Topic: The Cell
Short Essay:
1. Describe the functions of cell organelle
2. Explain active transport with suitable example
3. Describe fluid mosaic model of cell membrane along with diagram
4. Explain mitochondria with diagram & mention its functions
5. A 12 year old boy was referred to chest medicine clinic for severe productive cough.
He has been admitted to hospital many times for respiratory distress. In past, sweat
chloride test done it shows higher than normal value of chloride.
a) Probable diagnosis
b) Mention the cause of above disorder
Short answers:
6. Pinocytosis
7. Active transport system
8. Lysosomes
9. Peroxisomes & its functions
Topic: Chemistry of Carbohydrates
Essay
1. Classify Carbohydrates with suitable examples
Short Essay
2. Definition, composition and functions of Mucopolysaccharides/ glycosaminoglycans
3. Homo polysaccharides
Short answers:
4. Inulin and its functions
5. Glycogen
6. Give any three derivatives of monosaccharides with their functions
7. Glycosides & its significance
Topic: Chemistry of Fatty acids & Lipids
Long Essay
1) Classify lipids. Explain in detail with suitable example. Add a note on lipoproteins
Short Essay
1. Definition, classification & functions of lipoproteins.
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2. Classify compound lipid & explain in detail with suitable example.
3. Explain outlines of cholesterol structure and a note on its functions?
4. Essential fatty acids & its importance.
5. Eicosanoids& their functions
Short answers:
6. Lipotropic factors
7. Lecithin & its functions
8. Glycolipids & its importance
9. Name & functions of Bile acids & Bile salts
10. Role of lungs surfactant in respiratory distress syndrome. Mention significance of L:
S ratio.
11. PUFA
Topic: Chemistry of Amino acids & Proteins & plasma proteins
Long Essay
1. Discuss the various types of structural organization of proteins with suitable examples
Short essay:
2. Biological important peptides and write their functions.
3. How will you classify amino acids based on their nutritional importance & metabolic
fate?
4. What is Denaturation of proteins? Mention silent features
5. Name major plasma proteins, normal values and their functions. How you are going
to separate plasma proteins.
6. Write the normal serum electrophoretic pattern and electrophoretic pattern in diseased
conditions.
Short answer:
7. Name essential amino acids & mention its functions
8. Acute phase proteins
9. Clinical significane of a) C- Reactive protein, b) Ceruloplamin , C) α 1- antitrypsin
10. Bence-Jones proteins (Multiple myeoma)
11. Multiple myeloma
12. Functions & deficiency manifestation of Albumin
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Topic: Heme chemistry and metabolism
Long Essay:
1. Describe outline of heme synthesis & its regulation. Add note on porphyrias
2. Describe the catabolism of bilirubin. Add a note on jaundice in detail
Short Essay:
3. Classify jaundice. How will you investigate a case of jaundice?
4. Congenital hyperbilirubenemias.
5. Normal and abnormal hemoglobin derivatives.
6. Hemoglobinopathies
7. Thalassemias.
8. Write the structure of hemoglobin and discuss different types of normal hemoglobin.
Short answers:
9. Criggler- Najjar syndrome.
10. Van den bergh test.
11. Met-Hemoglobinemia
12. Difference between conjugated and Unconjugated bilirubin.
13. Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Topic: Enzymes
Long Essay
1. What are enzymes? Classify enzymes with one example each. Explain factors that
affect enzyme activity with neat diagram.
2. What are Isoenzymes? Explain in detail its role in Myocardial Infarction. Add a note
on therapeutically importance enzyme
Short Essay
3. What are Isoenzymes? Explain in detail its role in Myocardial Infarction.
4. Name the various types of inhibition. Describe in detail Competitive inhibition with
suitable examples.
Short Answers:
5. Normal values of a) ALT, b) AST, c) ALP
6. Coenzymes and their importance.
7. Name hepatic enzymes, their normal ranges and one or two causes for their increase
8. Suicidal inhibition & Allosteric inhibition
9. Therapeutically importance of enzymes
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10. Diagnostic importance of enzymes
Minerals
1. Mention the biological reference interval for serum calcium. Explain the homeostasis
of serum calcium level (1+5)
2. A 12 year old girl presented with stiffness and tingling of hands and feet, carpopedal
spasm. O/E Trousseau’s sign and chovostek’s sign was positive. On laboratory
evaluation serum calcium was significantly reduced.
a. Interpret the findings and suggest the probable diagnosis.
b. Mention the reference range and dietary sources of the nutrients.
c. Explain the role of hormone in regulating the blood levels of this nutrient.
d. Mention biochemical functions of this nutrient
Short Essay
3. Explain the homeostasis of serum calcium level (1+5)
4. Absorption & deficiency manifestations of iron
5. Disorders of calcium
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