NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CEP Construction Engineering
REPORT
Members:
1. CE-21037 Noman Naeem (Topic: Construction
Equipments)
2. CE-21035 Mohamed Arfath (Topic: Construction
Material)
3. CE-21028 Muhammad Owais Ali (Topic:
Construction Techniques)
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CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS:
• Definition:
Construction equipments are one of the very important resources of modern-day
construction, especially in infrastructure projects. Such projects utilize equipments
for most of the works including earthmoving operations, aggregate production,
concrete production and its placement, and so on. In fact, one cannot think of any
major construction activity without the involvement of construction equipment.
There are different types of construction equipments suitable for different activities
in a construction project. The choice of construction equipment depends upon the
determination of time and cost. Construction equipments include Earth Moving
Equipments, Hoisting Equipments,Concreting Equipments etc.
• Most Used Construction Equipments:
Three examples are discussed here, which are following:
1) Excavator
2) Concrete Transit Mixer
3) Tower Crane
1. Excavator :
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or
stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house".Excavators
are also called diggers. Comes under the category of Earth-work equipments.
a. Advantages of Using an Excavator:
✓ Safety at Site
✓ Cost-Effective and Resaleable
✓ Power and Efficiency
b. Problems in using an Excavator:
✓ High Costs
✓ Loud Noise
✓ Difficult to Maneuver in Tight Spaces
c. Global Scenario:
✓ As Governments worldwide invest in expanding and
upgrading their infrastructure,the demand in
excavator rises.As infrastructure demands
surge,excavator becomes indispensable for tasks like
earthmoving and foundation work.
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d. Local Scenario:
✓ More urbanization increases the demand of
excavators as the extension would be required
through the use of excavator .
e. Sustainability:
❖ Economically:
Sustainable excavation can help to reduce costs for
construction projects. By using less fuel and fewer
resources, construction companies can save money on
fuel costs and reduce the amount of waste that is
produced. This can make projects more profitable and
increase the efficiency of construction projects.
❖ Environmentally:
By reducing emissions, noise pollution, and the
displacement of soil and vegetation, sustainable
excavation can help to protect the environment and
reduce the long-term effects of climate change.
f. Recommendations for Local Industries:
✓ Go for the excavators which uses less fuel and give
more production.
g. References:
✓ Excavator Market Size, Share | Growth Analysis 2023-2032 (gminsights.com)
✓ Sustainability and Excavators: How Eco-friendly are They? | Power at Work
(power-at-work.com)
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2. Concrete Transit Mixer:
Transit mixer is an equipment that is used for transporting concrete/ mortar
or ready mix material from a concrete batching plant directly to the site
where it is to be utilized. Transit mixer is loaded with dry material and water.
The interior of the transit drum is fitted with a spiral blade.
a. Advantages of Using a Transit Mixer:
✓ Improved Efficiency and Productivity
✓ Consistent Concrete Quality
✓ Reduced Labor Costs
✓ Enhanced Jobsite Safety
✓ Environmental Benefits (reduce amount of waste
generated on site)
b. Problems in Using a Transit Mixer:
✓ Requires huge initial investment.
✓ Not suitable for small projects (less quantity of
concrete is required).
✓ Labour should be ready at the site to cast the
concrete in position without any delay to avoid
slumps in the mixture.
c. Global Scenario:
✓ There are many benefits of using the transit mixer
which is quite evident from global market statistics.
The fact that it can both mix concrete and transport it
to a construction site is highly beneficial, especially
when the construction sites are located in remote
regions or far from the concrete plant. As per all
statistics, there is a steady rise in the use of
construction equipment including transit mixers.
This is predicted to increase in the near future as per
global market analysis from several sources
d. Local Scenario:
✓ Locally Transit Mixer is used in the construction of
roads, multi-story buildings, bridges, underpass and
other infrastructure projects.
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e. Sustainability:
❖ Economically:
By using less fuel and fewer resources, construction
companies can save money on fuel costs and reduce
the amount of waste that is produced.
❖ Environmentally:
By reducing emissions, noise pollution, and the
displacement of soil and vegetation, sustainable
transportation of concrete can help to protect the
environment and reduce the long-term effects of climate
change.
h. Recommendation for Local Industries:
✓ Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for safe operation.
This includes reading and understanding the operator’s
manual and adhering to any warning labels or cautionary
notes.
✓ Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
such as safety glasses, earplugs, and protective clothing.
✓ Keep the work area clean and organized. Clutter and
debris can create tripping hazards and make it more
difficult to move around safely.
✓ Use caution when working near the drum. The drum can
be heavy and can cause serious injuries if it falls or rolls.
✓ Inspect the concrete mixer regularly for wear and tear. If
you notice any problems, such as damaged guards or
worn-out parts, address them immediately to prevent
accidents
i. References:
✓ The Concrete Mixer Truck: A Productive Machine for Your Construction
Projects (boomandbucket.com)
✓ Concrete Mixer Safety: Tips for Staying Safe on the Job Site - Fortress
(fortress-safety.com)
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3. Tower Crane:
As the name would suggest, they reach high into the sky and remain a
common fixture at most construction projects. Tower cranes stand among the
most popular fixed crane options in construction. They’re built as a vertical
metallic structure, with a horizontal boom capable of rotating.
Tower cranes are particularly useful for moving concrete, large tools, steel,
and other building materials at select job sites. These machines are fixed to
the ground, which robs them of any mobility but affords greater stability for
load-lifting.
a. Advantages of Using a Tower Crane:
✓ Lifting Heavy Materials
✓ Precise Placement
✓ Efficiency and Speed
b. Problems in Using a Tower Crane:
✓ Cost
✓ Space Requirements
✓ Weather Dependence
c. Global Scenario:
✓ The market revenue of bottom slewing cranes is
anticipated to attain 4% gains through 2030. These
cranes are widely used at private construction sites and
are in high demand among contractors.
d. Local Scenario:
✓ Mostly used in Urban Constructions,Bridges Construction
etc.
e. Sustainability:
❖ Economically:
It can reduce the labour cost which means that there
would be less danger for any accidents.Also It would be
profitable.
❖ Environmentally:
Powering electric tower cranes by solar energy for
sustainable constructions.
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f. Recommendation for Local Industries:
✓ Safety measures should be taken accordingly.
g. References:
✓ Tower Cranes in Construction: Purposes, Types and Operations Procedures
(gcelab.com)
✓ Powering electric tower cranes by solar energy for sustainable construction:
International Journal of Construction Management: Vol 22, No 13
(tandfonline.com)
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2. Construction Materials:
Introduction:
Construction materials are substances or products used in the construction and manufacturing of
buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. These materials serve as the foundation for
construction projects and are selected based on their properties, durability, cost, and suitability for
specific applications.
Most used Construction Materials:
Three examples discussed here which are following,
1)Concrete
2) Bamboo Composite Materials
3) Asphalt
1)Concrete:
A mixture of cement, water, and aggregates (such as sand, gravel, stone) that hardens over time,
commonly used for building foundations, roads, and structures.
a) Key Positives:
• Versatile and durable
• Can be molded into various shapes
• Compressive strength improves over time
b) Challenges/Problems:
• Heavy carbon footprint during
production
• Brittle and prone to cracking
c) Local Scenario:
• Usage: Widely used in local construction for building foundations, residential and
commercial structures, and infrastructure projects like bridges and roads.
Industry Practices: Local construction often relies on ready-mix concrete for efficient and
consistent quality.
d) Global Scenario:
• Globally essential for construction due to its versatility and strength. Ongoing research
globally for sustainable concrete alternatives, such as fly ash or slag-based cements.
e) Sustainability Assessment:
• Environmental Impact: High carbon footprint during cement production; efforts to reduce
emissions through alternative binders and more sustainable manufacturing practices.
Recyclability: Limited recyclability, but efforts to reuse demolished concrete in new
construction are increasing.
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Reference:
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780071797870?implicit-login=true
https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2420055
2)Bamboo Composite Materials:
Bamboo composite materials involve treating bamboo fibers with resins to enhance their strength
and durability. This creates a sustainable alternative to traditional construction materials.
a) Key Positives:
• Renewable and sustainable resource
b) Challenges/Problems:
• Vulnerable to insect infestation if not treated
properly and Limited availability in certain regions.
c) Local and Global Scenario:
• Widely used in Asia for various construction
purposes.Emerging interest in global sustainable
construction practices
d) Sustainability Assessment:
• Bamboo is a fast-growing, renewable resource
• Low environmental impact compared to some traditional materials
Reference:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7040908/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321001681
3)Asphalt:
A mixture of bitumen and aggregates, commonly used for
road surfaces, parking lots, and roofing.
a) Key Positives:
• Flexible and weather-resistant
• Quick to install
• Cost-effective
b) Challenges/Problems:
• Susceptible to temperature-related deformities
• Requires regular maintenance
c) Local Scenario:
Road Infrastructure: Local roads and pavements commonly use asphalt for its quick
installation and cost-effectiveness.
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Maintenance Practices: Regular local maintenance practices, including resurfacing and
patching.
d) Global Scenario:
• Global Roads: Used globally for roads and highways, with varying formulations based on
climate and traffic conditions. Research on sustainable asphalt mixtures incorporating
recycled materials.
e) Sustainability Assessment:
• Recyclability: Increasing use of recycled asphalt in new mixtures. Can be sustainable with
proper recycling practices and use of environmentally friendly additives.
Reference:
https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1555821
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209575642100101X
3. Construction Techniques
Introduction
These actions contain the basics of construction techniques, namely, digging the
ground or rock, compacting the ground to make a foundation, transporting
materials, processing and assembling various materials to make buildings or
structures.
1.Fast-Tube™ (Fiber Polyethene Column)
Fast-Tube™ is a utility fabric column form for forming round concrete
columns. Manufactured from high strength polyethylene.
Fast-Tube is manufactured from a woven high density PE. Minor tension
differences in the fabric scrim can lead to slight twisting and wrinkles.
Sustainable Advantages:
* Installation, pouring and stripping is quick and easy.
* No waste: cut any length from 100' roll
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Ships flat, 1% the space of cardboard tubes
* Light weight, 10% the weight of cardboard tubes
* Strips in seconds
Recycle as under slab membrane
* Undamaged by rain and moisture
References:
https://www.fab-form.com/fast-tube/fast-tubeOverview.php
2.Twin-Wall Technology
Twin-wall technology allows for streamlined construction using both precast
and in-situ concrete. Two concrete slabs are separated by a cast in lattice girders
and then joined through reinforcement techniques. The space between the twin
walls is filled with concrete to ensure structural integrity. This construction
method is most often used in combination with precast flooring.
Advantages of Twin Walls:
✓ Faster project time
✓ Better quality control for reinforcement fixing
✓ Reduced labour costs
✓ Better finish on walls
✓ Heavily reinforced core stability
✓ Flexible design
References:
https://oreillyconcrete.com/products/precast-walls/twin-walls/
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3.Aluminium Formwork
Aluminium Formwork is a temporary structure in construction industry for
forming the cast-in-place concrete structures of a building. It’s also a system for
managing and scheduling the work of other professions in the building industry,
such as steel reinforcing, concrete placement, and the installation of electrical
and mechanical conduits.
Traditional plywood and hardwood formwork is not ideal for the tremendous
pressure of fresh concrete on the wall, however the Aluminium Formwork
System is well-suited for load-bearing wall construction.When durability is a
top priority, it provides high-quality work that requires less maintenance.
Advantages of Aluminium Formwork
✓ Aluminium formwork is help to to increases the construction work.
✓ Aluminium formwork are Light in weight so it is easy to handle& required semi-
skilled labor for installation.
✓ Aluminium formwork Material are durable & can be used several times without
any repair and replacement.
✓ There are fewer joints in aluminium formwork, which means there are fewer
leaks and the construction is more durable.
✓ It required poor maintenance cost & gives the required accuracy.
Disadvantages of Aluminium Formwork
✓ Aluminium Formwork have high cost value so it’s one-time investment is quite
difficult.
✓ It rental cost is also higher.
✓ It’s repair is impossible after the deformation.
✓ Aluminium formwork are not suitable for small construction work.
Local and Global Scenario
✓ Local Initiatives: local construction firms are not using this formwork because of
it's cost
✓ Global Adoption: Developed countries are investing in research and
implementation of aluminium formwork for
✓ construction because of it's benefits because of priority of durability as it
provides high-quality work that requires less maintenance.
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Recommendations for Local Industries
✓ Initiate training programs for local workforce to ensure efficient handling and
assembly of aluminum formwork, maximizing productivity.
✓ Collaborate closely with local contractors to showcase the advantages of
aluminum formwork, fostering partnerships and widespread adoption.
✓ Encourage local manufacturing of aluminum formwork components to reduce
costs and promote domestic industry growth.
Work Done:
Almost 85% Of work on the cep has been done which has been discussed above
each Member of the group.
Work Remaining:
The Remaining work includes the making of ppt slides for the presentation on
19th Jan.
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