition is serious, cyanosis of the upper half of the body,
fullness of the neck veins, heart sounds are not audible, percussively the heart
borders are expanded. Breathing is audible from both sides, Condition is
progressively worsening. Your actions as an ambulance doctor:

-Transport to the nearest surgical department without doing anything.

-Inject morphine intravenously on the way.

+Puncture the pericardial cavity.

+Start infusion therapy.

#After perforation of a gastric or duodenal ulcer, gas enters the abdominal cavity.
What objective signs does this manifest with?

-Abdominal distension.

+Disappearance of liver dullness during percussion.

-Tenderness on palpation of the anterior abdominal wall.

+Presence of gas under the diaphragm on the right during radiological examination.

#Vomit the color of coffee grounds is evidence that:

+The patient has been bleeding for several hours.

-Gastric bleeding is absent.

+The source of bleeding is proximal to the small intestine.

-Bleeding has just occurred.

#A 35-year-old patient complains of intense abdominal pain, vomiting,

hallucinations, aggressiveness. On examination, agitation, not oriented in time and
space. Relatives indicate long-term abdominal pain, that he abuses alcohol. HR=120
bpm, BP=65/20 mmHg, abdomen is soft, painful in the epigastrium and left
hypochondrium. Probable diagnoses:

-Acute alcoholic delirium.

+Acute ulcer of the stomach or duodenum.

+Acute pancreatitis complicated by shock.

-Acute myocardial infarction.

#In transport, a passenger suddenly coughed with abundant discharge of bright red
blood with air bubbles. You determined pulmonary bleeding. Time is needed for
calling and arrival of an ambulance. Your actions:

-Lay the patient horizontally and do nothing.

+Position the patient in a semi-sitting position.

+With improvised means (belt, scarf, etc.) apply tourniquets to the limbs with
preservation of pulsation distal to the tourniquets.

-gastric intubation

#There are sheets of peritoneum:

+parietal sheet covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall

-parietal sheet covering the organs of the abdominal cavity

-visceral sheet covering the inner surface of the abdominal wall

+visceral sheet covering the organs of the abdominal cavity

#Kulenkampf's symptom is noted in cases of:

+rupture of ovaries

+rupture of liver.

-intra-abdominal accumulation of intestinal contents.

-retroperitoneal bleeding.

#Indicate the points where the results of the Ruvilua-Greguare test are evaluated
correctly:

+coagulation of punctured blood from the pleural cavity indicates continuing

bleeding.

+non-coagulation of pumped blood from the pleural cavity indicates cessation of

bleeding.

-compare hemoglobin indicators of peripheral blood and blood from the pleural
cavity.

-when diluting blood from the pleural cavity with distilled water, it becomes
cloudy, with flakes.

#Pale fever - temperature rise is accompanied by pallor of the skin. This is

characteristic of:

+sepsis

+peritonitis (terminal stage)

-hepatitis

-influenza

#Indicate the most common type of hernia in women:

+umbilical

+oblique inguinal

-combined inguinal

-direct

#Hollow organ forming one of the walls of the hernial sac

+urinary bladder

+dome of the cecum

-sigmoid colon

-rectum

#What is a Littre hernia?

+presence of the appendix in the hernial sac

+presence of Meckel's diverticulum in the hernial sac

-presence of the urinary bladder in the hernial sac

-presence of the sigmoid colon in the hernial sac

#List the characteristic signs of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?

+hamartomatous polyps of the intestine

-tumors of soft tissues.

+hyperpigmented spots on the lips and mucous membrane of the cheeks.

-erosive gastritis

#Name, on which two main signs is the diagnosis of appendicular infiltrate made:

+anamnesis: more than 4 days have passed since the onset of the disease

-anamnesis: less than 4 days have passed since the onset of the disease

-mobile, not adhering to the wing of the right iliac bone, moderately painful;
tumor-like formation

+immobile, adhered to the wing of the right iliac bone, moderately painful; tumor-
like formation

#Fixation of the maximally bent leg at the knee joint with a pilot is used for
temporary stopping of bleeding from the arteries of:

+foot

+leg

-popliteal fossa

-upper third of the thigh

#2 drugs for tetanus prevention

+ATS-3000 IU

+TA-1.0 ML

-BCG-3000 IU

-SV-0.5 ML

#2 antiseptic substances included in the group of acids and alkalis:

+salicylic acid

+boric acid.

-hydrochloric acid

-aminocaproic acid
#2 causes of errors in determining blood agglutination:

+recognition of agglutination where it does not actually exist (false

agglutination)

+denial of agglutination in those cases when it should be, but is poorly visible or
not manifested

-agglutination reaction should be examined only by hematologists

-doctor's lack of knowledge of agglutination signs

#In which gastrointestinal diseases is erythema nodosum most common?

+ulcerative colitis

-gastric ulcer

-duodenal ulcer

+Crohn's disease

#2 phases of shock according to the state of the CNS:

+erectile phase

+torpid phase

-reactive

-toxic

#2 microbes causing erysipelas:

+simple streptococcus

+hemolytic streptococcus

-staphylococcus

-gonococcus

#2 forms of clinical course of sepsis:

+sepsis without metastases (septicemia)

+sepsis with metastasis (septicopyemia)

-bacterial sepsis

-fungal sepsis

#2 types of wounds by infection:

+aseptic

+freshly infected

-clean
-purulent

#2 types of wounds in relation to the body cavities:

+penetrating

+non-penetrating

-internal

-external

#2 causes of osteomyelitis:

+penetration of infection through hematogenous path

+penetration of infection after trauma

-penetration of infection through lymphogenous path

-penetration of infection after operations

#Left shift of the leukocyte formula is characterized by:

+decrease in the number of segmented neutrophils

+increase in the number of band neutrophils

-increase in the number of eosinophils

-increase in the number of basophils

#2 types of fistulas by location:

+external

+internal

-congenital (fistulas of the neck, navel)

-acquired (pathological, artificial)

#How is rabies transmitted?

+from saliva

+after a bite

-airborne

-implantation

#Primary prevention of anthrax

+wearing masks

+using gloves
-frequent change of clothes

-regular epidemic regime

#2 types of sepsis by time of development

+early (10-14 days from the onset of diseases with damage)

+late (after 2 weeks)

-long

-non-late

#2 main signs of septicopyemia

+constant bacteremia

+presence of secondary metastatic purulent foci

-pyelonephritis

-leukemia

#2 embolus-dangerous thromboses:

+floating thrombus of the inferior vena cava

+thrombus of the saphenofemoral junction

-thrombus in the arch of the aorta

-thrombus in the pulmonary artery

#2 ways to prevent deep vein thrombosis after surgery:

+bandaging the limb after surgery

+early activation of patients after surgery

-prolonged bed rest

-immobilization of limbs

#2 signs of dry gangrene:

+presence of a demarcation line

+absence of intoxication

-presence of abundant purulent discharge

-hypotension

#2 optimal measures in the treatment of patients with wet gangrene of the limb with

-presence of pronounced intoxication with high temperature:

+intra-arterial administration of antibiotics with intensive therapy and necrectomy

+amputation of the limb

-complex of measures aimed at preventing infection from entering the wound

-daily dosed physiotherapy

#2 types of chronic surgical infection

+chronic nonspecific infection

+chronic specific infection

-acute purulent infection

-carbuncle of soft tissues

#Identify 2 metabolic diseases leading to the development of necrosis and gangrene

+diabetes mellitus

+scurvy

-endarteritis

-neurosyphilis

#Identify 2 causes of bedsores

+circulatory disorders

+innervation disorders

-nutrition disorders

-metabolic disorders

#Indicate 2 types of fistula depending on origin

+Congenital

+acquired

-labial

-intestinal

#Indicate 2 types of biological hemostasis

+tamponade of the wound with omentum

+tamponade of the wound with muscle

-administration of adrenaline

-intravenous administration of aminocaproic acid

#Indicate 2 methods of physical hemostasis

+application of cold

+electrocoagulation

-wound tamponade

-hemostatic sponge

#Name 2 types of vascular suture

+Mechanical

+manual

-clipping

-embolization

#Which 2 blood preparations contain agglutinins

+blood serum

+whole blood

-leukocytes

-erythrocytes

#In which 2 blood preparations are agglutininogens found

+freshly prepared blood

+erythrocyte mass

-blood serum

-leukocytes

#2 antigens are present in blood group 4 according to the ABO system

+A

+B

-anti-P

-anti-Rh

#When conducting forced diuresis, it is necessary to control:

+water-electrolyte balance

+Acid-base state

-Hemoglobin

-saturation

#The most important diagnostic signs of superficial abscesses:

+Fluctuation

+Softening

-Infiltrate

-Absence of pain

#In acute lactation mastitis, the inflammatory process initially occurs in the
following tissues of the mammary gland:

+Parenchyma

+Interstitium

-Subcutaneous tissue

-Retromammary tissue

#Complications of pancreatitis include:

+peritonitis and retroperitoneal phlegmon

+abscesses of the abdominal cavity

-gastritis

-choledocholithiasis

#In the differential diagnosis of inguinoscrotal hernia and hydrocele of the

testis, the following may help?

+diaphanoscopy

-puncture

-percussion

+transillumination

#What is the main clinical sign of UC?

+diarrhea

+discharge of pathological impurities (blood, mucus, pus)

-uncontrollable vomiting

-constipation

#The most common signs of pancreatitis:

+Vomiting

+Pain in the epigastrium

-Diarrhea
-diarrhea

#Peritonitis is characterized by:

+Tension of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

+Irritation of the peritoneum

-Negative Shchetkin-Blumberg symptom

-Positive Mussé symptom

#Indicate clinical manifestations not characteristic of varicose disease in the

compensation stage:

+trophic ulcers

+spasmodic muscle contractions at night

-heaviness and fullness in the legs

-dilation of subcutaneous veins

#The cause of pancreatitis may be:

-gastritis

+surgical interventions of the abdominal cavity

-hepatitis

+exogenous intoxications

#Which infectious diseases can cause an acute abdomen?

+typhoid fever

-viral hepatitis

-Whipple's disease

+diphtheria

#When does liver dullness disappear in peritonitis?

+with perforation of the stomach organ

+with rupture of the intestine

-with rupture of the liver

-with acute pancreatitis

#2 forms of gas gangrene according to pathological-anatomical classification:

+epifascial

+subfascial
-necrotic

-gas

#With which diseases should one differentiate ovarian rupture.

+acute appendicitis.

+ectopic pregnancy.

+torsion or rupture of an ovarian cyst.

-acute pancreatitis.

-UC.

-no correct answer

#3 measures for the care of patients with tetanus.

+The patient should be in a separate ward.

+There should be no bright light, noise, etc. in the ward.

+A caring staff should be in the ward.

-The patient should be in a general ward.

-A treating doctor should be in the ward.

-The ward should be very bright.

#Indicators of formed elements content in norm.

+Erythrocytes 4.5-5.5×10^12/l.

+Leukocytes 4.0-9.0×10^9/l.

+Platelets 180-320×10^9/l.

-Platelets 320-500×10^9/l.

-Erythrocytes 4.9-6.0×10^12/l.

-Leukocytes 3.5-5.5×10^9/l.

#3 provisions relating to bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.

+Melena.

+Vomiting of "coffee grounds".

+Weakness, dizziness.

-Bright red blood, foamy.

-Bleeding is associated with coughing.

-Hematopnoe.
#3 types of operation by execution time.

+Emergency

+Delayed

+Planned

-One-stage

-Multi-stage

-Radical

#3 correct definitions of specific blood factors

+Agglutininogens are specific antigens on the surface of erythrocytes.

+Agglutinins are specific antibodies in blood serum.

+Rh factor is a protein substance that has specific properties.

-Agglutipnogens are specific antibodies in blood serum.

-Agglutinins are specific antigens on the surface of erythrocytes.

-Rh factor is a normoblastic cell

#3 stages of the postoperative period.

+Early postoperative period.

+Immediate postoperative period.

+Remote postoperative period.

-Reactive period.

-Period of imaginary well-being

-Terminal period

#3 systems of antiseptic measures according to J. Lister:

+spray 3% carbolic acid solution in the operating room before and during the
operation

+treatment with 2-3% carbolic acid solution of dressing materials and surgeon's
hands

+treatment of the operative field with 3% carbolic acid solution

-spray 3% carbolic acid solution in the operating room 1 day before the operation

-spray 3% carbolic acid solution in the operating room 4 days after the operation

-treatment of organs removed during the operation with 3% carbolic acid solution
# 3 types of wound healing:

+primary healing

+secondary healing

+healing under a scab (crust)

-fast healing

-normal healing

-slow or complicated healing

#3 predisposing factors for the occurrence of gas gangrene:

+fragmentation, blind wounds with extensive damage and contamination

+disturbance of general and local circulation

+decreased body resistance

-torn, contused, scalped wounds with hematomas

-disturbance of liver circulation

-heart failure

#3 preventive measures for furunculosis:

+compliance with personal hygiene measures

+timely treatment of microtraumas

+increasing body resistance

-i/v injections of antistaphylococcal plasma

-twice a year general blood analysis

-physical education

#3 ways of infection penetration in felon:

+microtraumas

+hematogenous path

+through the excretory ducts of sweat glands

-neurogenic path

-lymphogenous path

#3 etiological factors of thrombophlebitis:

+primary penetration of infection (microtraumas, wounds)

+injury to the vein walls

+secondary penetration of infection (from other organs and tissues)

-lymphatic stasis

-liver dysfunction

-stress

#3 stages of treatment of purulent wounds:

+sanitation of the wound cavity with H2O2 and furacilin

+removal of foreign bodies, sequestration from the wound

+drainage of the wound

-patient is taken to a clean operating room

-novocaine blockade with antibiotics is performed

-the wound is sutured

#3 clinical signs of the erectile phase of burn shock:

+strong nervous shock

+screams from pain

+strong overexcitation

-bradycardia

-decrease in blood pressure and thready pulse

-darkening of consciousness, delirium

#What 3 factors determine the severity of electrical trauma:

+circumstances of the injury (factors determining the impact of current)

+condition of the victim's body

+volume of rational assistance

-patient's age

-skin thickness

-presence of comorbidities

#3 types of changes occurring in tissues during electrical trauma:

+thermal

+chemical

+mechanical
-coagulation necrosis

-colliquation necrosis

-paralysis of nerve cells

#3 phases of burn disease:

+burn shock-up to 3 days

+acute toxemia-3-12 days

+septicotoxemia-2 weeks after the burn

-burn shock-up to 3 hours

-acute toxemia-up to 3 days

-septicopyemia-after 3 days

#3 measures of specific treatment for gas gangrene:

+i/v administration of therapeutic dose of serum under anesthesia

+i/v transfusion of 100-150ml of blood

+i/m administration of prophylactic dose of serum

-detoxification therapy

-antibiotics

-i/v administration of 100-150 ml of antistaphylococcal plasma

#3 factors having a role in organizing the treatment of patients with sepsis:

+observe the strictest asepsis

+isolation of the patient

+familiarization of medical personnel with prodromal phenomena of endotoxic shock

-inform relatives about the possible lethal outcome

-find out whose fault it is that the patient was brought to sepsis

-treatment should be carried out jointly with an infectionist

#Early clinical signs of rabies

+in the area of the bite

+insomnia

+burning around the wound

-hyperesthesia

-euphoria
-absence of pain

#Important signs of rabies

+hydrophobia

+aerophobia

+lack of air

-trismus

-crepitation

-absence of movement

#Transmission routes of anthrax

+through the skin

+from meat

+from wool

-from urine

-from feces

-from saliva

#Local signs of anthrax

+bluish exudate is discharged from the wound

+violet exudate is discharged from the wound

+after opening the vesicle, a scab appears

-exudate with an unpleasant odor

-normal purulent discharge

-crepitation around the wound

#Differential diagnosis of anthrax

+nonspecific carbuncle

+furuncle

+rat disease

-abscess

-anaerobic gangrene

-osteomyelitis
#Trismus is-

+contraction of facial muscles

+sardonic smile

+fatigue of masticatory muscles

-opisthotonos

-pain around the wound

-sweating

# Local signs of tetanus

+limited signs

+pain around the wound

+mild course of the disease

-severe clinical course

-opisthotonos

-trismus of the trunk and limbs

#Complications of sepsis in the vascular bed

+septic thrombus

+septic endocarditis

+thromboembolism of vessels of internal organs

-stenosis of the vessel wall

-endarteritis

-thrombophlebitis

# Elevated temperature during the period of developed sepsis is of the following

types:

+undulating

+constant

+remitting fever

-irregular

-temporary

-inconstant

#Complications of sepsis
+septicopyemia

+septicemia

+purulent pockets

-allergic reaction

-hematoma

-thrombophlebitis

#Main factors of sepsis

+source (focus) of infection

+systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

+multiple organ failure

-lack of information

-normal temperature

-chronic gastritis

#Clinical manifestations of anaerobic phlegmon

+acute onset of the disease

+general weakness, temperature rise to 40 C

+edema at the focus of inflammation, painful infiltrate, decreased function of the

organ, appearance of painless edema at the focus of inflammation

-gradual development of the disease

-temperature is subfebrile

#3 signs of the external appearance of the wound in sepsis

+scant purulent discharge

+tissues of the wound are dirty gray

+sharp edema of wound tissues

-abundant purulent discharge

-tissues around the wound without edema

-usual wound color

#3 tactics with which treatment of the primary focus in sepsis begins

+surgical treatment of the wound

+use of proteolytic enzymes

+hyperbaric oxygenation

-appointment of UHF

-X-ray therapy

-suturing the wound

#3 stages of sepsis adopted at the consensus conference of American scientists

(1991)

+sepsis

+sepsis syndrome

+septic shock

-septic cachexia

-secondary sepsis

-primary sepsis

#3 forms of sepsis by the nature of the patient's body reaction

+hyperergic form

+normergic form

+hypoergic form

-hypocidal

-anergic

-mixed

#3 characteristic signs of thromboembolism of limb arteries:

+suddenly appearing acute pain

+pallor of the skin

+cooling of the limb

-hyperemia of the skin

-temperature increase

-drowsiness

#3 methods for determining the functional ability of the valve apparatus of veins:

+finger and tourniquet tests

+ultrasound Doppler

+contrast phlebography
-computed tomography

-USD

-Biopsy

#3 methods of treatment of purulent thrombophlebitis:

+anticoagulants

+antibiotics

+ligation and removal of the vein

-neurogenic drugs

-tranquilizers

-analgesics

# 3 groups of drugs pathogenetically justified for the treatment of patients with

obliterating endarteritis:

+desensitizing

+vasodilating agents

+disaggregants

-antiseptics

-coagulants

-cardiac

#3 groups of people in whom obliterating endarteritis develops more often:

+men 20-40 years

+heavy smokers

+experienced frostbite

-women 40-65 years

-drivers

-stewardesses

#3 groups of purulent diseases by localization of the process

+soft tissues

+bones and joints

+brain and its membranes

-vessels
-connective tissue

-blood

#3 groups of purulent diseases by localization of the process

+organs of the thoracic cavity

+bones and joints

+brain and its membranes

-vessels

-connective tissue

-blood

#Name 3 characteristic percussion symptoms of purulent pleurisy

+Garland's triangle

+Ellis-Damoiseau line

+Grocco-Rauchfus triangle

-Petit's triangle

-Bochdalek's triangle

-Lesgaft-Grunfeld line

#Specify 3 types of negative outcome of purulent pleurisy

+lung collapse

+appearance of fibrothorax and pulmonary cirrhosis

+development of chronic pleural empyema

-resorption of adhesions

-organization of cavities

-scarring

#Specify 3 causes of lung abscess

+lung infarction

+aspiration of vomit

+pneumonia

-acute appendicitis

-varicose veins of lower extremities

-obliterating endarteritis
#Specify 3 complications of lung abscess

+purulent endobronchitis

+pulmonary hemorrhage

+pleural empyema

-organization

-scarring

-dry cavity

#Specify 3 complications of liver abscess

+purulent cholangitis

+peritonitis

+pleural empyema

-organization

-scarring

-dry cavity

#Specify 3 factors influencing the development and course of necrosis and gangrene

+anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism

+infection and intoxication

+adverse environmental factors

-patient age

-patient gender

-patient height

#3 sources of endogenous infection of organ systems

+gastrointestinal tract

+skin

+cryptogenic

-airborne droplet

-bedding

-dressing material

#Specify 3 methods of physical hemostasis:

+application of cold

+laser technique with laser welding

+application of high temperature

-irrigation with hydrogen peroxide

-bending of limb

-application of clamp

#What 3 general clinical signs are characteristic of bleeding?

+weakness

+feeling of air shortage

+dizziness

-heart pain

-cyanosis

-cough

#Which 3 methods of temporary hemostasis can be used for damage to large arterial
vessels?

+application of tourniquet

+application of hemostatic clamp in the wound

+digital compression of the vessel

-free position of the limb

-vessel suturing

-vascular suture

#Which 3 preparations are used for local hemostasis?

+hemostatic sponge

+gelatin sponge

+thrombin

-fibrinogen

-cryoprecipitate

-platelet mass

#Specify in which of the following 3 cases is air embolism possible?

+with injury to the main veins of the extremities

+with injury to the subclavian vein

+with injury to the neck veins on the left

-with penetrating knife wound to the knee joint and hemarthrosis

-with injury to the spleen

-with injury to a large arterial trunk on the thigh

#Specify 3 main causes of early secondary bleeding?

+insufficient stopping of bleeding

+increased blood pressure

+expulsion of the thrombus

-slipping of the ligature

-decreased blood pressure

-normal blood pressure

#Name the chemical substances used to stop bleeding?

+aminocaproic acid

+weak solutions of silver nitrate

+alum

-fibrin powder

-phenyllin

-heparin

#Define hemostatic preparations of general resorptive action?

+carbazochrome

+calcium chloride

+dicynone

-gelatin

-adrenaline

-trypsin

#What 3 types of bleeding are distinguished by clinical manifestations?

+internal-hidden

+external

+internal-obvious
-capillary

-secondary

-profuse

#Pressure bandage is indicated as a method of temporary hemostasis for:

+bleeding from superficial veins of the forearm

+when damaging small arteries

+bleeding from soft tissues of the head

-injury to major arteries

-with bleeding from internal organs

-with heart injury

#Specify 3 groups of blood transfusion complications of an allergic nature

+pyrogenic reaction

+errors caused by recipient sensitization

+citrate shock

-cardiac complications

-complications from the CNS

-pulmonary complications

#Specify 3 clinical symptoms of blood transfusion shock

+severe chills

+sharp pain in the lower back

+nausea and vomiting

-pain in the legs

-increased blood pressure

-bradycardia

#Identify 3 characteristic signs of blood transfusion shock

+severe chills

+chest tightness

+decreased blood pressure

-increased blood pressure

-bradycardia

-pain in the epigastrium

#Specify 3 possible complications associated with blood transfusion technique

+embolism

+thrombosis

+sepsis

-nephritis

-hepatitis

-malaria

#Identify 3 drugs used in the treatment of anaphylactic shock

+adrenaline

+calcium chloride 10%

+antihistamines

-analgin

-no-spa

-dibazol

#Name 3 characteristic signs of anaphylactic shock

+bronchospasm

+rash

+itching

-cough

-shortness of breath

-fever

#Specify 3 contraindications to blood transfusion

+acute nephritis

+hepatitis

+decompensation of cardiac activity

-anemia

-stomach ulcer

-pulmonary bleeding
#Identify 3 clinical signs of citrate shock

+hemodynamic disturbances

+convulsions

+pallor of the skin

-acrocyanosis

-pain in the lower extremities

-pain in the epigastrium

#Specify 3 measures in the treatment of blood transfusion shock

+paranephral novocaine blockade according to Vishnevsky

+transfusion of 500-750 ml of same-group blood

+high molecular weight dextrans

-analgesics

-antibiotics

-barotherapy

#Which 3 methods of definitive hemostasis can be used for damage to large arterial
vessels

+Vascular suture

+Prosthetics

+Shunting

-tourniquet application

-digital compression of the artery

-tamponade

#Identify 3 methods of definitive hemostasis

+Mechanical

+physical

+chemical

-tamponade

-digital compression

-tourniquet application

#In which 3 bleedings is the method of artificial vessel embolization used

+Bleeding from pulmonary arteries

+gastrointestinal arteries

+bronchial arteries

-femoral

-abdominal aorta

-renal arteries

#Define 3 requirements for vascular sutures

+should not disturb blood flow

+minimal suture in the vessel lumen

+maximum tightness

-circular suture

-with sponge application

-anastomosis end-to-end

#Name 3 types of biological material for vessel wall patch

+muscles

+fascia

+vein walls

-thrombus

-fibrin

-sponge

#Specify 3 types of intracranial hematomas

+epidural

+subdural

+intracerebral

-subcerebral

-subperiosteal

-sagittal

Basic 3 principles of hemothorax treatment

+puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity

+antibacterial and hemostatic therapy

+blood transfusion

-vitamin therapy

-gastric lavage

-cleansing enemas

#Specify 3 conditions for whole blood transfusion

+performed with Tzanck-Braitsev apparatus

+donor is located directly next to the patient

+transfusion is performed directly from donor to recipient

-preserved blood is transfused

-autologous blood is transfused leukocyte mass with saline solution is transfused

#Specify 3 conditions for indirect blood transfusion

+blood collection operation is separated in time from transfusion

+preserved blood is used

+blood is administered intravenously

-performed with Tzanck-Braitsev apparatus

-donor is located directly next to the patient

-transfusion is performed directly from donor

#Specify 3 groups of blood substitutes by functional significance

+hemodynamic

+detoxification

+for parenteral nutrition

-for feeding through gastric tube

-lymphodynamic

-plasmodynamic

#Specify 3 hemodynamic blood substitutes

+Polyglucin

+Reopolyglucin

+gelatinol

-hemodez
-krasgemodez

-casein hydrolysate

#Specify 3 main properties of reopolyglucin

+normalizes rheological properties of blood

+normalizes microcirculation

+has detoxification and diuretic effect

-contraindication is oliguria

-increases blood coagulation

-increases PTI

#Specify 3 groups of preparations related to blood substitutes for parenteral

nutrition

+protein hydrolysates

+amino acid solutions

+fat emulsion preparations

-vitamin E

-sodium bicarbonate solution

-polyglucin

#Specify 3 contraindications for the use of fat emulsion

+elevated body temperature, sepsis

+shock, severe liver damage

+craniocerebral trauma

-cachexia

-ileostomy placement

-diabetes mellitus

#Specify 3 indications for transfusion of hemodynamic blood substitutes

+traumatic shock

+hypovolemia

+preparation for surgery

-acute nephritis

-pulmonary edema
-left ventricular failure

#Specify 3 indications for the use of protein hydrolysates

+case of protein balance disorder

+increased protein requirement of the organism

+in the postoperative period

-in acute renal failure

-in acute liver failure

-in agonal state

#Specify 3 routes of administration of protein hydrolysates

+intravenous

+intrarectal

+intraosseous

-intra-arterial

-endolymphatic

-intracardiac

#Characteristic clinical data for simultaneous rupture of the spleen.

+pain in the left hypochondrium.

+positive Vanka-Vstanka symptom.

+sharp drop in BP and pulse acceleration.

+protective muscle tension in the left hypochondrium

-abdominal distension

-no correct answer

#4 signs of proper application of Esmarch hemostatic tourniquet.

+Bleeding stops.

+Pulse cannot be felt.

+Limb becomes cold.

+Limb becomes pale.

-Bleeding does not stop.

-Pulse can be felt.

-Limb becomes warm.

-Limb becomes red.

#4 rules for applying Esmarch tourniquet.

+Elevate the limb.

+Place a soft pad under the tourniquet.

+Tightly tighten the first 2-3 turns to stop bleeding.

+Place a note under the tourniquet indicating the date and time of tourniquet
application.

-Lower the limb position.

-Tourniquet is applied to the lower third of the forearm.

-Tightly tighten the last 2-3 turns to stop bleeding.

-Place a note under the tourniquet with the patient's first and last name.

#4 tests conducted before blood transfusion.

+Determination of blood group of donor and recipient.

+Determination of Rh-factor of donor and recipient.

+Determination of individual compatibility.

+Conducting biological compatibility.

-Determination of blood group of donor only.

-Determination of physical compatibility.

-Conducting chemical compatibility.

-Determination of the degree of infection of donor blood.

#4 scientists who contributed to the development of hemotransfusion

+Jansky, discovered I-III blood groups.

+Landsteiner, discovered IV blood group.

+Landsteiner, discovered Rhesus factor.

+Blundell, performed the first human-to-human blood transfusion.

-Landsteiner, discovered I-III blood groups.

-Blundell, discovered Rhesus factor.

-Jansky, discovered IV blood group.

-Wolf, performed the first human-to-human blood transfusion.

#Normal leukocyte formula indicators.

+Neutrophils 47-72%

+Eosinophils 0.5-5%

+Basophils 0-1%

+Lymphocytes 19-37%

-Lymphocytes 29-47%

-Neutrophils 20-37%

-Basophils 5-10%

-Eosinophils 0-1%

#4 diseases in which blood clotting time is delayed.

+Hemophilia.

+Werlhof's disease

+Radiation sickness

+Heparin overdose.

-Myocardial infarction

-Stroke.

-Thrombophlebitis.

-Pulmonary embolism.

#4 types of antisepsis:

+physical

+mechanical

+chemical

+biological.

-exogenous

-endogenous

-contact

-implantation

#4 methods of mechanical antisepsis:

+necrectomy

+removal of blood clots

+removal of foreign bodies

+hemostasis.

-excision of undamaged tissues

-suturing purulent wound

-quartz irradiation

-antibiotics

#4 substances included in the aldehyde group:

+formaldehyde

+lysoform

+hexamethylenetetramine

+urotropine.

-hydroperite

-methylene blue solution

-etazol

-silver nitrate solution

#4 substances included in the dye group:

+methylene blue

+triflavine

+rivanol

+brilliant green.

-potassium permanganate

-diocide

-iodoform

-mercuric chloride

#4 substances included in the sulfonamide group:

+streptocide

+etazol

+norsulfazole

+sulfadimethoxine
-penicillin

-triflavine

-rivanol

-urotropine

#4 methods of sterilizing dressing material:

+autoclaving in flowing steam

+autoclaving under pressure

+under the action of ultrasound

+in thermal chamber (dry heat cabinet).

-in mechanical chamber

-autoclaving in water

-in disinfectant solution

-boiling for 10-15 minutes

#4 physical methods of definitive hemostasis:

+cold

+electrocoagulation

+surgical diathermy

+laser photocoagulation

-adrenaline

-tourniquet application

-vessel suturing

-vikasol

#4 blood groups by presence of agglutinins and agglutinogens:

+O alpha, beta

+A beta

+B alpha

+AB O

-O no agglutinins

-A alpha

-B beta
-AB alpha, beta

#4 signs in determining the suitability of preserved blood:

+blood vessels should be hermetically sealed

+vessels should indicate donor's name, blood group, dose, date of collection

+blood in the ampoule at rest is divided into 3 layers: at the bottom-layer of

erythrocytes, in the middle-whitish layer of leukocytes, on top-layer of
transparent, yellow plasma

+blood should not have clots, turbid plasma with flakes and films

-blood vessels should be in special vials

-vessels should indicate recipient's name, blood group, dose, etc.

-blood in the ampoule at rest is divided into 2 layers: at the bottom-layer of

erythrocytes, on top-layer of transparent or slightly turbid plasma

-blood may have clots, turbid plasma with flakes and films

#4 names of bleeding in cavities:

+hemoperitoneum-bleeding into the abdominal cavity

+hemothorax-bleeding into the chest cavity

+hemarthrosis-bleeding into joints

+hemopericardium-into the pericardium

-hemogastrium-bleeding into the abdominal cavity

-hemopneumonium-bleeding into the chest cavity

-hemoarthrium-bleeding into joints

-hemocardium-into pericardium

#4 methods of introducing blood into the organism:

+intravenously

+intra-arterially

+intraosseously

+intramuscularly

-into cavities

-subcutaneously

-intraperitoneally

-intracavally
#4 main tasks in trauma treatment:

+preserving the lives of patients

+treatment of traumatized organ

+preserving the anatomical integrity of the organ

+restoration of function of traumatized organs.

-analgesia

-stopping bleeding

-primary surgical debridement of the wound

-anti-shock measures

#4 main measures for syncope:

+patient is laid head down on a flat place

+giving fresh air

+ammonia spirit

+valerian, coffee

-mask anesthesia

-adrenaline, noradrenaline i/m

-blood transfusion

-artificial respiration mouth to mouth

#4 degrees of shock by BP level:

+I degree-systolic pressure 90mm Hg

+II degree-systolic pressure 70-90mm Hg

+III degree-systolic pressure 50-70mm Hg

+IV degree-systolic pressure below 50mm Hg

-I degree-systolic pressure below 50mm Hg

-II degree-systolic pressure 50-70mm Hg

-III degree-systolic pressure 70-90mm Hg

-IV degree-systolic pressure 90mm Hg

#4 local signs of traumatic toxicosis:

+pallor of extremities
+cyanosis in some places

+disturbance of circulation and tactile sense

+disturbance of motor function of extremities

-darkening of extremity (due to blood stasis)

-presence of white or gray spots

-very severe pain

-motor function of extremities preserved

#4 microorganisms causing purulent intoxication:

+staphylococcus

+streptococcus

+gonococcus

+colibacillus

-Koch's bacilli

-Loeffler's bacilli

-Cl. perfringens

-diplococci

#4 microorganisms causing gas gangrene:

+Cl perfringens

+Cl oedematiens

+Cl septicus

+Cl hystoliticus

-Cl tetanus

-Loeffler's bacilli

-staphylococci

-streptococci

#4 types of gas gangrene by clinical course:

+fulminant

+acute

+chronic

+recurrent
-primary

-secondary

-subacute

-mixed

#4 measures for tetanus prevention:

+removal of foreign bodies from the wound

+removal of blood clots

+removal of dead tissues

+specific prophylaxis (anti-tetanus serum and anatoxin)

-elimination of sick and stray dogs

-trauma prevention

-sanitary education among the population

-veterinary control of all domestic animals

#4 types of mastitis:

+subareolar

+intramammary

+retromammary

+intertrabecular

-intradermal mastitis

-submammary

-intraareolar

-intercanicular

#4 measures for osteomyelitis prevention:

+timely treatment of primary foci of infection

+clearing of foreign objects, bone fragments in fractures and immobilization of

bones

+treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics

+enhancement of immunobiological status

-timely excision of primary foci of infection

-emergency surgery for bone fractures

-treatment with potent glycosides

-timely vaccination

#4 factors important in the occurrence of osteomyelitis:

+immunobiological state

+anatomical and physiological features

+virulence of microorganism

+massiveness of bacterial invasion

-chemical factors

-physical factors

-thermal factors

-electrical injuries

#4 symptoms of the prodromal period of tetanus:

+sweating

+fatigue when chewing

+twitching and pain in muscles

+irritability

-opisthotonos

-trismus

-muscle paresis

-non-passage of food through the esophagus

#4 types of erysipelas:

+erythematous

+erythematous-bullous

+phlegmonous-necrotic

+abscess.

-edematous

-erythematous-phlegmonous

-gangrenous

-putrid
#4 types of sutures applied by nature of wounds:

+primary

+primary-late sutures (5-7 days)

+secondary-early sutures (8-15 days)

+secondary-late sutures (20-30 days)

-silk

-cosmetic

-catgut

-lavsan

#4 factors on which the depth of burn tissue depends:

+from time of exposure to traumatic agent

+from temperature of traumatic agent

+from type of agent (fire, steam, boiling water, etc.)

+from thickness and anatomical features of skin in different parts of the body

-from patient age

-from presence of concomitant diseases

-from time of first aid

-from area of burn

#4 definitions of burn surface according to Berkow:

+head burn 6%

+torso 38%

+arms 18%

+legs 38%

-head burn 9%

-torso 35%

-arms 16%

-legs 35%

#4 degrees of burns according to Kreibich:

+I degree-pain, hyperemia of skin, edema

+II degree-appearance of blisters

+III degree-necrosis of all skin layers

+IV degree-charring

-II degree-pain, hyperemia of skin, edema

-I degree-appearance of blisters

-IV degree-necrosis of all skin layers

-III degree-charring

#4 main tasks in trauma treatment:

+preserving the lives of patients

+treatment of traumatized organ

+preserving the anatomical integrity of the organ

+restoration of function of traumatized organs.

-analgesia

-stopping bleeding

-primary surgical debridement of the wound

-anti-shock measures

#4 complexes of measures in the treatment of shock:

+analgesic, sedative drugs (morphine, bromides, blockades)

+agents normalizing BP and hemodynamics, reducing dehydration (blood, plasma,

polyglucin)

+agents normalizing metabolism, gases, reducing intoxication (O2, glucose, sodium

bicarbonate)

+agents normalizing cardiovascular function (caffeine, lobeline, euphylline,

camphor)

-specific vaccines

-ECG

-EEG

-neurosurgeon consultation

#4 causes of paraproctitis development:

+inflammation of rectal veins

+trauma to rectal mucosa

+anal fissures
+perineal hematomas

-liver cirrhosis

-rectal cancer

-intestinal obstruction

-presence of worms in intestines

#4 signs of putrid infection:

+hemorrhagic exudate from wound with stench

+edema around the wound

+necrosis areas at wound bottom

+intoxication

-cream-like pus from wound

-appearance of granulation tissue at wound bottom

-dehydration

-severe pain in the wound area

#Signs of expressed rabies

+absence of corneal reflexes

+absence of swallowing reflexes

+inadequate movements

+patient bites, tries to run

-patient is calm

-drowsiness

-clear consciousness

-absence of pathological reflexes

#Measures necessary for rabies

+administration of neuroanaesthetics

+wound sanitation with 25% household soap suspension

+referring patient to rabiologist

+application of frequent sutures to the wound

-hospitalization in general ward

-animal examination not necessary

#Therapeutic and preventive principles for anthrax

+isolation of patient

+identification of sick animal

+disinfection

+declaration of quarantine

-hospitalization in general ward

-surgery

-hospitalization not necessary

-personal hygiene sufficient

#Basic principles of tetanus treatment

+neuroleptic analgesics

+prevention of infection

+primary surgical debridement of wound

+conducting specific and non-specific prophylaxis

-bathing patient in bathtub

-hospitalization in general ward

-absence of analgesia

-absence of intestinal transit

#4 main symptoms of sepsis

+high temperature

+chills

+leukocytosis with shift of leukocyte formula to left

+bacteremia

-diarrhea

-hypothermia

-hypovolemia

-anemia

#4 signs characteristic of purulent-resorptive fever

+extensiveness of primary purulent focus

+accompanies all types of purulent inflammation

+rapid exhaustion of patient

+resolves with elimination of purulent focus

-absence of primary focus

-hypovolemia

-absence of purulent discharges

-anuria

#4 signs of initial phase of sepsis

+primary purulent focus

+temperature increase

+tachycardia more than 100 per minute

+mild intoxication

-changes in external respiration

-bacteremia 1-2 times in 90% of patients.

-Kussmaul breathing

-bradycardia

#4 causes of lymph circulation disorders

+congenital underdevelopment of lymphatic vessels

+erysipelas

+chronic diseases of lymph nodes

+compression of vessels by tumor, scars

-abscess of lower extremities

-phlegmon

-gonococcal urethritis

-tuberculosis of bones and joints

#4 causes of acute venous insufficiency of extremity veins:

+venous thrombosis

+thrombophlebitis of deep veins

+varicose veins
+traumatic damage to veins

-pale skin

-hyperesthesia

-intermittent claudication

-akinesia

#4 clinical signs of wet gangrene of extremity

+tissue edema, change in skin color

+intoxication

+putrid smell

+absence of demarcation line

-presence of demarcation line

-enhancement of pulsation of peripheral arteries

-tachycardia with atrial fibrillation HR more than 180 times per minute

-presence of granulation wound around postoperative wound

#4 types of acute surgical infection

+acute purulent infection

+acute anaerobic infection

+acute specific infection

+acute putrid infection

-chronic non-specific infection

-chronic specific infection

-tuberculosis of bones and joints

-carbuncle of soft tissues

#4 predisposing factors to the development of mastitis

+presence of nipple crack

+insufficient compliance with hygiene rules

+milk stasis

+weakening of immunity of woman in labor

-poor appetite

-hypovitaminosis
-obliterating endarteritis

-atherosclerosis of extremity vessels

#Specify 4 relative signs of laboratory data for diagnosis of purulent pleurisy

+high leukocytosis

+shift of leukocyte formula to the left

+decrease in hemoglobin

+increased ESR

-thrombocytopenia

-eosinophilia

-thalassemia

-leukopenia

#Specify 4 clinical local signs of ulcers

+necrotic focus forms with disintegrated tissues, microbes, and purulent-ichorous

discharge

+granulation bank develops around the focus, transitioning to dense connective

tissue

+non-specific inflammation is noted around the ulcer

+characteristic signs of trophic disturbance

-abscess with capsule forms

-granulation bank develops in the center of the focus

-non-specific inflammation is absent around the ulcer

-signs of trophic disturbance are not characteristic

#Specify 4 classification signs of fistulas

+depending on origin

+depending on location

+by nature of discharge

+depending on structure

-depending on size

-depending on extent

-depending on patient severity

-depending on disease duration

#Possible causes of pseudoperitoneal syndrome

+Porphyria

-Hydrothorax

+Renal colic

+Pyopneumothorax

+Uremia

-Anemia

-liver cirrhosis

-abdominal hernias