Exploring Senior High School Students' Comprehension Of Current Gen Z Slang

Chapter 2

Review Of The Related Literature And Study

Related Literature

Slang, especially among the young generations, has been the center of attention in language

research. Slang has quickly risen with the popularity of online communication and social media,

and Generation Z has also been linked to the rise of new words and expressions. The following

related literature is discussed to offer background on current slang, usage, and implications,

especially among senior high school students.

Comprehending Slang in the Modern Age

Modern slang has evolved significantly with the emergence of social media platforms, which

have transformed the way language is used. Anderson and Glazer (2019) contend that the

introduction of online communication, especially via media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook,

and TikTok, has transformed the deployment of language across generations, but particularly

Generation Z. They mention that social media platforms offer a quick and informal platform for

communication, where concise memorable quotes and abbreviations gain popularity very

rapidly. This rapid spread of linguistic patterns establishes a language culture that favours slang,

with words or expressions disseminating widely among online communities. Space and

communication time available being limited in such environments, brevity being a valuable

currency, slang turns out to be a valuable resource for efficacious communication. In internet
communication, with space and communication time tending to be brief, slang turns out to be a

channel through which people can communicate their messages effectively while still nurturing

social relationships (Anderson & Glazer, 2019). These sites also encourage creativity with

language, as young people create new expressions that resonate with their peers, again showing

the social character of online language.

The application of Slang in Identity Formation

Slang is not only a linguistic feature; it is an extremely potent social identity construction tool.

Young people, as Taylor and Leonard (2021) describe, use slang as a marker of otherness but at

the same time a marker of belonging to certain social categories. Senior secondary school

students, for example, tend to use slang as a tool for distinguishing themselves from others, thus

expressing a sense of belonging to a specific peer group. Through the use of common slang,

students identify with similar people and make stronger social ties within a school setting. Such a

social role of slang is a significant role in high school settings, where identification by groups

and social bonding are essential for students' emotional and social development. Taylor and

Leonard (2021) also indicate that slang provides students with a way to relate to cultural or social

causes because they use words which are associated with their interests and values. Slang,

therefore, acts as a platform for students to interpret their social world, in which language

functions as both an indicator of identity and a mechanism for making communication possible

with other people in their social world.

The Role of Slang in Second Language Acquisition

Although slang is mostly confined to the role of fault or colloquial language, its contribution to

language development is complex. Lee (2020) contends towards the possible role of slang in
supporting students' language and cognitive development through creating space for them to play

with language. Students can experiment with words and phrases with slang and coin new words

that capture their own unique personalities and social selves. The new vocabulary enables

cognitive flexibility as students learn to switch between formal and informal language registers

based on context. For instance, students can use slang when speaking with friends informally but

formal language at school or in the workplace. Nonetheless, Lee (2020) also warns that excessive

use of slang, especially in learning environments, can discourage students from mastering formal

language structures. Academic achievement may require fluency in the formal register of the

language, and overdependence on slang will undermine students' capacity to generate

straightforward and understandable written or oral scholastic communication. Balancing a

creative use of slang with the acquisition of formal language skills is important to allow students

to excel at both social and scholastic levels.

The Effect of Social Media on Slang Use

Social media sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok have been central to world adoption

and development of slang in Generation Z. Garcia and Santos (2018) provide an explanation of

how social media sites construct the world's language, where social media allows for a particular

context in which slang circulates quickly in global networks. The form of social media enables

instant communication, and slang words tend to develop and grow within certain groups of

individuals on the web before they enter broader usage. The websites are also part of the

multimodal aspect of slang since most of the new words come from video footage, memes, and

photos posted by users. Garcia and Santos (2018) note that the visual and auditory nature of

social media, such as GIFs, videos, and sound bites, plays a significant role in how teenagers

build and interpret slang words. The integration of text, image, and sound makes slang more
understandable and engaging for teenagers.In addition, social media is an arena of innovation

and experiment, where individuals are continually devising and transmitting new forms of

expression. As such, social media is centrally involved in shaping the language culture of

younger people, since slang is continually reformulated and replenished to articulate the interests

and experiences of its user

Linguistic and Social Benefits of Slang

Slang has numerous linguistic and social benefits, including making speech more expressive,

effective, and interesting. As Kessler (2020) points out, perhaps the greatest benefit of slang is

that it can express complex ideas, feelings, and social subtleties in a manner that strongly

identifies with peers and frequently uses fewer words and more concise phrases. Slang can be

employed to capture complex emotions, social relationships, or cultural allusion in short

sentences that are immediately comprehensible to members of the same social or culture. For

instance, a slang word can quickly invoke a range of meanings, which would otherwise be

expressed with long words in formal settings.

Slang is also very powerful in making the statement funny or persuasive. The use of slang allows

individuals to inject lightheartedness or seriousness into their discourse, making communication

more engaging and relatable. A phrase like "That’s fire!" or "I’m dead" might not only convey

approval or amusement, but also evoke a sense of shared understanding among friends or peers

who are familiar with the term's meaning. These collective expressions create a feeling of co-

presence and community among people as they relate to the employment of the language that is

perceived to be special, intimate, and personal.

Socially, slang is also a social map and an identity marker. Through the collective use of shared

words, the students are able to indicate membership in certain peer groups, creating social

solidarity and trust. Slang allows the learners to build and create their social identity in a more

sophisticated manner. Slang tells an individual that they belong to a certain group of people, be it

the values, the interests, or the cultural affiliation. According to Kessler (2020), slang is usually a

communication shortcut, which allows learners to express their feelings or opinions simply and

conveniently. This is specially needed in today's rapidly changing world of electronic

communication, wherein short, sharp, and concisely worded communication has to be expressed

in order to be able to keep up with social interaction either through text messaging, social

network postings, or chat in video games. Slang makes all these possible as it provides shorthand

for emotion, opinion, and thought and helps students communicate within a world that

shortchanges space and time on communication.

Disadvantages and Perceived Risks of Slang

With its various benefits, there are also disadvantages and risks involved in the use of slang,

especially when used excessively or insufficiently. Bryant et al. (2021) discovered that learners

who overused slang in study settings were unable to produce formal written content, including

essays, research reports, and presentations. Whereas slang is appropriate in relaxed, informal

situations, it is inappropriate for the more formal and rigorous requirements of academic writing.

Slang to an extreme degree in such places can restrict a student's capacity to convey complex

ideas concisely, as the relaxed atmosphere of slang could water down the professionalism and

precision needed in academic settings.

Besides, Bryant et al. (2021) suggest that slang can lead to misunderstandings, especially when

the speaker and listener share different linguistic backgrounds or exposure to certain words. This
is particularly difficult in intergenerational or cross-cultural communication, where slang terms

may have different meanings or connotations. A term that is understood in one social or cultural

group may be completely confusing or misinterpreted by others. For example, a teenage slang

employed in one country can be unknown or nonsensical to older people or other language

groups. Thus, while slang is an appropriate vehicle for casual communication, excessive or

inappropriate use of slang can hinder communication in formal or more heterogeneous settings

with possible miscommunication or alienation.

Slang and Pop Culture Influence

Popular culture, particularly music, films, and TV, is influential in the formation and

popularization of modern-day slang. Salazar (2019) discusses how slang most commonly derives

from all forms of popular culture with significant impact on Generation Z communication styles.

There is high exposure to emerging music, movies, and television trends that expose young

people to constantly being exposed to new slangs and over time incorporating them into their

daily vocabularies. Catchphrases of hit TV shows, hit songs, or movies tend to enter the

vocabulary of older high school students and become part of their social lingua franca.

For instance, words such as "lit," "savage," or "yeet," which were made popular on social media

and trending content, have entered the common parlance of many young people. Salazar (2019)

argues that not only are slang words an indicator of the then-present cultural vogue but that they

also act as markers of social identity. They badge young people up with larger cultural currents,

implying identification with, and involvement in, the culture zeitgeist. Slang comes to serve as a

way of branding oneself out as belonging to particular subcultures, interests, or social milieux,

confirming again the social role of language. For the students, application of pop culture slang
gives them a sense of belonging, registering their involvement in worldwide or local modes of

culture and enabling them to provide proper social interactions with fellow students.

Linguistic Variation in Academic Spaces

Application of slang in academic spaces has also been controversial. Gonzalez and Reyes (2020)

discuss the effects of slang on classroom environments and the teacher-student relationship.

Conversely, there are teachers who see slang as a distraction from learning since it can divert the

utilization of more formal and academic language in class discussions and assignments in the

classroom. Nevertheless, there are other teachers arguing in defense that slang can indeed be

utilized for a more lively, unofficial, and personal classroom environment. Gonzalez and Reyes

(2020) present the contention that when and where used appropriately, slang may help to break

bridges between teachers and students, making them familiar with and friendly. For instance,

when teachers make use of usage of slang acceptable to the students, it can elicit more

comfortable and informal learning surroundings and hence cause students to relax more and be

inclined to discuss things.

Nevertheless, although slang may facilitate classroom discourse in casual situations,

overutilization of the same in the process can also compromise students' chances of efficient

expression in formal academic communication. Gonzalez and Reyes (2020) warn that students

will never be able to create meaningful scholarly work if they overdepend on the use of slang in

writing or presentation. Hence, a balance is advised whereby slang is used in informal

conversations but not permitted to dominate learning formal language competence. This will
allow students to communicate authentically and culturally appropriately while yet acquiring the

language rules for success in school.

Determinants of Slang Use

Navarro et al. (2022) explain social and cultural influences that dictate the usage of slang for

high school students. Based on their research, they conclude that three determinants influence

students' usage of slang: influence of peers, exposure to the internet through social media, and

cultural trends. The determinants interact to determine the kind of slang used by students and the

frequency of use. Navarro et al. (2022) explain that among the most relevant reasons students use

slang is in a bid to be accepted by their peer groups. Slang is a social marker, meaning

membership in a specific social or cultural group. Using slang understood by peers allows

students to establish rapport and show that they belong to some social groups. This establishes a

feeling of oneness, where language is both a bridge and a barrier, which ensures that the student

can relate to fellow students with similar interest and values.

Moreover, students who are more online-focused will be more likely to pick up new slang.

Platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and Twitter expose the user to a constant influx of new

slang and catchphrases, which become easily accepted and disseminated throughout internet

culture.Navarro et al. (2022) note that the speed of digital communication promotes the bulk

diffusion of slang because adolescents are constantly being introduced to new linguistic vogue

through their online contexts. As a result, the students who spend a lot of time on social media
are continuously adapting their language to follow the trends in vogue, which often involve

adopting popularly used slang terms and phrases.

Apart from peer pressure and spending a lot of time on social media, cultural trends also play an

important role in the slang that becomes popular among the students. Navarro et al. (2022)

highlight the point that different types of cultural activity, including fashion, music, and

entertainment, are significant causes of the development and spread of new slang items. For

example, lyrics of popular songs, catchphrases of popular television shows or movies, and style-

defining fashion trends are most likely to be the origins of new slang appeals among young

adults. Social culture leaders, celebrities, artists, and social media influencers usually form the

focal figure in making slang popular because their influence is then passed on to large groups of

fans who speak the same linguistic terms to use when referring to common cultural signs.

Cultural tendencies serve as precursors and avenues for slang changes, influencing how students

engage and communicate with one another in social groups.

Perceived Lived Experiences with Slang

The everyday lives of students with slang reflect a complex interplay between the use of

informal speech and identity. Fernandez and Lopez (2021) used data from the high school

seniors' interviews to determine how the students understood slang for themselves, i.e., how it

affected their self-definition and social life. They found, through their research, that the students

view slang as an effective way to assert their individuality and to express themselves, particularly

in casual situations with friends. For most of the students, slang is a medium through which they

communicate unique elements of themselves, and they are able to communicate more freely and

expressively in social settings.

Simultaneously, though, students had a sense of the possible dangers of employing too much

slang. Fernandez and Lopez (2021) also stated that although slang is indeed an integral part of

the social life of students, excessive use can be deceptive, especially when used in a somewhat

more formal contexts such as class discussions or written reports. For example, students reported

that the inclusion of slang in written reports or presentations could erode the professionalism and

effectiveness of the message and lead to confusion or loss of credibility. This. illustrates. the

problem that. students are faced with. reconciling. their. use. of. nonstandard. slang. with.

demands. for. formality. in. language. ability. as. is. demanded. in. school.

Additionally, Fernandez and Lopez (2021). are of the opinion. that. students. must. understand.

where. and. when. to. apply. slang. The skill of code-switching — switching between switching

registers of language according to the context — is a valuable one for learners since it enables

them to switch from informal to formal contexts of communication effectively. Slang is here

double-edged because, on one hand, it encourages more social bonding and personal expression

in everyday contexts, whereas on the other hand, in academic or workplace contexts, if misused,

it becomes an obstacle to effective and open communication. Thus, students must have an

understanding of the language as well as an ability to accommodate so that they can effectively

tackle different communication situations.

Related Studies

Researching Gen Z's Online Communication and Slang Use

Aquino and Mendoza (2023) conducted research on Gen Z's online communication wherein the

use of slang in the online environment is brought out particularly. From the research, it is

realized that slang use in contemporary language has emerged as a massive component while
communicating online and most of these words come up and trend on social media platforms

such as TikTok, Twitter, and Instagram. Aquino and Mendoza (2023) posit that such platforms

offer the youth a chance to create a unique digital identity, and slang is significant in creating this

kind of identity. Using slang, one can convey that they are from a different generation by

confirming membership to a digital subculture or community. Slang, in such circumstances, is

not merely a means of communication but also a vehicle of expressing one's identity,

imagination, and adaptability to trends in a rapidly evolving digital sphere.

The social nature of slang is also exemplified by the research through how it facilitates peer

relationships. With Gen Z, it is all about affirming social relationships rather than linguistic

originality. Usage of the common slang terms is helpful in generating feelings of togetherness

and belongingness among the peers, promoting more satisfying social relationships and

interactions. Aquino and Mendoza (2023) observe that slang provides a short cut towards

understanding and relating, and therefore people are able to communicate more effectively

between social groups. The ever-changing and dynamic character of slang in online

communication mirrors the ever-changing and dynamic character of the culture of young people

in the online generation.

Language Development and Slang among Senior High School Students

De Guzman et al. (2022) were concerned with the relationship between language development

and the use of slang among senior high school students. Their research determined that students

who employed slang daily in informal situations were usually less skilled in formal writing tasks,

which involve the application of formal forms of language. De Guzman et al. (2022) added that

although slang allows for more creative expression and interactive communication in everyday

situations, it can get in the way of learning academic language competence if excessively used.
Students who excessively depend on slang can find it difficult to produce well-structured and

logical essays, research papers, or presentations that are academically acceptable.

Nevertheless, De Guzman et al. (2022) also discovered that the use of slang assisted students in

the development of creativity and expressiveness in language. In everyday life, slang assisted

students in having a means of expressing their ideas, feelings, and thoughts in a manner that was

personal and pertinent. This new application of language has the potential to promote cognitive

flexibility in such a way that students are able to explore the different paths of communicating

themselves. The research concluded that while slang is a plus in self-expression, students can be

compelled to balance their colloquial language with learning formal language forms necessary in

academics. In this manner, students can build a flexible language repertoire to allow them to

move freely through social and educational environments.

The Functions of Slang in Peer Interpersonal Relationships and Identity

Slang is a vital tool in shaping peer interpersonal relationships and personal identity, especially

for high school students. Lim and Santos (2020) researched how slang constructs social

relationships between high school students in Cebu. The researchers discovered that slang is a

linguistic tool via which students construct and sustain interpersonal relationships with people.

Students voice common experiences, cultural awareness, and acquaintance about one another

with the help of some slang usage. Slang is a tag for in-group membership, thereby allowing

individuals to mark themselves in contrast to other people, social or academic-wise. Slang allows

students to convey individuality at the same time as conformity to a certain group. For this

reason, slang contributes toward the creation of camaraderie and group consciousness among

students.
But Lim and Santos (2020) also demonstrated that sometimes the use of slang creates schisms in

social groups. While slang solidifies relationships among individuals who share an awareness of

the terms, it creates schisms among students who are unaware of or do not use the same slang.

This is the social and cultural knowledge gap that may result in students belonging to one social

or cultural group feeling excluded and isolated from others. The paper emphasizes the dual

nature of slang as both a social bond and a divider. The social role of slang therefore hinges on

inclusiveness and how it is managed by different social contexts. To students, slang becomes a

matter of how to balance the construction of solidarity and not excluding others from social

communication due to not knowing particular words.

Analysis of Slang Use among Philippine High Schools

Cruz and Torres (2021) analyzed use of slang among Philippine high school students with special

attention given to how students utilize slang when communicating in everyday life. Their

research discovered that students use slang as a means to convey humor, solidarity, and

resistance, and this reveals the way in which language brings social relationships into being.

Slang is extremely central to its function as humor, and students use ludic styles of language so

that they can co-produce laughter or irony moments. Solidarity is conveyed through slang since

it triggers experiences of fellow-feeling and belongingness. On the other hand, rebellion occurs

when slang is used to challenge authority or the social structure, particularly among students who

feel they are marginalized or alienated from traditional institutions.

However, Cruz and Torres (2021) also observed that there were certain students who could not

keep up with the rapid evolution of slang words. New words and expressions emerge on a daily

basis, sometimes faster than students can keep pace. This rate of change can also have the

possibility of generating a language gap, where students who are not aware of the newest slang
words lag behind their peers. The study urged teachers to make themselves aware of the presence

of slang in the lives of students and acknowledge its potential to influence classroom

communication. Although slang is a fundamental element of youth culture, teachers must be able

to prevent it from interfering with the effective communication of ideas in more formalized

learning environments.

The Social Media Role in Influencing Filipino Youth Slang

Social media has a general contribution to the influence on the development and dissemination of

slang, particularly among Filipino youth. Dela Cruz et al. (2024) discussed the roles of social

media websites like Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok in influencing the vocabulary and terms used

among youth individuals in the Philippines. The authors revealed that these sites are main

platforms where emerging words as slang are proposed, popularized, and disseminated

massively. Social media offers a platform through which slang can quickly spread and

individuals can easily adopt words that are attractive to their friends. This makes slang evolve

quicker than ever, with words becoming popular in days or even hours.

Dela Cruz et al. (2024) noted that social media not only spread current slang but also help create

new language forms that combine text, visual imagery, and video. For example, memes, viral

videos, and hashtags are usually central to the development of slang that represents current

cultural scenes. Social media sites enable instant spread of slang, and they enable slang to

become multimodal communication. Text, image, and video are combined to generate multiple

layers of meaning and context to slang, which makes it even more desirable and accessible for

youth. The research highlights the influence of social media on language today, noting its impact

on how slang is being created, used, and transmitted in youth culture.

Slang and Academic Performance: A Mixed-Method Approach

A mixed-method research was conducted by Villanueva and Garcia (2022) in an effort to

investigate the correlation between the use of slang and academic performance among senior

high school students. Their research showed that while slang was endemic in informal use,

students who overused slang in essays did poorly on language ability tests. While a useful tool in

talking, slang acts as a handicap for students when it comes to clearly expressing and conveying

their ideas in a suitable way, so to speak, for classroom situations. Excessive use of slang in

essays, research papers, and other formal writing weakens the precision and clarity necessary in

academic language.

Villanueva and Garcia (2022) posited that while slang is a vital part of youth culture, students

need to know how to distinguish between the informal and formal registers of language. The skill

of knowing when to use slang and when to use more conventional forms of language is essential

for academic success. The study is concerned with the necessity to teach students how to code-

switch, i.e., switch registers because that is what enables them to communicate both in the

informal and in the formal setting. By balancing between the slang and the formal variety, the

students are able to acquire the linguistic versatility that will enable them to succeed socially and

academically.

Peer Influence and Slang Adoption Among Senior High Students

Padilla and Reyes (2023) investigated the role of peer influence in the adoption of slang among

senior high school students. Their study found that peer influence is a major factor in the spread

and adoption of slang within student groups. Students are more likely to adopt new slang terms if

their peers are using them, demonstrating that slang usage is often driven by social conformity.
This peer-driven process reinforces the idea that slang serves as a means of social bonding and

group identity. In peer groups, the use of shared slang creates a sense of solidarity, making it

easier for students to connect with one another and express their social identities.

Padilla and Reyes (2023) highlighted that slang is not just a linguistic tool; it is also a social tool

that reinforces group norms and expectations. The pressure to adopt new slang terms may be

particularly strong among students who seek to fit in or establish themselves within a specific

social group. As a result, slang usage can serve as both a linguistic and social marker, signaling

membership in a particular peer group while reinforcing social cohesion among its members.

Slang as a Communication Tool in Youth Culture

Lopez and Ramos (2021) explored how slang functions as a communication tool within youth

culture in the Philippines. Their study argued that slang is an essential part of contemporary

youth communication, enabling students to connect with their peers and express shared

experiences. Slang provides students with a linguistic means to convey their thoughts, emotions,

and identities in ways that are both immediate and relatable. Lopez and Ramos (2021)

emphasized that slang should not be dismissed as improper or substandard language; rather, it

should be recognized as a meaningful and dynamic form of communication within youth culture.

Slang helps students navigate their social environments, creating opportunities for self-

expression, humor, and solidarity. It allows students to assert their identities and express their

social positions, particularly within peer groups. The study suggests that slang should be seen not

as a linguistic deficiency but as a vital aspect of youth communication that reflects the social and

cultural realities of the generation using it.

Investigating the Perception of Slang in Educational Settings

Santos and Manlapig (2020) examined how educators perceive the use of slang in the classroom.

The study revealed that there were mixed opinions among teachers regarding the role of slang in

education. Some educators expressed concern that slang could negatively affect students' formal

language skills, particularly in written and spoken academic contexts. They worried that

excessive reliance on slang might hinder students' ability to use standard language forms

required for academic success. On the other hand, some educators recognized the role of slang in

fostering communication and engagement in informal contexts. They noted that slang could

make students feel more comfortable and connected in the classroom, particularly during

informal discussions or group activities.

Santos and Manlapig (2020) suggested that educators adopt a balanced approach to slang in the

classroom. While it is important to encourage students' creativity and engagement through slang,

teachers should also emphasize the importance of mastering formal language skills. By finding a

balance between informal and formal language use, educators can help students navigate both

their social worlds and academic environments successfully.

The Evolution of Slang Among Filipino Adolescents

Dizon and Medina (2021) studied how slang evolves among Filipino adolescents, emphasizing

its fluid and ever-changing nature. The study found that slang is a dynamic phenomenon,

influenced by social, cultural, and technological factors. New slang terms emerge quickly, while

old ones fade into obscurity, reflecting the fast-paced nature of youth culture. Dizon and Medina

(2021) highlighted that slang is not static; it evolves in response to changing social contexts,

trends, and technological advancements. The study underscores the importance of understanding

slang as part of a broader linguistic and cultural context, recognizing its role in shaping the

language of future generations.

The research also noted that the evolution of slang is a key feature of youth culture, as it reflects

the unique experiences, challenges, and aspirations of young people. As slang evolves, it

continues to serve as a tool for self-expression, social bonding, and identity formation. The study

concludes that understanding the evolution of slang is essential for understanding how language

and culture intersect in the lives of Filipino adolescents.

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